The document discusses insulin receptors and their mechanisms of action. It addresses the types of receptors involved, examples of ligands that act through tyrosine kinases, and various actions of insulin beyond transporting glucose. Specifically, it notes that insulin receptors are tyrosine kinase receptors that dimerize and activate their kinase domains upon insulin binding. This leads to phosphorylation of intracellular substrates and formation of docking sites to stimulate downstream effects like glucose uptake and anabolic processes.
Mechanism of action of Chymotrypsin & Lysozyme.pptxVanshikaVarshney5
Chymotrypsin and Lysozyme are the most important enzymes. Mechanism of action of these enzymes and introduction of these enzyme are given in this presentation in simple, easy and understanding language. Hope you will find it useful :)
Mechanism of action of Chymotrypsin & Lysozyme.pptxVanshikaVarshney5
Chymotrypsin and Lysozyme are the most important enzymes. Mechanism of action of these enzymes and introduction of these enzyme are given in this presentation in simple, easy and understanding language. Hope you will find it useful :)
Insulin is a peptide hormone, produced by beta cells of the pancreas, and is central to regulating carbohydrate and fat metabolism in the body. Insulin causes cells in the liver, skeletal muscles, and fat tissue to absorb glucose from the blood. In the liver and skeletal muscles, glucose is stored as glycogen, and in fat cells (adipocytes) it is stored as triglycerides.
Insulin is a peptide hormone, produced by beta cells of the pancreas, and is central to regulating carbohydrate and fat metabolism in the body. Insulin causes cells in the liver, skeletal muscles, and fat tissue to absorb glucose from the blood. In the liver and skeletal muscles, glucose is stored as glycogen, and in fat cells (adipocytes) it is stored as triglycerides.
biological Insulin, synthesis, factors affecting synthesis, primary structure of insulin, different insulin preparations, mechanism of action of Insulin and pathway, physiological & biochemical effect of Insulin, Disorders related with insulin production, treatment strategy, Drugs Used to treat Diabetes Mellitus
molecular adaptations to psychrophily: insights into omic methodsKumar Purushotam
Habitats for the cold-adapted microorganisms represent a large proportion of the Earth’s area. Much of the oceans, which cover about 70% of Earth’s surface, are at an average temperature of -1 to +5 oC. Various mechanisms of adaptations to cold include cell membrane fluidity, genome plasticity,synthesis of cold shock proteins,and compatible solute accumulation. But these mechanisms of adaptations are not universal because of different ecological groups of psychrophiles and their niches. Recent progress in psychrophilic genomics, metagenomics, proteomics have helped a lot in understanding these adaptive mechanisms.Metagenomic and proteomic analyses have suggested that the cold-adapted enzymes have decreased internal hydrophobicity,H-bonding,proline content but increased surface unpaired charged residues. The genome sequence analysis of Colwellia psychrerthraea 34H has revealed different mechanisms, even for carbon and nutrient cycling. The comparative genome analysis suggested that psychrophilic life style is due to changes in overall genome and aminoacid composition, but, not by a unique set of genes.Cold induced proteins (CIPs) prevent formation of secondary mRNA structures during transcription/ translation coupling phases. Cold adapted enzymes have large conformational flexibility so as to increase KCat.Cold active gene products have a variety of applications in molecular biology,foods,cosmetics,and textiles.
Aerobic composting process, methods and technology and brief description on the conversion stages from mature compost into granule organic fertilizers. This article was presented before a steering committee in Jakarta in August 2012 on a MSW project.
Phosphatidylinositol 4-Kinase Enzymes: Functional Roles and Potential for Dru...IOSRJPBS
The two types of phosphatidylinositol 4-kinases (PI-4Ks) synthesize phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate (PI-4P), a member of the phosphoinositide family. Phosphoinositides (PIPs) are synthesized from phosphatidylinositol (PI), a lipid containing the myo-inositol head group. PI can be phosphorylated at positions 3, 4, and 5 of the inositol ring which allows for seven different PIPs. Indeed, all of these enzymes have been identified in the cell. For instance, one prominent function of PIPs is to serve as membrane markers typically in concert with organelle specific proteins. PI(4,5)P2 is the main lipid determinant of the plasma membrane and PI3P and PI(3,5)P2 of the early and late endosomes. PI-4P is the main lipid determinant of the Golgi and trans-Golgi network (TGN) but, additionally, helps to define the specific character of the plasma membrane. This article reviews the recent developments in research on these enzymes and their potential for drug target.
Just the type of presentation a top presenter would look for.
The topic is well introduced, the designs of the slides are simple yet the explanation is very powerful.
Absorption of proteins ppt
composition of protein ppt
digestion of protein ppt
Absorption of protein ppt
absorption of amino acid ppt
function of protein ppt
amino acid ppt
role enzyme ppt
Role of Insulin in Health and Disease: a polypeptide hormone.IshwariSidwadkar
1.Insulin is a polypeptide hormone mainly secreted by β cells in the islets of Langerhans of the pancreas.
