This document provides information on various material testing procedures for ferrocement, including compression testing of cement cubes, slump testing to measure mortar consistency, sampling of cement, sand testing and sieve analysis, determining water-cement and cement-sand ratios, and additional tests that may be required for classification societies. Compression testing involves casting and curing cement cubes which are then tested to determine compressive strength at various ages. Slump testing measures the consistency of mortar mixes. Proper material testing helps ensure the quality of materials and mixes used in ferrocement construction.
Started to create milestones, we, balaji construction equipment marked our presence in the year 1986 and operate in the manufacturing/servicing of construction equipment, grouting pump since 27 years. Our quality services products have been always appreciated by our clients. Our spontaneous attitude and confident approach in offering an excellent range of Concrete Mixer, Concrete Vibrator, Watering Pump, Earth Rammer, Builders Hoist, Cube Cutting Machine, Cube Mould, Slum Cones, Weight Batcher has deepened our roots in the market. We, balaji construction equipment breathe with the aim of fully satisfying our clients with our high-quality products services. We are a unit of highly experienced professionals, all of them contributing at the best of their potentials to offer the highest degree of efficiency and client satisfaction.
Started to create milestones, we, balaji construction equipment marked our presence in the year 1986 and operate in the manufacturing/servicing of construction equipment, grouting pump since 27 years. Our quality services products have been always appreciated by our clients. Our spontaneous attitude and confident approach in offering an excellent range of Concrete Mixer, Concrete Vibrator, Watering Pump, Earth Rammer, Builders Hoist, Cube Cutting Machine, Cube Mould, Slum Cones, Weight Batcher has deepened our roots in the market. We, balaji construction equipment breathe with the aim of fully satisfying our clients with our high-quality products services. We are a unit of highly experienced professionals, all of them contributing at the best of their potentials to offer the highest degree of efficiency and client satisfaction.
The Mechanical Properties of Concrete Incorporating Silica Fume as Partial Re...HARISH B A
Concrete is the most important engineering
material and the addition of some other materials may change
the properties of concrete. With increase in trend towards the
wider use of concrete for prestressed concrete and high rise
buildings there is a growing demand of concrete with higher
compressive strength. Mineral additions which are also
known as mineral admixtures have been used with cements
for many years. Silica fume particles are 100 times smaller
than the average cement particle. Its handling and disposal is
a point of concern because of the environment concerns. Silica
fume is usually categorized as a supplementary cementitious
material. These materials exhibit pozzolanic properties,
cementitious properties and a combination of both properties.
Due to these properties, it can affect the concrete behavior in
many ways. In the present work, an attempt has been made to
use silica fume as a supplementary material for cement and to
evaluate the limit of replacement of cement for M20 grade
concrete. The main aim of this work is to study the
mechanical properties of M20 grade control concrete and
silica fume concrete with different percentages (5, 10, 15 and
20%) of silica fume as a partial replacement of cement.
Sieve analysis
Atterberg limit test (liquid limit & Plastic limit)
Compaction test (Standard and modified proctor test)
California bearing ratio test (CBR)
Information on the slides is found on the internet. Any incorrect information is not intended. All credit is given to the source of information, not to the author of this slide.
DETERMINATION OF UNCONFINED COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF SOILJaptyesh Singh
DETERMINATION OF UNCONFINED COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF SOIL in Foundation Engineering
INTRODUCTION
TERMINOLOGY
APPARATUS
SOIL SPECIMEN & ITS TYPES
THEORY
RELEVANCE OF THE EXPERIMENT
PROCEDURE
VIDEO
OBSERVATION
DISCUSSION
REMARKS
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
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input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
COLLEGE BUS MANAGEMENT SYSTEM PROJECT REPORT.pdfKamal Acharya
The College Bus Management system is completely developed by Visual Basic .NET Version. The application is connect with most secured database language MS SQL Server. The application is develop by using best combination of front-end and back-end languages. The application is totally design like flat user interface. This flat user interface is more attractive user interface in 2017. The application is gives more important to the system functionality. The application is to manage the student’s details, driver’s details, bus details, bus route details, bus fees details and more. The application has only one unit for admin. The admin can manage the entire application. The admin can login into the application by using username and password of the admin. The application is develop for big and small colleges. It is more user friendly for non-computer person. Even they can easily learn how to manage the application within hours. The application is more secure by the admin. The system will give an effective output for the VB.Net and SQL Server given as input to the system. The compiled java program given as input to the system, after scanning the program will generate different reports. The application generates the report for users. The admin can view and download the report of the data. The application deliver the excel format reports. Because, excel formatted reports is very easy to understand the income and expense of the college bus. This application is mainly develop for windows operating system users. In 2017, 73% of people enterprises are using windows operating system. So the application will easily install for all the windows operating system users. The application-developed size is very low. The application consumes very low space in disk. Therefore, the user can allocate very minimum local disk space for this application.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
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Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
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Discover the different forklift classes and their specific applications. Learn how to choose the right forklift for your needs to ensure safety, efficiency, and compliance in your operations.
