The document discusses the research process and different types of business research. It covers:
1. Types of research including exploratory, descriptive, and causal research. Exploratory research investigates problems without clear answers, descriptive research provides information about characteristics, and causal research identifies cause-and-effect relationships.
2. The stages of the research process including defining objectives, designing the study, collecting and analyzing data, and reporting conclusions. Earlier stages influence later ones.
3. Defining the research problem and objectives is the critical first step to provide direction for the study. Both exploratory and causal research may be used depending on the level of existing knowledge.
This document provides an overview of key topics from Chapter 1 of a research methods textbook. It discusses the definition of research, the types of research including applied and basic research, the importance of research for managers, and the relationship between managers and consultants. It also addresses ethics and the importance of ethical conduct in business research.
The document discusses business research methods. It defines research as the process of finding solutions to problems through thorough study and analysis. Business research provides managers with information to make informed decisions. There are two main types of business research: applied research which solves current business problems, and basic research which builds theoretical knowledge without addressing specific problems. The research process involves observation, data collection, problem definition, hypotheses, design, analysis, reporting, and using findings for decisions.
This document discusses scientific research methods and the hypothetico-deductive method. It outlines:
- The hallmarks of scientific research which include purposiveness, rigor, testability, replicability, precision, objectivity, generalizability and parsimony.
- The building blocks of scientific research including observation, problem identification, developing a theoretical framework and hypotheses.
- The seven steps of the hypothetico-deductive method including identifying a problem area, defining the problem statement, developing hypotheses, determining measures, data collection, data analysis and interpreting results.
1.lecture 1 introduction to business research methodNazrin Nazdri
This document provides an introduction to research methods. It defines research as a formal, systematic process using scientific methods to investigate problems and expand knowledge. Research can be basic, seeking new knowledge, or applied, aiming to solve practical problems. Managers should understand research to make effective decisions. The document outlines scientific research principles like purposiveness, rigor, testability and generalizability. It describes the hypothetical-deductive research method involving defining a problem, developing hypotheses, collecting and analyzing data. Both deductive and inductive reasoning are used.
The document discusses the concept of research and provides guidance on how to conduct research. It defines research as actively investigating topics through gathering facts from multiple sources and evaluating their reliability. The key aspects of research include asking questions, exploring different perspectives, verifying information, drawing conclusions, and communicating findings to others. Effective research requires skills such as determining credible sources, distinguishing known facts from open questions, and organizing findings clearly. The document encourages readers to view research as a lifelong skill and provides tips for choosing topics and questions to guide further investigation.
This document outlines the key hallmarks of scientific research, including purposiveness, rigor, testability, replicability, precision and confidence, objectivity, generalizability, and parsimony. It provides examples for each hallmark in the context of researching how to increase employee commitment levels at an organization. The research is intended to systematically establish facts and find solutions to problems through organized study.
Hukmaram Devilal Pawar is the Head of Accountancy Department and Assistant Professor at Smt. S.S.Patel Nootan Science and Commerce College in Visnagar, India. He has obtained several degrees including an M.Com, MBA, M.Phil, and is pursuing a Ph.D. The document defines research as a systematic, scientific process of investigation aimed at discovering new facts. It lists characteristics of research such as being purposeful, helpful for decision making, and a voyage of discovery. The types and steps of the research process are also outlined.
This document is a collection of photo credits from various photographers and organizations. It includes 12 photos with credits attributed to entities such as De Balie, Dave Edens, kenteegardin, Marc Wathieu, twid, Mr.Tea, Pasco Schools, London Permaculture, stephenphampshire, MonkeyMyshkin, CDC Global Health, Dave Dugdale, CSIS: Center for Strategic & International Studies, émiliep and citirecruitment. The document encourages the reader to create their own presentation using Haiku Deck on SlideShare.
This document provides an overview of key topics from Chapter 1 of a research methods textbook. It discusses the definition of research, the types of research including applied and basic research, the importance of research for managers, and the relationship between managers and consultants. It also addresses ethics and the importance of ethical conduct in business research.
The document discusses business research methods. It defines research as the process of finding solutions to problems through thorough study and analysis. Business research provides managers with information to make informed decisions. There are two main types of business research: applied research which solves current business problems, and basic research which builds theoretical knowledge without addressing specific problems. The research process involves observation, data collection, problem definition, hypotheses, design, analysis, reporting, and using findings for decisions.
This document discusses scientific research methods and the hypothetico-deductive method. It outlines:
- The hallmarks of scientific research which include purposiveness, rigor, testability, replicability, precision, objectivity, generalizability and parsimony.
- The building blocks of scientific research including observation, problem identification, developing a theoretical framework and hypotheses.
- The seven steps of the hypothetico-deductive method including identifying a problem area, defining the problem statement, developing hypotheses, determining measures, data collection, data analysis and interpreting results.
1.lecture 1 introduction to business research methodNazrin Nazdri
This document provides an introduction to research methods. It defines research as a formal, systematic process using scientific methods to investigate problems and expand knowledge. Research can be basic, seeking new knowledge, or applied, aiming to solve practical problems. Managers should understand research to make effective decisions. The document outlines scientific research principles like purposiveness, rigor, testability and generalizability. It describes the hypothetical-deductive research method involving defining a problem, developing hypotheses, collecting and analyzing data. Both deductive and inductive reasoning are used.
The document discusses the concept of research and provides guidance on how to conduct research. It defines research as actively investigating topics through gathering facts from multiple sources and evaluating their reliability. The key aspects of research include asking questions, exploring different perspectives, verifying information, drawing conclusions, and communicating findings to others. Effective research requires skills such as determining credible sources, distinguishing known facts from open questions, and organizing findings clearly. The document encourages readers to view research as a lifelong skill and provides tips for choosing topics and questions to guide further investigation.
This document outlines the key hallmarks of scientific research, including purposiveness, rigor, testability, replicability, precision and confidence, objectivity, generalizability, and parsimony. It provides examples for each hallmark in the context of researching how to increase employee commitment levels at an organization. The research is intended to systematically establish facts and find solutions to problems through organized study.
Hukmaram Devilal Pawar is the Head of Accountancy Department and Assistant Professor at Smt. S.S.Patel Nootan Science and Commerce College in Visnagar, India. He has obtained several degrees including an M.Com, MBA, M.Phil, and is pursuing a Ph.D. The document defines research as a systematic, scientific process of investigation aimed at discovering new facts. It lists characteristics of research such as being purposeful, helpful for decision making, and a voyage of discovery. The types and steps of the research process are also outlined.
This document is a collection of photo credits from various photographers and organizations. It includes 12 photos with credits attributed to entities such as De Balie, Dave Edens, kenteegardin, Marc Wathieu, twid, Mr.Tea, Pasco Schools, London Permaculture, stephenphampshire, MonkeyMyshkin, CDC Global Health, Dave Dugdale, CSIS: Center for Strategic & International Studies, émiliep and citirecruitment. The document encourages the reader to create their own presentation using Haiku Deck on SlideShare.
An informative presentation delivered at the SLA Annual conference in 2010. The aim was to provide an introduction to Market Research and Knowledge Management as possible career paths for professional librarians seeking potential career change.
Kurt Lewin’s three stage model - Organizational Change and Development - Man...manumelwin
One of the cornerstone models for understanding organizational change was developed by Kurt Lewin back in the 1940s, and still holds true today.
His model is known as Unfreeze – Change – Refreeze, refers to the three-stage process of change he describes.
Kurt Lewin, a physicist as well as social scientist, explained organizational change using the analogy of changing the shape of a block of ice.
