This document discusses cloning, including its purposes, types, and risks. It defines cloning as the production of identical genetic copies of something. The main purposes of cloning discussed are reviving endangered species, cloning stem cells for research, cloning animal disease models, and cloning for medical purposes. The four main types of cloning covered are gene cloning, reproductive cloning, embryo cloning, and tissue cloning. The document concludes by outlining some of the risks associated with cloning, such as high failure rates and potential problems during development.

1. CLONING
AMIRA ZULAIKHA 065
NUR AMALINA 067

2. OBJECTIVES
• What is cloning?
• Purposes
• Types of cloning
• Risks

3. Cloning
• The term clone is derived from the ancient
Greek word κλών (klōn, “twig”), referring to
the process whereby a new plant can be
created from a twig
• Production of many identical copies of a
molecule
• Exact genetic copy of another, every single bit
of DNA is the same between the two

4. Reviving endangered
or extinct species
Cloning stem cells
for research
Cloning animal
models of disease
Cloning for medical
purposes
PURPOSES

5. TYPES OF
CLONING
Gene
Cloning
Reproductive
Cloning
Embryo
Cloning
Tissue
Cloning

6. • DNA cloning or recombinant DNA technology
• Process of transferring of a specific DNA
fragment on one organism to a self-
replicating genetic component of the cloning
vector such as bacterial plasmid
• Following transfer of DNA fragment, the
molecule is propagated in the host organism
• Used widely in genetic engineering for
sequencing genomes and gene therapy
Gene Cloning

7. • To produce an animal having the same nuclear DNA from
the existing animal
• Uses the principle of somatic cell nuclear transfer (in
which genetic material from the donor cell is transferred
to an egg from which the genetic material has been
removed)
• Allowed to divide by chemicals or electric current
• The cloned embryo is then transferred to the uterus of
the host female where it grows into a complete fetus
• Dolly sheep is the first cloned animal (Roslin Institute,
Edinburgh, Scotland, 1997)
Reproductive Cloning

8. • Also called therapeutic cloning which refers
to the production of human embryos for
research purposes
• To yield stem cells to study human evolution
and disease treatments
• Stem cells are extracted in the blastocyst
stage of development, which can practically
generate any type of cells in the human body
• Stem cells are used to replace degenerating
cells
• In Alzheimer’s disease, cancer etc.
Embryo Cloning

10. • Called tissue culture
• Cells are allowed to grow in a suitable
medium
• The cloned cells are used to study the action
of hormones, antibiotics and pharmaceutical
products
Tissue Cloning

11. Risks of Cloning
• High failure rate
i) The enucleated egg and the transferred nucleus may not be compatible
ii) An egg with a newly transferred nucleus may not begin to divide or develop
properly
iii) Implantation of the embryo into the surrogate mother might fail
iv) The pregnancy itself might fail
• Problems during later development (LOS)
• Abnormal gene expression patterns

12. References
• GK Pal, Textbook of Medical Physiology, 2nd
Edition, Ahuja Publishing House