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1.1 Compression test
The compression test is carried out on either cube or cylindrical samples taken from a cross
section of mixes during the casting of the ferrocement hull, and any other section of construction
that is cast on a different day. The size of the cubes or cylinders will be laid down by the local
testing authority.
Test cubes
The moulds for test cubes should be made of steel or cast iron, with the inner surfaces parallel to
each other and machine faced. Timber moulds should not be used. Each mould should have a
metal base plate with a true surface to support the mould and prevent leakage. It is essential to
keep the mould and base plate clean and both should be oiled lightly to prevent the mortar
sticking to the sides. No undue strain should be used when the sides are fixed together.
Figure 1. Sample of test cylinder
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Figure 2. Sample of test cylinder
A 100 mm cube should be filled in three layers, from three different mixes. Each layer should be
rammed at least 25 times with a steel bar 600 mm long and having a ramming face of 16 mm
square, the weight of which compiles to the local standard. The surface of the cube should be
trowelled smooth.
A variety of institutions, eg universities, civil engineering, etc. will normally have the facilities to
carry out the tests.
It is usual to produce six cubes at a casting and send two 100 mm cubes for testing at seven days,
28 days, and 96 days, after casting. The minimum results obtained, from experience, should be in
the order of the following:
lb/in2
kg/cm2
7 days 4500 315
28 days 5500 387
96 days 6000 422
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In the UK, over many castings and using 150 mm cubes, the results exceeded:
lb/in2
kg/cm2
7 days 6000 422
28 days 7500 527
96 days 9000 633
Classification societies will have their own procedure and minimum strength requirements to
satisfy their rules.
Figure 3. Samples of test cube
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Figure 4. Samples of test cube
Test specimens should be cured at not less than 10°C and in the same way as the hull is cured,
and for the same period. Specimens should be transferred to the testing station on the seventh
and twenty-eighth day, wrapped in damp hessian/gunny cloth or similar.
A test cube data sheet (ref. Fig. No. 4) should be kept as a record for that craft and as a build-up
of accumulated strength data over successive castings.
Casting date : - ...................
Cube
No
Date
tested
Age at
test
Weight of
cube
Load at
failure
kg/cm2
Load at
failure
lb/in2
Comments on manufacture
and testing
/7
/7
/28
/28
/96
/96
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1.2 Slump test
The slump test is a practical means of measuring the consistency of mix. Since changes in the
values of slump obtained indicate material changes in the water content or proportions of the
mix. It is therefore useful in controlling the quality of the mortar produced.
The apparatus consists of a steel mould 100 mm diameter at the top, 200 mm at the bottom and
300 mm high, complete with a 16 mm dia. steel tamping rod 600 mm long and rounded on one
end. (Local standards may vary the size of the equipment.) The inside of the mould should be
clean before each test, and the mould placed on a hard flat surface. The mould should be filled in
four layers, each layer rodded 25 times with the tamping rod. After the top layer has been
rodded, the surface of the mortar is struck off level. Any leakage is cleaned away from the base
of the mould and the mould is lifted vertically from the mortar.
Figure 7. Sample of test cylinder
The slump is the difference between the height of the mix before and after removal of the mould.
If any specimen shears off laterally or collapses, the test should be repeated.
