This document discusses sampling and testing of cement. It explains that sampling is important to ensure quality of construction materials like cement. It describes different types of sampling for cement including process inspection, lot inspection, and sampling from conveyors, bulk storage, ships, wagons and bags. It provides details on the procedures and equipment used for each sampling method. The document also discusses various tests conducted on cement samples in the lab and field to check properties like consistency, setting time, strength, soundness and composition. Specific test methods like the consistency test and determination of setting times are explained in detail.
This ppt is based on Sampling of cement and two of its tests.
Sampling is the removal of a portion from a given lot of material which is then a representative of the whole lot and of a convenient size for further testing.
It is done either by hand or by an equipment.
Hand sampling is usually expensive, slow, and inaccurate, (so that it is generally applied only where the material is not suitable for equipment sampling or where machinery is either not available or too expensive to install.
Many different sampling devices are available, including shovels, pipe samplers, and automatic machine samplers.
water demand, types of demand, factors affecting per capita demand, design periods, losses in wastes & thefts, varion in demand, coincident draft,effect of variations on components of water supply schemes, factors affecting design periods, population forecasting methods, problems on population forecasting, etc
Cement and admixtures and laboratory tests for cement, initial and final setting time, soundness test, compressive test, tests on concrete, types of admixtures
This ppt is based on Sampling of cement and two of its tests.
Sampling is the removal of a portion from a given lot of material which is then a representative of the whole lot and of a convenient size for further testing.
It is done either by hand or by an equipment.
Hand sampling is usually expensive, slow, and inaccurate, (so that it is generally applied only where the material is not suitable for equipment sampling or where machinery is either not available or too expensive to install.
Many different sampling devices are available, including shovels, pipe samplers, and automatic machine samplers.
water demand, types of demand, factors affecting per capita demand, design periods, losses in wastes & thefts, varion in demand, coincident draft,effect of variations on components of water supply schemes, factors affecting design periods, population forecasting methods, problems on population forecasting, etc
Cement and admixtures and laboratory tests for cement, initial and final setting time, soundness test, compressive test, tests on concrete, types of admixtures
barch_building material-1_Types of lime, Classification of lime, comparison between fat lime and hydraulic lime, Manufacturing
process slaking, Hardening – Testing and Storage, Lime putty, Precautions in handling and uses of
lime.
Sedimentation is an effective techniques involved for treatment of waste water . Various sedimentation techniques are employed world wide for the purpose.
Plain sedimentation is the simplest technique involving quiescent settling or storage of water, such as would take place in a reservoir, lake, or basin, without the aid of chemicals, preferably for a month or longer, particularly if the source water is a sewage-polluted river water.
This presentation covers various plain sedimentation tanks & design considerations of the same .
If you like it ,Please press the thumb up button & donot forget to give your feedback in comments section, it would be extremely valuable . Any query ? Feel free to post in comments section. All the best ! Enjoy !
Introduction to water supply engg. by Prof. D S.Shahdhavalsshah
Introduction to water supply Engineering. Basic definitions in water supply engineering. Importance of water supply engineering.
Financing of water supply schemes. Flow diagram of water supply scheme, layouts of water supply schemes, etc.
Cement, Cement manufacturing, Types of cementNaresh Kumar
Cement, in general, adhesive substances of all kinds, but, in a narrower sense, the binding materials used in building and civil engineering construction. Cements of this kind are finely ground powders that, when mixed with water, set to a hard mass. Setting and hardening result from hydration, which is a chemical combination of the cement compounds with water that yields submicroscopic crystals or a gel-like material with a high surface area. Because of their hydrating properties, constructional cements, which will even set and harden under water, are often called hydraulic cements. The most important of these is portland cement.
The presentation has prepared as per the syllabus of Mumbai University.
Go through the presentation, if you like it then share it with your friends and classmates.
Thank you :)
Manufaturing Process Of Cement
Contents-
What is CEMENT ?