The document discusses different types of knowledge and strategies for knowledge transfer. It describes explicit knowledge as being easily codified and communicated, while tacit knowledge is difficult to articulate and usually learned through demonstration. The SECI model of knowledge conversion is introduced, which shows how knowledge is transformed between its tacit and explicit forms through socialization, externalization, combination, and internalization. Common strategies for knowledge transfer discussed include best practices, communities of practice, and electronic technologies. The goal of knowledge transfer is facilitating organizational learning by sharing what is learned in one part of an organization with other parts.
This document provides an introduction to research for managers. It defines research as the process of thoroughly studying and analyzing a problem to find solutions. Good managerial decision making involves properly identifying issues, relevant factors, necessary information gathering, drawing appropriate conclusions, and implementing results. The document outlines types of business research including applied research to solve current problems and basic research to generate general knowledge. It discusses advantages and disadvantages of using internal versus external researchers/consultants. Finally, it stresses the importance of ethics in business research for all parties involved.
The document discusses methods for evaluating a company's internal resources and capabilities. It describes conducting an internal environmental scan to assess strengths and weaknesses. Three main methods are outlined: resource/capabilities analysis, value chain analysis, and McKinsey 7S framework. The value chain analysis examines primary and support activities to analyze costs. The 7S framework analyzes seven internal elements: strategy, structure, systems, shared values, style, staff, and skills. Conducting an internal analysis can help a company leverage its core competencies and develop sustainable competitive advantages.
Introduction to Entrepreneurial Management - Entrepreneurship 101 (2013/2014)MaRS Discovery District
The document provides an overview of entrepreneurial management strategies and concepts across 15 pages. It discusses:
1) The 5 dimensions of success for startups including customer, product, team, business model, and financials. Failure in any dimension can cause startups to fail.
2) Key entrepreneurial frameworks and theories from thinkers like Blank, Osterwalder, Ries, Christensen and others.
3) The importance of customer development, testing hypotheses through minimum viable products, and pivoting based on customer feedback through a lean startup approach.
4) Segmenting customers and focusing on a single market initially for easier market positioning and potential cash flow.
This document provides an introduction to business research. It discusses what research is, the types of business research including applied and basic research. It outlines the benefits of research for managers in understanding problems, differentiating good and bad research, and taking calculated risks. The document also discusses locating and selecting researchers, the manager-researcher relationship, and the advantages and disadvantages of using internal versus external consultants/researchers. It emphasizes the importance of ethics in business research.
The document discusses scientific research and the hypothetico-deductive method. It defines research as a systematic, objective inquiry to solve problems. Scientific research focuses on gathering data through logical steps to analyze problems and draw valid conclusions. The key aspects of scientific research are that it is purposeful, rigorous, testable, replicable, precise, objective, generalizable, and parsimonious. The seven steps of the hypothetico-deductive method are to identify a problem, define hypotheses, determine measures, collect data, analyze data, and interpret results. Other research methods include case studies and action research.
Research,Business Research and Business Research Processashikreza1
This presentation discusses business research and the business research process. Business research involves systematically identifying, collecting, analyzing, disseminating, and using information to improve decision making for identifying problems and opportunities in business. The business research process involves 6 steps - 1) identifying the problem, 2) developing an approach to the problem, 3) formulating a research design, 4) conducting fieldwork and data collection, 5) preparing and analyzing data, and 6) preparing and presenting a report. Developing an approach to the problem involves formulating objectives, theoretical frameworks, analytical models, research questions, and hypotheses to identify the needed information.
The document discusses the SPACE Matrix, a four-quadrant framework that indicates which type of strategies are most appropriate for an organization based on its strategic position. The matrix evaluates an organization across internal dimensions like financial position and competitive position, and external dimensions like stability position and industry position to place the organization in an aggressive, conservative, defensive, or competitive quadrant. Each quadrant suggests different types of strategies, such as using strengths aggressively for the aggressive quadrant or focusing on weaknesses for the defensive quadrant.
Introduction To Business Research MethodsAnthony Yeong
This document provides an introduction to business research methods. It discusses key concepts such as the purpose of business research, theory, deduction and induction. It also examines research paradigms including ontology, epistemology and different research approaches like quantitative, qualitative and mixed methods. The document aims to help readers understand fundamental concepts in business research and identify their own philosophical and practical positions.
This chapter discusses the drivers for change and transformation in organizations. It identifies internal triggers like new products or low performance, and external triggers like increased globalization and competition. Organizations need to be aware of their environment to recognize the need for change. Getting complacent can lead organizations to focus internally and ignore their environment, resulting in declining performance over time. The chapter uses the example of Burberry to illustrate these concepts.
Strategy success is measured by its execution. In spite of the importance of strategy there are too many factors that are barriers to success. This presentation is focus on structural, organizational and personal factors that can impact the success of strategy implementation
,
introduction to business research
,
business research defined
,
business research types
,
scientific method
,
basic postulate of scientific method
,
research process is cyclical
,
characteristics of scientific method
,
value versus costs
,
cross-functional teams
,
criteria of good research
The document outlines the key steps in the research process, including identifying a broad problem area, preliminary data gathering through literature reviews and interviews, clearly defining the research problem, developing a research proposal, considering managerial implications, and addressing ethical issues. It discusses gathering background information on the organization and relevant existing research to narrow down the problem. A good problem statement presents a clear, precise, and concise research question or issue to investigate. The research proposal allows the researcher and sponsor to agree upon the methodology, timeline, resources, and goals of the study prior to beginning research.
This document provides an overview of research methods. It defines research and describes the scientific research process. Research is defined as a systematic investigation to discover and develop knowledge. The scientific research process involves four stages: exploration, description, explanation, and prediction. It also outlines key aspects of different types of research methods, including quantitative and qualitative approaches, and discusses challenges in applying scientific methods to social science research. The document emphasizes that research requires a systematic, objective, and rigorous approach.
This document discusses identifying and stating the research problem. It covers sources of research topics, identifying the research gap, components to consider in establishing the research gap, criteria for choosing a research problem, and how to write the background, statement, objectives and questions of the research problem. The example provided discusses evaluating the implementation of blended learning for nursing subjects in terms of teachers' and students' perceptions. It lists the specific research questions regarding respondents' profiles and their perceptions of various aspects of blended learning implementation.
Peter Senge is an American scientist and author born in 1947. He introduced the concept of a learning organization in his 1990 book "The Fifth Discipline". A learning organization facilitates the continuous learning of its members to transform itself. It is a place where people discover how they create their reality. Organizational learning is important for companies to adapt to changing environments, improve skills and communication, and overcome weaknesses. Key components of learning organizations include systems thinking, personal mastery, mental models, shared vision, and team learning.
This document provides an overview of business research, including definitions, purposes, types, and processes. It defines business research as a systematic process of collecting, analyzing and interpreting data to address business problems and opportunities. The summary discusses how business research is used to identify issues, generate and evaluate business performance, and improve understanding of business operations. It also outlines common types of business research such as market research, marketing research, and problem-solving research.
A presentation on Generating Idea. It's sources, How it can be generated, Creativity and Innovation and its Barriers.
This mainly focuses on entrepreneurship and his important Qualities.
Quali lecture 1: Understanding the research processJari Laru
This document outlines the course context and schedule for a qualitative research methods course. It discusses three major research paradigms - quantitative research, qualitative research, and mixed methods. Quantitative research believes in a single truth, while qualitative analysts do not believe there is one single truth. The course will cover understanding the research process, data collection and analysis, qualitative research in online environments, and mixed methods. It provides the reading materials and schedule for the 5 lectures in the course.
This document summarizes the key stages of the business research process:
1) Problem discovery and definition involves identifying an opportunity or issue and clearly defining the research objectives.
2) Research design determines the appropriate research method such as surveys, experiments, or secondary data analysis.
3) Data gathering involves sampling, collection of primary or secondary data.