By using the correct mix and water: cement ratio prior to undertaking any casting, as a sample
test(s) the average slump achieved from several tests will give the range of slump acceptable
when the actual casting takes place. Because the mix is a mortar mix, the slump can be
exaggerated by a very little increase in the water: cement ratio. Therefore, it is a handy guide but
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should not be an over-riding conclusion when the practicalities of the construction and need for
full impregnation of the reinforcement are of priority during a casting.
1.3 Taking a sample of cement
If there is any doubt as to the quality of the cement purchased, a sample can be sent for test,
providing the facilities are available.
A sample of cement taken for test purposes must be representative of the consignment and be
taken within one week of delivery. It should be a mixture of at least 12 equal sub-samples taken
from 12 separate bags in the consignment. The sample should weigh at least 7 kg and be sealed
in an airtight container, with the relevant particulars clearly marked on the outside.
Figure 8. Testing
1.4 Sand testing and practice
Bulking of sand
When mixes are specified by volume, the sand is assumed to be dry. The volume of a given
weight of sand, however, varies according to its moisture content. Equal weights of dry and
inundated sand have practically the same volume but the same weight of sand in a damp
condition can occupy a volume as much as 40% greater. This phenomenon is known as 'bulking'.
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It may be demonstrated by filling a gauge box with dry sand. If the sand is flooded with water
the level will sink a little, but not to any great extent. When the box is similarly filled with damp
sand and the surface is flooded the drop in level will be very much greater.
Unless allowance is made for bulking when batching by volume, the mortar may contain too
little sand. This is one of the reasons why measurement by weight is preferable. Bulking occurs
far more with fine sands.
Figure 9. Test Procedure
Testing for impurities
Sands are usually washed by the suppliers to remove clay, silt, and other impurities which, if
present in excessive amounts, result in poor quality mortar. A guide to the amount of clay and
silt in sand can be obtained from the field settling test. An excessive amount recorded in this test
will indicate that other more sensitive tests should be made.
The test involves placing about 50 ml of a 1% solution of common salt in water (roughly one
teaspoon per pint/0.57 liter) in a 250 ml measuring cylinder. Sand as received is then added
gradually until the level of the top of the sand is at the 100 ml mark and more solution is added
to bring the liquid level to the 150 ml mark. The cylinder is shaken vigorously and the contents
allowed settling for about three hours. The thickness of the silt layer is measured and expressed
as a percentage of the height of the sand below the silt layer.
The amount of clay and silt in the sand may be considered acceptable if it does not exceed 10%.
If a measuring cylinder is not available, a jam jar filled to a depth of 50 mm with sand and to a
depth of 75 mm with the solution, will give a comparable result if the contents are allowed to
settle for three hours. The thickness of the silt layout in this case should not be more than 3 mm.
A simple check for organic impurities is to fill a medicine bottle with sand as delivered, to the
115 ml mark, and then add a 3% solution of sodium hydroxide (caustic soda) in water, until the
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level of the liquid after shaking is 200 ml. A solution of this strength may be purchased from
local chemists. The bottle is then stopper, shaken vigorously, and allowed to stand for 24 hours.
If at the end of that time the color of the solution above the sand is darker than the standard color
shown in BS 812, or similar local standard, laboratory tests should be undertaken to determine
whether the sand is acceptable.
Sand sieve analysis
The sand sieve analysis is carried out as often as is required to maintain the correct grading of
sand that is to be used. The grading of a sand aggregate for ferrocement is found by passing a
representative sample of dry sand through a series of BS sieves Nos. 7, 14, 25, 52, 100 (or local
equivalent standard), starting with the largest sieve. A record should be maintained (see Fig. No.
8) of the result and be compared to the required acceptable envelope (Fig. No. 6). The envelope
may vary slightly from the one shown depending on working rules, but is one used by the author
for many years.
Sample No ......... Sample obtained from .................
Total weight of sample .......... grammes
Sieve
No.