Introduction
Diff. B/w Cement and Portland Cement
Components Of Portland Cement
History of PORTLAND CEMENT.
Manufacturing of PORTLAND CEMENT.
Components
Processes
Dry Process
Wet Process
Light weight concrete-materials properties and types. Typical light weight concrete mix High density concrete and high performance concrete-materials,properties and applications, typical mix.
Information on the slides is found on the internet. Any incorrect information is not intended. All credit is given to the source of information, not to the author of this slide.
barch_building material-1_Types of lime, Classification of lime, comparison between fat lime and hydraulic lime, Manufacturing
process slaking, Hardening – Testing and Storage, Lime putty, Precautions in handling and uses of
lime.
Sedimentation is an effective techniques involved for treatment of waste water . Various sedimentation techniques are employed world wide for the purpose.
Plain sedimentation is the simplest technique involving quiescent settling or storage of water, such as would take place in a reservoir, lake, or basin, without the aid of chemicals, preferably for a month or longer, particularly if the source water is a sewage-polluted river water.
This presentation covers various plain sedimentation tanks & design considerations of the same .
If you like it ,Please press the thumb up button & donot forget to give your feedback in comments section, it would be extremely valuable . Any query ? Feel free to post in comments section. All the best ! Enjoy !
Introduction to water supply engg. by Prof. D S.Shahdhavalsshah
Introduction to water supply Engineering. Basic definitions in water supply engineering. Importance of water supply engineering.
Financing of water supply schemes. Flow diagram of water supply scheme, layouts of water supply schemes, etc.
Cement, Cement manufacturing, Types of cementNaresh Kumar
Cement, in general, adhesive substances of all kinds, but, in a narrower sense, the binding materials used in building and civil engineering construction. Cements of this kind are finely ground powders that, when mixed with water, set to a hard mass. Setting and hardening result from hydration, which is a chemical combination of the cement compounds with water that yields submicroscopic crystals or a gel-like material with a high surface area. Because of their hydrating properties, constructional cements, which will even set and harden under water, are often called hydraulic cements. The most important of these is portland cement.
The presentation has prepared as per the syllabus of Mumbai University.
Go through the presentation, if you like it then share it with your friends and classmates.
Thank you :)
Manufaturing Process Of Cement
Contents-
What is CEMENT ?
Introduction
Diff. B/w Cement and Portland Cement
Components Of Portland Cement
History of PORTLAND CEMENT.
Manufacturing of PORTLAND CEMENT.
Components
Processes
Dry Process
Wet Process
Light weight concrete-materials properties and types. Typical light weight concrete mix High density concrete and high performance concrete-materials,properties and applications, typical mix.
Information on the slides is found on the internet. Any incorrect information is not intended. All credit is given to the source of information, not to the author of this slide.
We can quickly update our project's tasks to 100% complete or the scheduled percent complete in Microsoft Project.
Quickly update tasks to 100% complete
If we have tasks in our project that have been completed as scheduled, we can quickly update them all to 100% percent complete for the current date, a status date, or a date that we specify.
Update tasks to 100% complete for the current or status date
On the Task tab, in the View group, choose Gantt Chart.
Hold CTRL and select each of the tasks in the list that we want to update.
In the Schedule group, choose 100% Complete.
Update tasks to scheduled percent complete for a specific date
On the Task tab, in the View group, choose Gantt Chart.
If we want to update only specific tasks, hold CTRL and select each of the tasks in the list.
On the Project tab, in the Status, group, choose Update Project.
In the Update Project dialog box, choose Update work as complete through, and then type or select the date through which we want progress updated.
Select Set 0% - 100% complete.
If we are updating specific tasks, select Selected Tasks. If we are updating all tasks in the project, select Entire Project.
As a project manager, we need to create regular status updates to inform stakeholders about the progress of the project.