4) Data analysis and processing interprets the findings.
5) Conclusions and reporting communicates the research results and recommendations. The goal is to reduce uncertainty and focus business decision making.
An informative presentation delivered at the SLA Annual conference in 2010. The aim was to provide an introduction to Market Research and Knowledge Management as possible career paths for professional librarians seeking potential career change.
Kurt Lewin’s three stage model - Organizational Change and Development - Man...manumelwin
One of the cornerstone models for understanding organizational change was developed by Kurt Lewin back in the 1940s, and still holds true today.
His model is known as Unfreeze – Change – Refreeze, refers to the three-stage process of change he describes.
Kurt Lewin, a physicist as well as social scientist, explained organizational change using the analogy of changing the shape of a block of ice.
The document discusses different types of knowledge and strategies for knowledge transfer. It describes explicit knowledge as being easily codified and communicated, while tacit knowledge is difficult to articulate and usually learned through demonstration. The SECI model of knowledge conversion is introduced, which shows how knowledge is transformed between its tacit and explicit forms through socialization, externalization, combination, and internalization. Common strategies for knowledge transfer discussed include best practices, communities of practice, and electronic technologies. The goal of knowledge transfer is facilitating organizational learning by sharing what is learned in one part of an organization with other parts.
This document provides an introduction to research for managers. It defines research as the process of thoroughly studying and analyzing a problem to find solutions. Good managerial decision making involves properly identifying issues, relevant factors, necessary information gathering, drawing appropriate conclusions, and implementing results. The document outlines types of business research including applied research to solve current problems and basic research to generate general knowledge. It discusses advantages and disadvantages of using internal versus external researchers/consultants. Finally, it stresses the importance of ethics in business research for all parties involved.
The document discusses methods for evaluating a company's internal resources and capabilities. It describes conducting an internal environmental scan to assess strengths and weaknesses. Three main methods are outlined: resource/capabilities analysis, value chain analysis, and McKinsey 7S framework. The value chain analysis examines primary and support activities to analyze costs. The 7S framework analyzes seven internal elements: strategy, structure, systems, shared values, style, staff, and skills. Conducting an internal analysis can help a company leverage its core competencies and develop sustainable competitive advantages.
Introduction to Entrepreneurial Management - Entrepreneurship 101 (2013/2014)MaRS Discovery District
The document provides an overview of entrepreneurial management strategies and concepts across 15 pages. It discusses:
1) The 5 dimensions of success for startups including customer, product, team, business model, and financials. Failure in any dimension can cause startups to fail.
2) Key entrepreneurial frameworks and theories from thinkers like Blank, Osterwalder, Ries, Christensen and others.
3) The importance of customer development, testing hypotheses through minimum viable products, and pivoting based on customer feedback through a lean startup approach.
4) Segmenting customers and focusing on a single market initially for easier market positioning and potential cash flow.
This document provides an introduction to business research. It discusses what research is, the types of business research including applied and basic research. It outlines the benefits of research for managers in understanding problems, differentiating good and bad research, and taking calculated risks. The document also discusses locating and selecting researchers, the manager-researcher relationship, and the advantages and disadvantages of using internal versus external consultants/researchers. It emphasizes the importance of ethics in business research.
The document discusses scientific research and the hypothetico-deductive method. It defines research as a systematic, objective inquiry to solve problems. Scientific research focuses on gathering data through logical steps to analyze problems and draw valid conclusions. The key aspects of scientific research are that it is purposeful, rigorous, testable, replicable, precise, objective, generalizable, and parsimonious. The seven steps of the hypothetico-deductive method are to identify a problem, define hypotheses, determine measures, collect data, analyze data, and interpret results. Other research methods include case studies and action research.
Research,Business Research and Business Research Processashikreza1
This presentation discusses business research and the business research process. Business research involves systematically identifying, collecting, analyzing, disseminating, and using information to improve decision making for identifying problems and opportunities in business. The business research process involves 6 steps - 1) identifying the problem, 2) developing an approach to the problem, 3) formulating a research design, 4) conducting fieldwork and data collection, 5) preparing and analyzing data, and 6) preparing and presenting a report. Developing an approach to the problem involves formulating objectives, theoretical frameworks, analytical models, research questions, and hypotheses to identify the needed information.
The document discusses the SPACE Matrix, a four-quadrant framework that indicates which type of strategies are most appropriate for an organization based on its strategic position. The matrix evaluates an organization across internal dimensions like financial position and competitive position, and external dimensions like stability position and industry position to place the organization in an aggressive, conservative, defensive, or competitive quadrant. Each quadrant suggests different types of strategies, such as using strengths aggressively for the aggressive quadrant or focusing on weaknesses for the defensive quadrant.
Introduction To Business Research MethodsAnthony Yeong
This document provides an introduction to business research methods. It discusses key concepts such as the purpose of business research, theory, deduction and induction. It also examines research paradigms including ontology, epistemology and different research approaches like quantitative, qualitative and mixed methods. The document aims to help readers understand fundamental concepts in business research and identify their own philosophical and practical positions.
This chapter discusses the drivers for change and transformation in organizations. It identifies internal triggers like new products or low performance, and external triggers like increased globalization and competition. Organizations need to be aware of their environment to recognize the need for change. Getting complacent can lead organizations to focus internally and ignore their environment, resulting in declining performance over time. The chapter uses the example of Burberry to illustrate these concepts.
Strategy success is measured by its execution. In spite of the importance of strategy there are too many factors that are barriers to success. This presentation is focus on structural, organizational and personal factors that can impact the success of strategy implementation
,
introduction to business research
,
business research defined
,
business research types
,
scientific method
,
basic postulate of scientific method
,
research process is cyclical
,
characteristics of scientific method
,
value versus costs
,
cross-functional teams
,
criteria of good research
The document outlines the key steps in the research process, including identifying a broad problem area, preliminary data gathering through literature reviews and interviews, clearly defining the research problem, developing a research proposal, considering managerial implications, and addressing ethical issues. It discusses gathering background information on the organization and relevant existing research to narrow down the problem. A good problem statement presents a clear, precise, and concise research question or issue to investigate. The research proposal allows the researcher and sponsor to agree upon the methodology, timeline, resources, and goals of the study prior to beginning research.
This document provides an overview of research methods. It defines research and describes the scientific research process. Research is defined as a systematic investigation to discover and develop knowledge. The scientific research process involves four stages: exploration, description, explanation, and prediction. It also outlines key aspects of different types of research methods, including quantitative and qualitative approaches, and discusses challenges in applying scientific methods to social science research. The document emphasizes that research requires a systematic, objective, and rigorous approach.
This document discusses identifying and stating the research problem. It covers sources of research topics, identifying the research gap, components to consider in establishing the research gap, criteria for choosing a research problem, and how to write the background, statement, objectives and questions of the research problem. The example provided discusses evaluating the implementation of blended learning for nursing subjects in terms of teachers' and students' perceptions. It lists the specific research questions regarding respondents' profiles and their perceptions of various aspects of blended learning implementation.
Peter Senge is an American scientist and author born in 1947. He introduced the concept of a learning organization in his 1990 book "The Fifth Discipline". A learning organization facilitates the continuous learning of its members to transform itself. It is a place where people discover how they create their reality. Organizational learning is important for companies to adapt to changing environments, improve skills and communication, and overcome weaknesses. Key components of learning organizations include systems thinking, personal mastery, mental models, shared vision, and team learning.
This document provides an overview of business research, including definitions, purposes, types, and processes. It defines business research as a systematic process of collecting, analyzing and interpreting data to address business problems and opportunities. The summary discusses how business research is used to identify issues, generate and evaluate business performance, and improve understanding of business operations. It also outlines common types of business research such as market research, marketing research, and problem-solving research.
