The document provides an overview of composting, detailing the decomposition process of organic matter and the role of microorganisms like bacteria and fungi in compost production. Key factors such as carbon to nitrogen ratio, moisture content, and aeration are discussed, along with different composting methods including passive and in-vessel composting. The document also outlines pre-processing steps, composting plant layout, and a marketing strategy for compost products.

2. COMPOSTING BASICS
DECOMPOSITION OF = STABILIZATION OF
ORGANIC MATTER ORGANIC MATTER
NATURAL PROCESS HUMAN INTERVENTION
SLOWLY, UNCONTROLLED QUALITY; ACCELLERATION,HIGHER QUALITY
MAY CAUSE POLLUTION AND BETTER SANITATION
COMPOST (HUMUS, CRUMBLY TEXTURE)
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3. COMPOSTING PROCESS
ORGANIC MATTER COMPOST
MICROBIAL WATER
WATER
PROCESS HEAT
OXYGEN CO2
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4. DECOMPOSERS
• BACTERIA
• FUNGI
• ACTINOMYCETES
MICROORGANISM • PROTOZOA
• MITES
• MILLIPEDES
• INSECTS
• SOWBUGS
• EARTHWORMS
INVERTEBRATES • SNAILS
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5. ORGANISM IN THE FOOD WEB
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6. TEMPERATURE
Thermophilic
>50° C (>120°F)
Mesophilic
10-45C (50° - 110° F)
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7. TYPES OF MICRO-ORGANISM
AEROBIC ANAEROBIC
• Require a minimum 5% • Thrive on oxygen
oxygen deficient environment
• Most rapid and effective • Refer to as Fermentation
• Generate heat and CO2 • Generate offensive odor
• Psychrophilic: 5° C (40°F) (H2S, cadaverine and
• Mesophilic: 10° - 45° C (50° putrescine )
- 110° F) • Produce toxins to plants
• Termophilic: >50° C (120°) (acids and alcohols)
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8. KEY FACTORS TO COMPOSTING
C:N Ratio • The range between 25:1 to 40:1 → efficient process
Surface Area & Particle Size • The smaller the size the faster the process
Aeration • Air circulation enhances aerobic decomposition
Porosity • Spaces between particle enable supply of oxygen
Moisture Content • Optimum moisture content is 50% to 60%
Temperature • Optimum temperature range is between 32°to 60° C
pH of Material • Optimum pH ranges between 6.5 to 7.5
Nutrients • Adequate levels of P and K are important
Toxic Substance • Heavy metals are toxic to thermophilic bacteria
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9. CARBON TO NITROGEN RATIO
Materials with high Nitrogen values C:N
Poultry manure with litter 13-18:1
Vegetable waste 12-20:1
Pig manure solids 15-25:1
Dairy manure 20:1
Material with High Carbon Values C:N
Wood chips and sawdust 100-500:1
Paper 150-200:1
Straw 40-100:1
Foliage (green) 30-80:1
Material with Neutral C:N Ratios C:N
Peat moss 18-36:1
Horse manure with litter 30-60:1
Source: British Columbia Department of Agriculture and Food, 1995
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10. PRE-PROCESSING
SORTING
Accept Biodegradables Reject Contaminants
SHREDDING
Increase Surface Area Increase Porosity
MIXING
Optimize C : N Ratio Increase Homogeneity
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11. COMPOSTING METHODS
Passive Windrow and Bin Composting
• Low Technology and Medium Labor cost
• Medium quality product
Turned Windrow
• Medium technology and Medium labor cost
• Uniform product
Aerated Static Pile
• Medium technology and Low labor cost
• Non uniform product
In-Vessel and Agitated Bed
• High technology and Low labor cost
• Uniform product
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12. PASSIVE WINDROW
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13. TURNED WINDROW
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14. AERATED STATIC PILE
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15. IN-VESSEL COMPOSTING
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16. AGITATED BED/CHANNEL
Mature Compost
Rail Mature Compost
750 mm
Aeration Piping
Raw Compost
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17. AGITATED BED/CHANNEL
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18. COMPOST TURNER
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19. TOP AND SIDE VIEW
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20. AERATION PIPING IN FLOOR
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21. COMPOSTING PLANT LAYOUT
145m 36 m
Decomposition Bed/Channel
Fertilizer
28 m
Production Area
Shredder
Conveyor
Compost Turner
Width 56 m
Material Flow
Loader
Decomposition Bed/Channel
Monitoring Laboratory Compost Turner Product Storage
Room
Length 190 m
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22. FERTILIZER PRODUCTION
MATURE COMPOST 3. GRANULATING 6. PACKING
1.CRUSHING 4. DRYING
5. SCREENING/
2. FILTERING Note: For more
COOLING information on the
production process see
separate presentation.
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23. MARKETING STATEGY
Diversified Recorded
Networking
Products Field Test
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24. THANK YOU
谢谢
For more information please contact Suhardiyoto Haryadi,
email address: suhardiyoto@hotmail.com or suhardiyoto@gmail.com
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