Updating our schedule regularly means that we always have a clear view of what has happened and what is due to happen on our project. This gives us and our team confidence that we are actively managing the work towards a successful conclusion.
Resource levelling is a technique in project management that overlooks resource allocation and resolves possible conflict arising from over-allocation. When project managers undertake a project, they need to plan their resources accordingly.
This will benefit the organization without having to face conflicts and not being able to deliver on time. Resource levelling is considered one of the key elements to resource management in the organization.
An organization starts to face problems if resources are not allocated properly i.e., some resource may be over-allocated whilst others will be under-allocated. Both will bring about a financial risk to the organization.
Resource levelling is required when there is a demand for resources more compared to the available supply.
Resource levelling helps an organization to make use of the available resources to the maximum. The idea behind resource levelling is to reduce wastage of resources i.e., to stop over-allocation of resources.
Project manager will identify time that is unused by a resource and will take measures to prevent it or making an advantage out of it.
By resource conflicts, there are numerous disadvantages suffered by the organization, such as:
Delay in certain tasks being completed
Difficulty in assigning a different resource
Unable to change task dependencies
To remove certain tasks
To add more tasks
Overall delays and budget overruns of projects
Introduction: -
Expression: -
x + 2
Equation: -
x + 2 = 20
x2 + 2x + 5 = 12
Linear Equation: -
x + 2 = 20 => x1 + 2 =20
y2+ 5 = 2y + 6 => y2 + 5 = 2y1 + 6
Solving Equation
1) Variable on one side
Method 1 : -
e.g. 2x – 3 = 5
2x -3 + 3 = 5 + 3 (add 3 on both sides)
2x = 8
𝟐𝒙/𝟐= 𝟖/𝟐
x = 4
Method 2: - Transpose
e.g. 2x – 3 = 5
2 x = 5 + 3
2 x = 8
X = 𝟖/𝟐
X = 4
2) Variable on both sides
e.g. 3x – 4 = x + 2 Verify
3x – x = 2 + 4 LHS = 3x -4
2x = 6 3*3 – 4 = 5
x = 𝟔/𝟐 RHS = x + 2
x = 3 3 + 2 = 5
So, LHS = RHS
Solving Word Problems: -
Que) A man is 25 years older than his son. After 5 years, he will be two times as old as his son. Find their present ages.
Solution: -
Let’s sons present age = x years
Then father’s age = x + 25
After 5 years,
Son’s age = x + 5
Father’s age = (x + 25) + 5 = x + 30
Given, x + 30 = 2*(x + 5)
x + 30 = 2x + 10
x – 2x = 10 – 30
-x = -20
x = 20 = son’s age
Fathers age = 20 + 25 = 45 years.
WATER ABSORPTION TEST ON BRICKS
IS 3495 (part 2) : 1992
Theory: -
Brick for external use must be capable of preventing rain water from passing through them to the inside of walls of reasonable thickness. A good brick should absorb water maximum 1/7th of the weight of the brick.
Water absorption test on bricks are conducted to determine durability property of bricks such as degree of burning, quality and behaviour of bricks in weathering.
The degree of compactness of bricks can be obtained by water absorption test, as water is absorbed by pores in bricks. The water absorption by bricks increase with increase in pores.
water absorption shall not be more than 20 percent by weight up to class 12.5 and 15 percent by weight for higher classes.
Equipment for Moisture Content of brick :-
Water Bath: Temperature should be maintained at 27 ± 2°C for 24 hours.
Weighing Balance: A sensitive balance capable of weighing within 0.1 percent of the mass of the specimen.
Oven: Temperature should be maintained at 105 to 115 degree Celsius.
Testing Procedure:-
Immerse specimen in clean water at a temperature of 27 ± 2°C for 24 hours. Remove the specimen and wipe out any traces of water with a damp cloth and weigh the specimen. Complete the weighing 3 minutes after the specimen has been removed from water (W1).