A presentation on Generating Idea. It's sources, How it can be generated, Creativity and Innovation and its Barriers.
This mainly focuses on entrepreneurship and his important Qualities.
Quali lecture 1: Understanding the research processJari Laru
This document outlines the course context and schedule for a qualitative research methods course. It discusses three major research paradigms - quantitative research, qualitative research, and mixed methods. Quantitative research believes in a single truth, while qualitative analysts do not believe there is one single truth. The course will cover understanding the research process, data collection and analysis, qualitative research in online environments, and mixed methods. It provides the reading materials and schedule for the 5 lectures in the course.
This document summarizes the key stages of the business research process:
1) Problem discovery and definition involves identifying an opportunity or issue and clearly defining the research objectives.
2) Research design determines the appropriate research method such as surveys, experiments, or secondary data analysis.
3) Data gathering involves sampling, collection of primary or secondary data.
4) Data analysis and processing interprets the findings.
5) Conclusions and reporting communicates the research results and recommendations. The goal is to reduce uncertainty and focus business decision making.
Research Process- Objective, Hypothesis (Lec2)Jasper Obico
The research process document outlines the typical steps involved in conducting research including formulating the research problem, objectives and hypotheses, reviewing literature, designing the study, collecting and analyzing data, drawing conclusions, and reporting findings. Key aspects that are discussed in more detail include properly defining the research problem and objectives, developing testable hypotheses, and identifying relevant independent and dependent variables.
- The research process involves defining problems, formulating hypotheses, collecting and evaluating data, making deductions, reaching conclusions, and testing conclusions.
- The main steps include formulating the research problem, conducting a literature review, developing hypotheses, preparing a research design, determining sampling methods, collecting data, and preparing a report.
- Workshops were designed to help international students with the research process and avoiding plagiarism. Pre- and post-tests showed students significantly improved their skills, which they continued applying months later.
The document outlines the typical steps involved in conducting research: 1) defining the research problem, 2) reviewing previous literature and theories, 3) formulating hypotheses, 4) designing the research methodology, 5) collecting and analyzing data, 6) interpreting results, and 7) reporting findings. It provides details on each step, including developing the research problem, conducting an extensive literature review, determining appropriate sampling methods, analyzing collected data, testing hypotheses, drawing generalizations, and preparing the final research report.
The document provides information about the Bajaj Group and Bajaj Auto Ltd. It discusses how Bajaj Auto was founded in 1945 and is now India's second largest motorcycle maker. Rahul Bajaj is the current chairman. Bajaj Auto manufactures scooters, motorbikes, and 3-wheelers and has a dominant presence in exports to various international markets. It is well-known for R&D and low-cost manufacturing. Over the years it has launched many popular models like Chetak, Boxer, Pulsar, Discover, and Platina.
This document provides an overview of the business research process. It discusses the key stages of research, including defining objectives, planning the design, sampling, data collection and analysis, and reporting. It also categorizes different types of research (exploratory, descriptive, causal) and explains their purposes and characteristics. The document emphasizes that properly defining the research problem is essential for useful business research.
The document outlines 5 steps for effective research: 1) Selecting a focused topic of interest, 2) Getting an overview of the topic from an encyclopedia, 3) Searching online databases and the library catalog for reliable sources, 4) Processing the research by reading sources and taking notes, and 5) Creating a final product while properly citing all sources.
The document outlines a six step research process: 1) Defining the task, 2) Locating information, 3) Selecting information, 4) Organizing information, 5) Presenting information, and 6) Evaluating the process and results. Key aspects of each step are discussed, such as using mind maps and focus questions to define the task, utilizing various information sources and graphic organizers to locate and select information, and presenting and referencing work appropriately while evaluating strengths and areas for improvement.
Quantitative and qualitative research are two formal approaches to research. Quantitative research involves collecting and analyzing numerical data to establish relationships between variables, while qualitative research uses subjective interpretation to understand human experiences. Both approaches involve identifying a research problem, reviewing literature, collecting and analyzing data, and disseminating findings, but they differ in how variables are defined, what type of data is collected, and how that data is analyzed.
Research is a process through which new knowledge is discovered. Conducting research has to follow certain steps and these may vary with the type and goals of research. But the variation in the process would be minor according to the study involves quantitative or a qualitative approach and data.
The document discusses the process of problem definition and research proposal development, including identifying a broad problem area, gathering preliminary information, conducting a literature review, defining the problem clearly through a problem statement, and developing a research proposal that outlines the purpose, methodology, and expected outcomes of the study. Key aspects of problem definition covered are determining objectives, understanding the background, isolating the problem, and stating research questions.
This document discusses ethics in sport management. It begins by outlining reasons why sport managers may be tempted to act unethically, including overemphasis on success, pursuit of prestige, and self-interest. It then defines ethics and ethical issues. The rest of the document covers basic ethical concepts like values, principles, and morality. It also discusses Kohlberg's stages of moral development and ethical theories like teleology and deontology. Finally, it provides guidelines for ethical behavior in sport management, including codes of conduct and the example set by top management.
Learn the process of Research.
Research process consists of a series of actions or steps necessary to carry out research. It guides a researcher to conduct research in a planned and organized sequence.
The document outlines the research methodology process which consists of 11 steps: 1) formulating the research problem, 2) conducting an extensive literature review, 3) developing a working hypothesis, 4) preparing the research design, 5) determining the sample design, 6) collecting the data, 7) executing the project, 8) analyzing the data, 9) hypothesis testing, 10) drawing generalizations and interpretations, and 11) preparing the report. It also discusses key aspects of each step such as different research objectives, types of research, and components of a good research project.
This document provides guidance on conducting effective research. It outlines a 5 step process: 1) Identifying an interesting topic, 2) Formulating a clear research question, 3) Determining information needs, 4) Locating appropriate sources, and 5) Recording findings. Key tips include developing keywords, using Boolean operators and database search functions, evaluating sources critically, and citing information properly. Assistance is available from the library for any part of the research process.
This document discusses consumer buyer behavior and key concepts related to marketing to consumers. It defines the consumer market and provides a model of the consumer buyer behavior process. It outlines four factors - cultural, social, personal, and psychological - that influence consumer behavior. It then describes the different stages in a consumer's buying decision process and the adoption/diffusion process for new products.
This document discusses multiple regression analysis and its use in predicting relationships between variables. Multiple regression allows prediction of a criterion variable from two or more predictor variables. Key aspects covered include the multiple correlation coefficient (R), squared correlation coefficient (R2), adjusted R2, regression coefficients, significance testing using t-tests and F-tests, and considerations for using multiple regression such as sample size and normality assumptions.
This document provides an overview of business research methods. It discusses what business research is, the importance and objectives of research, and different types of research including descriptive, exploratory, applied, and basic research. It also outlines the stages of the research process including defining objectives, research design, sampling, data collection, analysis, and reporting. Finally, it discusses problem formulation and identifying the appropriate unit and variables for analysis.
The document discusses the nature of business and management research. It defines research as the systematic process of collecting and analyzing information to increase understanding of a phenomenon. Business research specifically aims to generate information to solve business problems or make decisions. There are different types of research including basic/applied, qualitative/quantitative, and exploratory/descriptive/explanatory research. Basic research expands knowledge without a specific application, while applied research seeks practical solutions to real problems. The goal of all research is to extend knowledge, discover new information, build theory, and analyze relationships to improve professional practices.
This document provides an introduction to research methods. It defines research as the process of finding solutions to problems through thorough study and analysis. There are two main types of research: applied research which solves current problems, and basic research which generates general knowledge. Research must follow scientific principles including being purposive, rigorous, testable, replicable, precise, objective, generalizable, and parsimonious. The scientific research process involves identifying a problem, formulating hypotheses through deduction or induction, collecting data, and analyzing the results.