Weight retained on each sieve
grammes
Total weight passing sieve
grammes
% Passing each
sieve
Ideal
%
7 100
14 68-96
25 35-65
52 10-36
100 2-10
Tray
Comments on test:-
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
If the sieving is done manually, each sieve is shaken separately over a clean tray for not less than
two minutes. If machine sieving is applied, a nest of sieves should be shaken for at least 15
minutes. The material retained on each sieve, together with any material cleaned from the mesh
is weighed and recorded. The percentage by weight passing each sieve is then calculated. Sieving
will not be accurate if there is too much material left on any mesh after shaking.
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1.5 Water: cement ratio (weight)
The two essential properties of hardened mortar are durability and strength. Both of these are
closely related to density. In general, the more the mortar is compacted, the stronger and more
durable it is. The mortar must be dense to be impervious to water and to protect the
reinforcement adequately.
Figure 10. Water:cement ratio
The strength and durability of the mortar is governed by the amount of water used for mixing but
the overall grading of the aggregate has an indirect effect. Fine grindings require more water than
coarser grading to obtain the same degree of workability. It follows that in practice the grading
of the aggregate influences the amount of water which must be added.
It has been established that the strength of the mortar depends primarily on the relative
proportions of water and cement. The higher the proportion of water, the weaker is the mortar.
An allowance for the moisture present in the sand should always be taken into account. A typical
list of water: cement ratios are set out below:
Imperial gallons per 112 lb cement litres per 50 kg water: cement ratio by weight
3.5 15.5 0.31
4.0 18.0 0.36
4.5 20.0 0.40
5.0 22.5 0.45
5.5 24.5 0.49
6.0 27.0 0.54
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The water:cement ratio for ferrocement construction which gives the required strength and
workability will be in the region of 0.35-0.45, although 0.40 should not be exceeded under
tentative rules set by Det Norske Veritas.
If, due to local conditions, a more workable mix is required then admixtures may have to be used
to enhance the workability subject to their suitability.
1.6 Cement: sand ratio (weight)
The cement: sand ratio has been established to fall between 0.4 and 0.6, for dry sand. From
experience the value should be nearer 0.6, although many boats have been constructed using 0.5
as the ratio.
Figure 11. Cement:sand ratio.
For more details visit my Channel on YouTube:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6ESIp53VJJE .(Part-01).
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=omMsakFZIxg . (Part-02).
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Figure 12. Preparing Mixture using mixer.
1.7 Additional tests
Further additional tests will almost certainly be required if a boat is built to classification.
Indeed, many of these tests can be used by the builder to enlarge the information on the
particular form of construction that may be undertaken even if the structure is not being built to
rules. Out of necessity one will need to have the use or availability of the correct testing facilities
and specimens will need to be of a size to suit the testing equipment.
Tensile testing and compression testing on reinforced material
Tensile tests can be carried out on the ferrocement in order to establish the relationship between
tensile stress and elongation.
Tensile test on unreinforced specimens
The tensile strength can be determined by a split 'cylinder' test using similar apparatus as in the
compression test. However, the true tensile strength will lie between 50 and 70% of the splitting
'tensile strength'.
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Bending tests with reinforced material
Bending tests can be carried out on the ferrocement in order to establish the relationship between
bending moment, tensile bending stresses and elongation.
Bending fatigue tests
Bending fatigue tests can also be carried out on test specimens of the hull construction.
Impact test
An impact test can be performed on representative reinforced panels by using a drop weight.
Failure occurs when the test panel develops a leak.
All test specimens should have references to:
a) Identification number
b) dimension of the specimen
c) curing history and moisture condition at test
d) defects of specimen, if any, and age
e) ambient conditions at time of test
It should be noted that as a vast array of tests on ferrocement have been carried out, and with
many more still in progress around the world, the preferred method and size of specimen to be
tested may be arrived at by contacting classification societies who are locally available, the
International Ferrocement Information Center, or indeed establishments such as local universities
and colleges who have had experience in this regard, in order to establish a common method and
application of test work to suit the country being worked in.
The overall information is collected from the source below.
Source : http://www.fao.org/docrep/003/V9468E/v9468e08.htm#b1-
5.1%20Compression%20test
Prepared By
Engr. Mostafa Sameer
B.Sc Engg (Civil),
Ahsanullah University of Science & Technology (AUST),
Associate Member, IEB.
E-mail: mostafasameer447@gmail.com.