Dry the specimen in a ventilated oven at a temperature of 105 to 115°C for 24 hours. Cool the specimen to room temperature and obtain its weight (W2). Specimen warm to touch shall not be used for the purpose.
Water absorption, percent by mass, after 24-hour immersion in cold water is given by the following formula:
(𝑊1 −𝑊2)/𝑊2 * 100
Tensile tests on plywood, Plywood as a Construction Material, Uses of Plywood as a Building Material, IS : 1734 (Part 9) - 1983, Universal Testing Machine (UTM), Construction Materials Lab,
Plywood as a Construction Material :-
Plywood as a building material is very widely used due to its many useful properties. It is an economical, factory-produced sheet of wood with precise dimensions that does not warp or crack with changes in atmospheric moisture.
Ply is an engineered wood product made from three or more 'plies' or thin sheets of wood. These are glued together to form a thicker, flat sheet.
Uses of Plywood as a Building Material :-
Plywood has a huge range of uses within the construction industry. Some of its most common uses are:
To make light partition or external walls
To make formwork, or a mould for wet concrete
To make furniture, especially cupboards, kitchen cabinets, and office tables
As part of flooring systems
To make light doors and shutters.
The tensile strength when determined by the method described in IS 1734 (Part 9) shall comply with the following values:
a) Tensile strength shall be not less than 42.0 N/mm2 in the direction parallel to grain direction of the face veneers.
b) Tensile strength shall be not less than 25.0 N/mm2 in the direction of right angles to the grain direction of the face veneers.
c) Sum of the tensile strength in both directions shall be not less than 84.5 N/mm2.
Procedure :-
Specimen should be placed under Universal Testing Machine (UTM) and the load shall be applied continuously throughout the test at a rate of traverse of the movable head of 1 mm/min. The specimen shall be held in wedge-type self-tightening and self-aligning grips.
Note the load at which plywood specimen fails (kg).
Calculate Maximum tensile stress (N/mm2) = (𝐹𝑎𝑖𝑙𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑)/(𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑈𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟 𝑇𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛).
Report the average of tensile stress parallel to face grain of three plywood specimens as Maximum Tensile stress parallel to face grain.
Report the average of tensile stress perpendicular to face grain of three plywood specimens as Maximum Tensile stress perpendicular to face grain.
Gps and its use in vehicle movement study in earthquake disaster management r...Mayur Rahangdale
What is GPS?
GPS Segments
Pseudo – Random Numbers (PRN)
Coarse acquisition (C/A) code
P code (Precision or Protected code)
P code (Precision or Protected code)
GPS Trilateration
EARTHQUAKE DISASTER MANAGEMENT
Disaster Management Cycle
ADVANTAGE OF GPS IN DISASTER MANAGEMENT
GPS LIMITATION IN DISASTER MANAGEMENT
HOW DOES GPS PLAY A ROLE IN EARTHQUAKE RESCUE?
Case Study - Great East Japan Earthquake in Ishinomaki City, Japan -11 March 2011.
GPS and its use in vehicle movement study in Earthquake Disaster ManagementMayur Rahangdale
What is GPS?
GPS Segments
Pseudo – Random Numbers (PRN)
Coarse acquisition (C/A) code
P code (Precision or Protected code)
P code (Precision or Protected code)
GPS Trilateration
EARTHQUAKE DISASTER MANAGEMENT
Disaster Management Cycle
ADVANTAGE OF GPS IN DISASTER MANAGEMENT
GPS LIMITATION IN DISASTER MANAGEMENT
HOW DOES GPS PLAY A ROLE IN EARTHQUAKE RESCUE?
Case Study - Great East Japan Earthquake in Ishinomaki City, Japan -11 March 2011.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
HEAP SORT ILLUSTRATED WITH HEAPIFY, BUILD HEAP FOR DYNAMIC ARRAYS.