Elements Of Research Design | Purpose Of Study | Important Of Research Design |FaHaD .H. NooR
This document discusses key elements of research design including the purpose of a study, type of investigation, study setting, population, time horizon, and importance of considering research design early. It describes exploratory, descriptive and hypothesis testing purposes. Correlational and causal studies are covered as well as field, lab and contrived settings. Individuals, groups, organizations can be units of analysis. Cross-sectional and longitudinal time horizons are presented. Reliability including stability over time and internal consistency are also summarized.
The document discusses the role of business research. It defines business research as the systematic and objective process of generating information to aid business decisions. Business research must be objective, detached, and impartial rather than biased. It facilitates managerial decision making across all aspects of a business by reducing uncertainty. The document further classifies business research into basic research and applied research, as well as exploratory, descriptive, and causal research designs. It provides examples and definitions of each type of research. Finally, the document discusses factors to consider when determining whether to conduct business research such as time constraints, data availability, the nature of the decision, and whether the benefits outweigh the costs.
The document discusses key elements of research design including the purpose of studies, types of investigations, study settings, populations, time horizons, and units of analysis. It also covers measurement scales, reliability, and validity. The purpose can be exploratory, descriptive, or for hypothesis testing. Studies can be causal, correlational, contrived or non-contrived. Populations can be individuals, groups, organizations or cultures. Studies can also be cross-sectional or longitudinal. Proper research design ensures the purpose is effectively addressed.
The document discusses key elements of research design including the purpose of studies, types of investigations, study settings, populations, time horizons, and units of analysis. It also covers measurement scales, reliability, and validity. The purpose of research design is to ensure the study effectively addresses its goals. Considering these elements early helps avoid issues later in the research process.
This document discusses the process of formulating a research problem from an initial management decision problem. It explains that through discussions with experts, reviewing literature, and qualitative surveys, the management problem can be translated into clear research objectives and variables. Key steps include determining the appropriate unit of analysis, variables to study, statement of objectives, and formulation of hypotheses. The end goal is a well-defined research proposal that identifies the question or gap to be examined.
RESEARCH ASSIGNMENT EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN.docxBlessingMapoka
This document provides an overview of experimental design in research. It defines experimental design as a scientific approach to research where independent variables are manipulated to measure their effect on dependent variables. The key types of experimental design are described as pre-experimental, quasi-experimental, and true experimental. True experiments offer the strongest causal inferences because variables are manipulated and subjects are randomly assigned, allowing for comparison. Experimental research is described as useful for businesses to test new strategies, understand customer needs, and assess the business environment before making changes. The steps for conducting experimental research are outlined.
The document discusses research processes and features. It describes key steps in research including problem recognition and definition, creating a research design which involves sampling and data collection, and defining goals and objectives. It also outlines features of research such as encouraging interdisciplinary cooperation, focusing research in key areas, charting university development, and facilitating industrial-academic cooperation.
This document discusses business research methods. It defines business research as a systematic effort to investigate and solve problems in a work setting. The key steps in business research are identifying the problem area, conducting interviews and library research, developing a theoretical framework, formulating hypotheses, designing the research, collecting and analyzing data, discussing findings and implications. Research is important for managerial decision making as it provides necessary information to decrease risk. There are two types of research: basic research which expands knowledge, and applied research which addresses specific organizational decisions. Research approaches can be deductive, reasoning from general to specific, or inductive, reasoning from specific to general.
Research is the process of systematically studying a problem to find solutions. It involves gathering data through objective investigation to analyze and draw valid conclusions. Scientific research follows a rigorous process including developing hypotheses based on theory, collecting data to test hypotheses, and analyzing results to generalize findings. The manager in the example would conduct scientific research on employee commitment by first surveying literature to understand important variables, then collecting data to test hypotheses on how commitment can be increased, ensuring the research is rigorous, objective, and generalizable.
The document discusses research design and different types of research designs including exploratory, descriptive, and causal research designs. It provides details on each type of design, their purposes, appropriate research questions to address, and common methods used. Exploratory research aims to gain background information and define problems, descriptive research describes phenomena, and causal research determines causality between variables. The document also discusses important considerations for research design such as defining constructs, developing operational definitions, specifying objectives, and controlling for extraneous variables.
The document provides an overview of research methodology concepts for business research. It discusses various stages of the research process including formulating the research problem, literature review, developing hypotheses, research design, data collection and analysis, and reporting findings. It also defines different types of research such as descriptive research, causal research, and exploratory research. Additionally, it outlines criteria for good research, challenges in research, and the role of research in business decision making.
1) The document discusses key concepts in research such as variables, hypotheses, models, and the scientific method. It explains different types of variables and their relationships.
2) Different types of reasoning used in research are covered, including deductive reasoning which moves from general statements to specific conclusions, and inductive reasoning which makes generalizations based on patterns in observations.
3) Sound reasoning is important in research to enhance results. Researchers employ curiosity to identify problems, propose hypotheses, test them, and draw conclusions in a self-correcting process.
Research methodology provides guidance on conducting research systematically and scientifically. It explains both qualitative and quantitative research methods and the steps of the research process, including defining the problem, reviewing literature, developing hypotheses, collecting and analyzing data, and reporting findings. Key aspects of research methodology include formulating testable hypotheses, designing studies (e.g. experiments) to test hypotheses, and using statistical analysis to accept or reject null hypotheses.
Research methodology provides guidelines for conducting research systematically and scientifically. It describes various research methods and techniques for sampling, data collection, analysis and reporting. It also guides researchers on which specific methods and techniques are appropriate for different parts of the research process. Hypotheses are tentative explanations for phenomena that can be empirically tested. Well-constructed hypotheses are conceptually clear, specify relationships between measurable variables, and are falsifiable based on study results. Descriptive, experimental and applied research approaches are used to investigate practical problems, describe characteristics of groups, or test cause-and-effect relationships.
The document discusses the development of a theoretical framework and hypotheses in research. It explains that after conducting preliminary research like interviews and a literature review, the next step is to develop a theoretical framework. This involves identifying relevant variables, developing a conceptual model of relationships between variables, and providing explanations for these relationships. Hypotheses are then generated based on the theoretical framework. Hypotheses should be testable statements about expected relationships between variables. Null and alternative hypotheses are also discussed.
This document discusses key concepts in research including conception, constructs, attributes, variables, and hypotheses. It defines conception as a generalized idea of something meaningful that can be measured directly or indirectly. Constructs are measured with multiple variables and exist at a higher level of abstraction than concepts, representing ideas like brand loyalty that cannot be directly observed. Attributes are single dimensions of a construct. Variables are measurements that can vary, and can be independent or dependent. Hypotheses are proposed explanations for phenomena that can be scientifically tested.
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Mba2216 business research week 2 research process 0613
1. The Research ProcessThe Research ProcessThe Research ProcessThe Research Process
MBA2216 BUSINESS RESEARCH PROJECTMBA2216 BUSINESS RESEARCH PROJECT
by
Stephen Ong
Visiting Fellow, Birmingham City
University, UK
2. Topics of DiscussionTopics of Discussion
1.1. Types of ResearchTypes of Research
2.2. The Research ProcessThe Research Process
3.3. Research ProblemResearch Problem
DefinitionDefinition
3. 4–3
LEARNING OUTCOMESLEARNING OUTCOMESLEARNING OUTCOMESLEARNING OUTCOMES
1.1. Classify business research as either exploratoryClassify business research as either exploratory
research, descriptive research, or causal researchresearch, descriptive research, or causal research
2.2. List the major phases of the research process and theList the major phases of the research process and the
steps within eachsteps within each
3.3. Explain why proper “problem definition” is essential toExplain why proper “problem definition” is essential to
useful business researchuseful business research
4.4. Know how to recognize problemsKnow how to recognize problems
5.5. Translate managerial decision statements into relevantTranslate managerial decision statements into relevant
research objectivesresearch objectives
6.6. Translate research objectives into research questionsTranslate research objectives into research questions
and/or research hypothesesand/or research hypotheses
After this lecture, you should
5. 4–5
Types of Business ResearchTypes of Business Research
Business research can be classified on the
basis of technique (e.g. experiments, surveys,
or observation studies) or purpose.