2.Insulin, a hormone composed of 51 amino acids, plays important roles in glucose homeostasis, cell growth, and metabolism. The A chain comprises 21 amino acids and the B chain 30 amino acids. The A chain has an N-terminal helix linked to an anti-parallel C-terminal helix; the B chain has a central helical segment. The two chains are joined by 2 disulphide bonds, which join the N- and C-terminal helices of the A chain to the central helix of the B chain. In pro-insulin, a connecting peptide links the N-terminus of the A chain to the C-terminus of the B chain
3.The human pancreas contains one to two million pancreatic islets housing different endocrine cells, primarily insulin-secreting β cells, glucagon-producing α cells, and somatostatin-secreting δ cells.
4.The phosphorylation of glucose by the enzyme glucokinase (GCK) is the first step in glucose metabolism. Glucose phosphorylation by GCK is related to insulin secretion; therefore, GCK gene dysfunction or aberration leads to decreased glucose-mediated insulin release and glucose intolerance or diabetes.
5.After being secreted from pancreatic β cells and circulating through the body, insulin binds to insulin receptors (IRs) on target cell membranes. This results in the phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrate (IRS) and the subsequent activation of two primary signaling pathways, viz. the phosphoinositide3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (Akt) pathway and the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway.
6. The major purpose of insulin is to regulate the body’s energy supply by balancing micronutrient levels during the fed state. Insulin is critical for transporting intracellular glucose to insulin-dependent cells/tissues, such as liver, muscle, and adipose tissue. Any imbalance in exogenous energy supplies results in the breakdown of fats stored in adipose tissue and eventually accelerates insulin secretion. In the following sections, we discuss the major role of insulin in regulating several insulin-dependent tissue/organ functions.
7.Major physiological roles of insulin in the liver, adipose tissue, and skeletal muscles. After production and release from pancreatic β cells, insulin enters the bloodstream to ultimately reach all other organs. In the liver, insulin helps promote the transport of glucose from the blood into hepatocytes, where it is further converted to glycogen, fatty acids, and triglycerides. In the skeletal muscles, insulin facilitates the uptake of glucose and amino acids from the bloodstream. The amino acids are subsequently used for functional protein synthesis, while glucose is mostly utilized in glycolysis to produce energy in the form of ATP. Glucose may also be converted to the glycogen that is mostly stored as energy for times of deficit. Insulin stimulates adipose tissue uptake of fatty acids, which are later converted into triglycerides.
PPT presentation is on HMP Shunt and regulations of microbial metabolism.
The Hexose Monophosphate Pathway also called the Phosphogluconate Pathway and the Pentose Phosphate Pathway.
This pathway parallel to glycolysis.
This pathway is important for formation of NADPH and Pentose as well as ribose-5-phosphate.
1.Receptors Link to other Enzymatic Activity.
2.Pathway of Intracellular Signal Transduction.
3.The Cyclic AMP pathway 4.Cyclic GMP pathway
5.Phospholipids and Ca2+
6.The PI3-Kinase /Akt and mTOR pathways.
7.MAP Kinase Pathway.
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
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Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
2. What are the types of receptors?
What are the examples of ligands acting by tyrosine
kinases?
What are the various actions of insulin apart from
transporting glucose?
3. The student should be able to recall –
The structure of tyrosine kinase receptor.
How insulin mediates its anabolic effects.
How insulin helps the cell take up glucose.
7. Substrate – tyrosine residues present on the activation
segment of the opposite dimerized enzyme.
Transfers PO4 group from the γ PO4 of ATP.
prosthetic group – Mg ion.
11. INOSITOL INOSITOL 3 PO4
INOSITOL 4 PO4 INOSITOL 3,4 BIS PO4
INOSITOL 4,5 BIS PO4
INOSITOL 3,4,5 TRIS
PO4
12. protein
Kinase B
Inositol 3,4 bis PO4
TSC 2
Rheb
mTOR
Rheb
E-BP
e IF
e IF – eukaryotic initiation factor
E-BP – e IF binding protein
Translation
e IF
mTOR-mammalian target of rapamyci
Rheb – Ras homologue enriched in brain
13. • eIFmTOR
• 40 S ribosomal kinasemTOR
• Cyclin D
Protein
kinase B
14. Activates
Hexokinase
Glycogen synthase
Pyruvate dehydrogenase
Acetyl CoA caboxylase
Inhibits
Glycogen phosphorylase
The gluconeogenesis
enzymes that reverse
glycolysis
Hormone sensitive lipase
17. Whats the first thing that happens to insulin receptor
when insulin binds to it?
1. Dimerization
2. Bridging of the tyrosine kinase domains
3. Activation of protein kinase B
18. The completely phosphorylated intracellular portion of
insulin receptor acts as a docking site for?
1. mTOR
2. IRS
3. GLUT 4
19. How does insulin affect GLUT 1 vesicles?
1. Brings them to the surface.
2. Increases synthesis of GLUT 1 mRNA.
3. No effect.