Heap sort is a comparison-based sorting technique based on Binary Heap data structure. It is similar to the selection sort where we first find the minimum element and place the minimum element at the beginning. Repeat the same process for the remaining elements.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
NO1 Uk best vashikaran specialist in delhi vashikaran baba near me online vas...Amil Baba Dawood bangali
Contact with Dawood Bhai Just call on +92322-6382012 and we'll help you. We'll solve all your problems within 12 to 24 hours and with 101% guarantee and with astrology systematic. If you want to take any personal or professional advice then also you can call us on +92322-6382012 , ONLINE LOVE PROBLEM & Other all types of Daily Life Problem's.Then CALL or WHATSAPP us on +92322-6382012 and Get all these problems solutions here by Amil Baba DAWOOD BANGALI
#vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore#blackmagicformarriage #aamilbaba #kalajadu #kalailam #taweez #wazifaexpert #jadumantar #vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore #blackmagicforlove #blackmagicformarriage #aamilbaba #kalajadu #kalailam #taweez #wazifaexpert #jadumantar #vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore #Amilbabainuk #amilbabainspain #amilbabaindubai #Amilbabainnorway #amilbabainkrachi #amilbabainlahore #amilbabaingujranwalan #amilbabainislamabad
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER IN CONDENSING HEAT EXCHANGERS...ssuser7dcef0
Power plants release a large amount of water vapor into the
atmosphere through the stack. The flue gas can be a potential
source for obtaining much needed cooling water for a power
plant. If a power plant could recover and reuse a portion of this
moisture, it could reduce its total cooling water intake
requirement. One of the most practical way to recover water
from flue gas is to use a condensing heat exchanger. The power
plant could also recover latent heat due to condensation as well
as sensible heat due to lowering the flue gas exit temperature.
Additionally, harmful acids released from the stack can be
reduced in a condensing heat exchanger by acid condensation. reduced in a condensing heat exchanger by acid condensation.
Condensation of vapors in flue gas is a complicated
phenomenon since heat and mass transfer of water vapor and
various acids simultaneously occur in the presence of noncondensable
gases such as nitrogen and oxygen. Design of a
condenser depends on the knowledge and understanding of the
heat and mass transfer processes. A computer program for
numerical simulations of water (H2O) and sulfuric acid (H2SO4)
condensation in a flue gas condensing heat exchanger was
developed using MATLAB. Governing equations based on
mass and energy balances for the system were derived to
predict variables such as flue gas exit temperature, cooling
water outlet temperature, mole fraction and condensation rates
of water and sulfuric acid vapors. The equations were solved
using an iterative solution technique with calculations of heat
and mass transfer coefficients and physical properties.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
2. Table of Content
What is sampling
Need of sampling
cement
Sampling of cement
Process Inspection
Lot Inspection
Test of cement
3. What is sampling?
Sampling is the removal from a given lot of material a portion that is representative of
the whole yet of convenient size for further analysis.
It is done either by hand or by an equipment.
Hand sampling is usually expensive, slow, and inaccurate, (so that it is generally applied
only where the material is not suitable for equipment sampling (slimy ore, for example)
or where machinery is either not available or too expensive to install.)
Many different sampling devices are available, including shovels, pipe samplers, and
automatic machine samplers.
For these sampling machines to provide an accurate representation of the whole lot, the
quantity of a single sample, the total number of samples, and the kind of samples taken
are of decisive importance.
4. Need of sampling
Materials used in construction should be of good quality and to check whether a material
is standard or not, sampling and testing is important.
Sampling can save time and money. A sample study is usually less expensive than a
census study and produces results at a relatively faster speed.
Sampling remains the only choice when a test involves the destruction of the item under
study.
5. Sampling of cement
Process Inspection
For an in-process quality check for the intermediate and finished product during the
production process.
Lot Inspection
Lot Inspection will be generated at the time of production order release.