Classifying research on the basis of its
purpose, it can be broken into three categories:
1. exploratory,
2. descriptive, and
3. causal.
6. 4–6
Exploratory ResearchExploratory Research
It is conducted to clarify ambiguous situationsIt is conducted to clarify ambiguous situations
or discover ideas that may be potentialor discover ideas that may be potential
business opportunities.business opportunities.
It is not intended to provide conclusiveIt is not intended to provide conclusive
evidence from which to determine a particularevidence from which to determine a particular
course of action.course of action.
It is not an end unto itself – usually it isIt is not an end unto itself – usually it is
conducted with the expectation that moreconducted with the expectation that more
research will be needed to provide moreresearch will be needed to provide more
conclusive evidence.conclusive evidence.
It is particularly useful inIt is particularly useful in new productnew product
development.development.
7. 4–7
Descriptive ResearchDescriptive Research
It describes characteristics of objects, people,
groups, organizations or environments.
It addresses who, what, when, where, and how
questions.
It often helps describe market segments.
It is conducted with a considerable
understanding of the situation being studied.
Diagnostic analysis
Seeks to diagnose reasons for market
outcomes and focuses specifically on
the beliefs and feelings consumers have
about and toward competing products.
8. 4–8
Descriptive Research …Descriptive Research …
Examples
The average Weight Watchers’ customer
Is a female about 40 years old
Has a household income of about $50,000
Has at least some college education
Is trying to juggle children and a job
Characteristics of leaders
Empathetic
Resourceful
Ability to delegate
9. 4–9
Causal ResearchCausal Research
It allows causal inferences to be made.
It seeks to identify cause-and-effect
relationships.
When something causes an effect, it
means it brings it about or makes it
happen; the effect is the outcome.
It usually follows exploratory and
descriptive research and, therefore, the
researchers are quite knowledgeable
about the subject.
10. Causal Research …Causal Research …
Causal research attempts to establish that when
we do one thing, another thing will follow – a
causal inference is just such a conclusion.
A causal inference can only be supported when
very specific causal evidence exists, and the
three critical pieces of causal evidence are:
Temporal Sequence – deals with the time
order of events; having an appropriate
causal order of events means the cause
must occur before the effect.
i.e. the cause must occur before the effect.i.e. the cause must occur before the effect.
E.g. chef changed, sales dropped after that change.E.g. chef changed, sales dropped after that change.
4–10
11. Concomitant Variation – occurs when two
events “co-vary,” meaning they vary
systematically and a when a change in the
cause occurs, a change in the outcome
also is observed.
Changes in income level will lead to changes in
the spending.
Non-spurious Association – any
covariation between a cause and an effect
is true and not simply due to some other
variable.
E.g. introduction of compulsory attendance in
lecture leads to improved attendance in
lecture.
4–11
Causal Research …Causal Research …
13. 4–13
Causal Research - Degrees ofCausal Research - Degrees of
CausalityCausality Absolute Causality
The cause is necessary and sufficient to
bring about the effect.
E.g. rain - wet floor
Conditional Causality
A cause is necessary but not sufficient to
bring about an effect.
Rain – wet floor – broken leg
Contributory Causality
A cause need be neither necessary nor
sufficient to bring about an effect.
Weakest form of causality.
Rain – wet floor – quarrel between couples
14. 4–14
Causal Research - ExperimentsCausal Research - Experiments
Experiment
A carefully controlled study in which the
researcher manipulates a proposed cause and
observes any corresponding change in the
proposed effect.
Experimental variable
Represents the proposed cause and is
controlled by the researcher by manipulating it.
Manipulation
The researcher alters the level of the variable in
specific increments.
Test-market
An experiment that is conducted within actual
market conditions.
17. 17
Exploratory ResearchExploratory Research Descriptive ResearchDescriptive Research Causal ResearchCausal Research
(Unaware of Problem)(Unaware of Problem) (Aware of Problem)(Aware of Problem) (Problem Clearly Defined)(Problem Clearly Defined)
““Our sales are declining andOur sales are declining and “What kind of“What kind of peoplepeople are buying“ Will buyers purchase more of ourare buying“ Will buyers purchase more of our
we don’t know whywe don’t know why.”.” our product?our product? products in a new package?products in a new package?
WhoWho buys our competitor’sbuys our competitor’s
product?”product?”
““Would people be interestedWould people be interested “Which of two advertising“Which of two advertising
in our new product idea?”in our new product idea?” “What“What featuresfeatures do buyers preferdo buyers prefer campaigns is more effective?”campaigns is more effective?”
in our product?”in our product?”
possiblesituation
Degree of Problem DefinitionDegree of Problem Definition
18. 4–18
Characteristics of Different Types of Business ResearchCharacteristics of Different Types of Business Research
Uncertainty Influences the Type of Research ConductedUncertainty Influences the Type of Research Conducted
20. 4–20
Stages in the Research ProcessStages in the Research Process
Process stages:
1. Defining the research objectives
2. Planning a research design
3. Planning a sample
4. Collecting the data
5. Analyzing the data
6. Formulating the conclusions and preparing
the report
Forward linkage—earlier stages influence later stages.
Backward linkage—later stages influence earlier stages.
22. EXHIBIT 4.EXHIBIT 4.66
FlowchartFlowchart
of theof the
BusinessBusiness
ResearchResearch
ProcessProcess
Note: Diamond-shaped boxes indicate stages in the research process in which a choice of one or more techniques
must be made. The dotted line indicates an alternative path that skips exploratory research.
23. 4–23
Stages in the Research ProcessStages in the Research Process
1. Defining the Research Objectives1. Defining the Research Objectives
It is the beginning of the research process.
Research objectives are the goals to be achieved by
conducting research.
In consulting, the term deliverables is often used to
describe the objectives to a research client.
In applied business research, the objectives cannot be
listed until there is an understanding of the decision
situation, which must be shared between the actual
decision maker and the lead researcher.
This understanding is often described as a problem
statement.
A research proposal is a document in which the problem
is stated.
This is a process of discovery rather than confirmation.
24. Stages in the Research ProcessStages in the Research Process
1. Defining the Research Objectives1. Defining the Research Objectives
Defining the research problem
An orderly definition of the research problem
lends a sense of direction to the investigation.
Properly defining a problem can be more
difficult than solving it.
Defining the decision situation must precede
the research objectives.
Best place to begin a research project is at the
end; that is, knowing what is to be
accomplished determines the research process.
4–24
25. Stages in the Research ProcessStages in the Research Process
1. Defining the Research Objectives1. Defining the Research Objectives
Exploratory ResearchExploratory Research
Exploratory Research can be used to help identify theExploratory Research can be used to help identify the
decisions that need to be made.decisions that need to be made.
Once done, the researcher should know exactly whichOnce done, the researcher should know exactly which
data to collect during formal phases of the project anddata to collect during formal phases of the project and
how to conduct the project.how to conduct the project.
Researchers can employ techniques from four basicResearchers can employ techniques from four basic
categories to obtain insights and gain a clearer idea ofcategories to obtain insights and gain a clearer idea of
the problem:the problem:
previous research,previous research,
pilot studies,pilot studies,
case studies, andcase studies, and
experience surveysexperience surveys
4–25
26. 4–26
Example : Exploratory ResearchExample : Exploratory Research
TechniquesTechniques
Previous ResearchPrevious Research
Literature reviewLiterature review
A directed search of publishedA directed search of published
works, including periodicals andworks, including periodicals and
books, that discusses theory andbooks, that discusses theory and
presents empirical results thatpresents empirical results that
are relevant to the topic at hand.are relevant to the topic at hand.
Pilot StudiesPilot Studies
27. 4–27
Example : Exploratory ResearchExample : Exploratory Research
TechniquesTechniques
A small-scale research project that collects dataA small-scale research project that collects data
from respondents similar to those to be used infrom respondents similar to those to be used in
the full study.the full study.
PretestPretest
A small-scale study in which the results areA small-scale study in which the results are
only preliminary and intended only to assistonly preliminary and intended only to assist
in design of a subsequent study.in design of a subsequent study.
Focus GroupFocus Group
A small group discussion about someA small group discussion about some
research topic led by a moderator whoresearch topic led by a moderator who
guides discussion among the participants.guides discussion among the participants.
28. Stages in the Research ProcessStages in the Research Process
1. Defining the Research Objectives1. Defining the Research Objectives
Stating Research ObjectivesStating Research Objectives
After identifying and clarifying the problem,After identifying and clarifying the problem,
the researcher must formally state thethe researcher must formally state the
research objectives.research objectives.
This statement delineates the type ofThis statement delineates the type of
research that is needed and whatresearch that is needed and what
intelligence may result that would allow theintelligence may result that would allow the
decision maker to make informed choices.decision maker to make informed choices.
Represents a contract of sorts that commitsRepresents a contract of sorts that commits
the researcher to producing the neededthe researcher to producing the needed
research.research.
4–28
29. ExampleExample
Research ideaResearch idea ResearchResearch
QuestionsQuestions
ResearchResearch
ObjectivesObjectives
Using teamUsing team
briefing inbriefing in
orientationorientation
programprogram
1. Why have1. Why have
organisationsorganisations
introduced teamintroduced team
briefing?briefing?
1. To identify1. To identify
organisations’organisations’
objectives forobjectives for
team briefing.team briefing.
2. Has team2. Has team
briefing beenbriefing been
effective?effective?
2. To describe2. To describe
the extent tothe extent to
which thewhich the
effectivenesseffectiveness
criteria for teamcriteria for team
briefing beingbriefing being
met.met.
1–29
30. Stages in the Research ProcessStages in the Research Process
1. Defining the Research Objectives1. Defining the Research Objectives
Linking Decision Statements,Linking Decision Statements,
Objectives, and HypothesesObjectives, and Hypotheses
Hypotheses should beHypotheses should be
logically derived from andlogically derived from and
linked to the researchlinked to the research
objectives.objectives.
31. 4–31
Example : Decision/Problem Statements,Example : Decision/Problem Statements,
Research Objectives andResearch Objectives and
Research HypothesesResearch Hypotheses
32. 4–32
Stages in the Research ProcessStages in the Research Process
2. Planning the Research2. Planning the Research DesignDesign
Research DesignResearch Design
A master plan that specifies the methodsA master plan that specifies the methods
and procedures for collecting andand procedures for collecting and
analyzing the needed information.analyzing the needed information.
Basic design techniques for descriptiveBasic design techniques for descriptive
and causal research:and causal research:
SurveysSurveys
ExperimentsExperiments
Secondary dataSecondary data
ObservationObservation
33. Stages in the Research ProcessStages in the Research Process
2. Planning the Research Design2. Planning the Research Design
Determination of which method should
be chosen depends on:
objectives of the study
available data sources
urgency of the decision
cost of obtaining data
Most common method is the survey.
4–33
34. 4–34
Selection of the Basic ResearchSelection of the Basic Research
MethodMethod
SurveySurvey
A research technique in which aA research technique in which a
sample is interviewed in some formsample is interviewed in some form
or the behavior of respondents isor the behavior of respondents is
observed and described.observed and described.
TelephoneTelephone
MailMail
InternetInternet
In personIn person
35. Selection of the Basic Research MethodSelection of the Basic Research Method
Observations
It can be mechanically recorded or observed by
humans.
One advantage of the observation technique is that
it records behaviour without relying on reports from
respondents.
Several things of interest (i.e., attitudes, opinions,
motivations) cannot be observed.
The “Best” Research Design
There is no single best research design.
Several alternatives can accomplish the stated
research objectives.
Ability to select the most appropriate design
develops with experience.
4–35
36. 4–36
Stages in the Research ProcessStages in the Research Process
3.3. Planning a sample
SamplingSampling
Involves any procedure that drawsInvolves any procedure that draws
conclusions based on measurements ofconclusions based on measurements of
a portion of the population.a portion of the population.
Sampling decisionsSampling decisions
Who to sample?Who to sample?—t—target populationarget population
What size should the sample be?What size should the sample be?
How to select the sampling units?How to select the sampling units?
Random sampleRandom sample
37. Stages in the Research ProcessStages in the Research Process
4. Gathering Data4. Gathering Data
This is the process of gathering or
collecting information.
It may be gathered by human observers or
interviewers or may be recorded by
machines (e.g., scanner data).
An unobtrusive method is one in which the
subjects do not have to be disturbed for
data to be collected.
However the data are collected, it is
important to minimize errors in the process.
4–37
38. 4–38
Stages in the Research ProcessStages in the Research Process
5. Processing and Analyzing Data5. Processing and Analyzing Data
Editing
Involves checking the data collection forms for
omissions, legibility, and consistency in
classification.
Codes
Rules for interpreting, categorizing, recording,
and transferring the data to the data storage
media.
Data analysis
The application of reasoning to understand the
data that have been gathered.
39. 4–39
Stages in the Research ProcessStages in the Research Process
6. Drawing Conclusions and6. Drawing Conclusions and
Preparing a ReportPreparing a Report
Steps in communicating the research findings:
Interpreting the research results
Describing the implications
Drawing the appropriate conclusions for managerial
decisions
Reporting requirements
Conclusions fulfill the deliverables promised in the
research proposal
Consider the varying abilities of people to
understand the research results
A clearly-written, understandable summary of the
research findings
41. 6–41
Good Decisions Start with aGood Decisions Start with a
Good Problem DefinitionGood Problem Definition
Importance of Starting with a Good Problem DefinitionImportance of Starting with a Good Problem Definition
The chances that a research project will proveThe chances that a research project will prove
useful are directly related to how well theuseful are directly related to how well the
research objectives correspond to the trueresearch objectives correspond to the true
business problem.business problem.
When the client fails to understand theirWhen the client fails to understand their
situation, or when they insist on studying ansituation, or when they insist on studying an
irrelevant problem, the research is very likely toirrelevant problem, the research is very likely to
fail even if it is done properly.fail even if it is done properly.
Translating a business situation into somethingTranslating a business situation into something
that can be researched begins by coming to athat can be researched begins by coming to a
consensus on a decision statement or question.consensus on a decision statement or question.
42. 6–42
Good Decisions Start with aGood Decisions Start with a
Good Problem DefinitionGood Problem Definition
Decision Statement
A written expression of the key question(s)
that the research user wishes to answer.
Problem Definition
The process of defining and developing a
decision statement and the steps involved in
translating it into more precise research
terminology, including a set of research
objectives.
43. Problem ComplexityProblem Complexity
Problem definition - this stage of the research process can
be the most complex.
Factors influencing problem complexity include:
Situation Frequency – cyclical, routine
problems are easier to define.
Dramatic changes – when sudden change in
the business situation takes place, it can be
easier to define the problem.
How Widespread are the Symptoms? – the
more scattered any symptoms are, the more
difficult it is to put them together into some
coherent problem statement.
Symptom Ambiguity – the greater the
ambiguity of the symptoms, the more difficult it
is to define the problem.
4–43
45. 6–45
The Problem-Definition ProcessThe Problem-Definition Process
Problems Mean Gaps
A problem occurs when there is a difference
between the current conditions and a more
preferable set of conditions (i.e., a gap exists
between the way things are now and the way that
things could be better).
A gap can come about in a number of ways:
1. Business performance is worse than expected (e.g., sales,
profits, margins are below targets set by management).
2. Actual business performance is less than possible business
performance (note that realization of this gap first requires
that management have some idea of what is possible).
3. Expected business performance is greater than possible
business performance.
47. 6–47
The Problem-Definition ProcessThe Problem-Definition Process
Step 1: Understand the Business DecisionStep 1: Understand the Business Decision
Situation AnalysisSituation Analysis
A situation analysis involves theA situation analysis involves the
gathering of background information togathering of background information to
familiarize researchers and managersfamiliarize researchers and managers
with the decision-making environment.with the decision-making environment.
It often requires exploratory research.It often requires exploratory research.
The situation analysis begins with anThe situation analysis begins with an
interview between the researcher andinterview between the researcher and
management.management.
48. 6–48
The Problem-Definition ProcessThe Problem-Definition Process
Step 1: Understand the Business Decision …Step 1: Understand the Business Decision …
Interview Process
Researcher should be granted access to all
individuals who have specific knowledge or insight
of the situation.
It is important that the researcher not blindly accept
a convenient problem definition for expediency’s
sake.
Helpful hints that can be useful in the interview
process include:
1. Develop many alternative problem statements.
2. Think about potential solutions to the problem.
3. Make lists – use free association and interrogative techniques
(i.e., asking multiple what, where, who, when, why, and how
questions).
4. Be open-minded.
49. 6–49
Identifying Symptoms
Probing is an interview technique that tries to
draw deeper and more elaborate explanations
from the discussion with key decision
makers.
One of the most important questions to ask –
“What has changed?” (i.e., customers,
competitors, internal conditions of the
company and in the external environment).
Then, the researcher should probe to identify
potential causes of the change.
The Problem-Definition ProcessThe Problem-Definition Process
Step 1: Understand the Business Decision …Step 1: Understand the Business Decision …
51. The Problem-Definition ProcessThe Problem-Definition Process
Step 2: Identify the relevantStep 2: Identify the relevant
issues from the symptomsissues from the symptoms
The symptoms identified shouldThe symptoms identified should
be translated into a problem andbe translated into a problem and
then a decision statement.then a decision statement.
Exhibit illustrates how symptomsExhibit illustrates how symptoms
can be translated into a problemcan be translated into a problem
and then a decision statement.and then a decision statement.
4–51
53. 6–53
The Problem-Definition ProcessThe Problem-Definition Process
Step 3: Writing Managerial DecisionStep 3: Writing Managerial Decision
Statements into CorrespondingStatements into Corresponding
Research ObjectivesResearch Objectives
Decision statements must be
translated into research objectives.
Once the decision statement is written,
the research essentially answers the
question, “What information is needed to
address this situation?”
Research objectives are the
deliverables of the research project.
55. 6–55
The Problem-Definition ProcessThe Problem-Definition Process
Step 4: Determine the Unit of AnalysisStep 4: Determine the Unit of Analysis
Unit of Analysis
Unit of analysis indicates what or who should
provide the data and at what level of aggregation.
Individuals (such as customers, employees, and owners)
Households (families, extended families, and so forth)
Organizations (businesses and business units)
Departments (sales, finance, and so forth)
Geographical areas
Objects (products, advertisements, and so forth).
Multi-level analysis studies variables measured at
more than one unit of analysis.
56. The Problem-Definition ProcessThe Problem-Definition Process
Step 5: Determine the Relevant VariableStep 5: Determine the Relevant Variable
What is a Variable?
A variable is anything that varies or
changes from one instance to another.
It can exhibit differences in value, usually
in magnitude or strength, or in direction.
Converse of a variable is a constant (i.e.,
something that does not change).
What is a Constant?
Something that does not change;
is not useful in addressing research
questions.
57. Types of VariablesTypes of Variables
Continuous variable
Can take on a range of
quantitative values.
E.g. Sales, profit,
satisfaction
Categorical variable
Indicates membership
in some group.
Also called
classificatory variable.
E.g. gender, customer
Dependent variable,Dependent variable,
DV or YDV or Y
A process outcome or a
variable that is
predicted and/or
explained by other
variables.
IndependentIndependent
variable, IV or Xvariable, IV or X
A variable that is
expected to influence
the dependent variable
in some way.
58. 6–58
Business Decision Situations, Corresponding ResearchBusiness Decision Situations, Corresponding Research
Hypotheses, and Variable DescriptionsHypotheses, and Variable Descriptions
60. ExampleExample
Hypothesis: There is a positive relationship
between treatment of employees and
employee loyalty
Dependent variable
Employee Loyalty
Independent variable
Treatment of employee
4–60
61. The Problem-Definition ProcessThe Problem-Definition Process
Step 6: Writing ResearchStep 6: Writing Research
Objectives and QuestionsObjectives and Questions
Research Questions
Express the research objectives in
terms of questions that can be
addressed by research.
Help to develop well-formulated,
specific hypotheses that can be
empirically tested.
Help the researcher design a study that
will produce useful results.
62. 6–62
Clarity in ResearchClarity in Research
Questions and HypothesesQuestions and Hypotheses
1.1. A research question is the researcher’s translation ofA research question is the researcher’s translation of
the problem into a specific inquiry.the problem into a specific inquiry.
2.2. Asking specific research questions helps the researcherAsking specific research questions helps the researcher
design a study that will produce useful results.design a study that will produce useful results.
3.3. A formal hypothesis has considerable practical value inA formal hypothesis has considerable practical value in
planning and designing research because it forcesplanning and designing research because it forces
researchers to be clear about what they expect to findresearchers to be clear about what they expect to find
through the study, and it raises crucial questions aboutthrough the study, and it raises crucial questions about
data required.data required.
4.4. In cases of a “go/no go” decision, the research involvesIn cases of a “go/no go” decision, the research involves
a managerial action standard that specifies a specifica managerial action standard that specifies a specific
performance criterion upon which a decision can beperformance criterion upon which a decision can be
based.based.
5.5. Objectives should be limited to a manageable number.Objectives should be limited to a manageable number.
63. 6–63
Influence of Decision Statement of MarketingInfluence of Decision Statement of Marketing
Problem on Research Objectives andProblem on Research Objectives and
Research DesignsResearch Designs
64. 6–64
How Much Time Should BeHow Much Time Should Be
Spent on Problem Definition?Spent on Problem Definition?
Budget constraints usually influence
how much effort is spent on problem
definition.
The more important the decision faced
by management, the more resources
should be allocated toward problem
definition.
The time taken to identify the correct
problem is usually time well spent.
65. 1 - 65
Further ReadingFurther Reading
ZIKMUND, W.G., BABIN, B.J., CARR, J.C.
AND GRIFFIN, M. (2010) BUSINESS
RESEARCH METHODS, 8TH
EDN, SOUTH-
WESTERN
SAUNDERS, M., LEWIS, P. AND
THORNHILL, A. (2012) RESEARCH
METHODS FOR BUSINESS STUDENTS, 6TH
EDN, PRENTICE HALL.
SAUNDERS, M. AND LEWIS, P. (2012)
DOING RESEARCH IN BUSINESS &
MANAGEMENT, FT PRENTICE HALL.
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