6. Process Inspection
By Purchaser- To ensure its conformity to the specification requirements
By Manufacturer- To ensure uniformity & reduce quality fluctuations to minimum.
Methods of Drawing samples
Clinker-
a) Every hour from each kiln, immediately after coming out from cooling chamber.
b) After mixing all these hourly samples, a composite sample shall be made for a day.
c) From this small quantity is taken out for the chemical analysis.
d) Remaining clinker if pulverized after mixing it with gypsum & tested for the other
characteristics.
7. Process Inspection
Cement Grinding-
a) From grinding mill, Hourly for testing setting time and every alternate hour for fineness
test.
b) Remaining portions form hourly sample shall be mixed to be a composite sample of the
week & tested for the other characteristics, such as heat of hydration of cement.
Cement Packing-
a) From Packing machine, daily for testing fineness, setting time, soundness, compressive
strength and degree of whiteness.
b) Remaining portions form daily sample shall be mixed to be a composite sample of the week
& tested for the other characteristics, such as heat of hydration of cement.
8. Lot Inspection
When Process Inspection cannot be made available or when the purchaser so desires, the
procedure of Lot Inspection shall be followed for judging conformity of the lot of
hydraulic cement.
Recommended- cement should be sampled when it is in motion.
1. Sampling From Conveyors
2. Sampling from bulk storage
3. Sampling from skip’s hold
4. Sampling from wagons
5. Sampling from bags
9. Lot Inspection
Sampling from conveyors
1. A lot shall be divided into sub lots at the time of discharging over
a conveyor belt.
2. Then a gross sample is drawn from each of the sub lots & shall be
kept separately.
3. The collecting frequency should be one increment for every 10
tons of discharged cement.
4. Mostly a scoop is used for the sampling from moving belts, which
can sweep across the cross section of the material & along the
belt.
5. After taking the increments out of sub lots, they shall be placed
directly on a moisture proof, air tight containers to avoid moisture
absorption & Aeration of sample.
No’s of sub lots into which a lot is to
be divided
Wt. of Lot (Tons) No’s of sub-lots
<100 2
101-200 3
201-300 4
301-500 5
501-1000 6
1001-2000 7
10. Lot Inspection
Sampling from Bulk Storage i.e. silos
1. A lot shall be divided into sub lots depending upon the weight of the Lot
2. Then a gross sample is drawn from each of the sub lots when the cement is being charged into bulk
storage or at the time of discharging from the bulk storage.
3. Increment shall be taken from each opening.
4. The collecting frequency should be one increment for every 10 tons of discharged cement.
11. Lot Inspection
Sampling from Ship’s Hold
1. A lot shall be divided into sub lots depending upon the weight of the Lot
2. For collecting samples from ship’s hold, i.e. for depths greater than 2 m, sampling pipe activated by
air jet is used.
3. Then a gross sample is drawn from each of the sub lots.
4. The collecting frequency should be one increment for every 10 tons of cement.
5. The increment shall be weight at least 2 kg.
12. Lot Inspection
Sampling from Wagons
1. A lot shall be divided into sub lots depending upon the weight of the Lot
2. For collecting samples from wagons, i.e. for depths smaller than 2 m, Slotted-tube sampler is used.
3. Then a gross sample is drawn from at least six evenly distributed points in each selected wagon.
4. The increment shall be weight at least 2 kg.
5. After taking the increments out of wagons, they shall be placed directly on a moisture proof, air
tight containers to avoid moisture absorption & Aeration of sample.
13. Lot Inspection
Sampling from Bags
1. A lot shall be divided into sub lots depending upon the weight of the Lot.
2. at least 2 percent of the bags (minimum of five) shall be sampled.
3. Selection of bags should be random.
4. Tube sampler shall be inserted diagonally into the valve of the bag and the thumb placed over the
air hole and then shall be withdrawn.
5. Equal no’s of increments should be taken out from each bags.
6. The increment shall be weight at least 2 kg.
15. Test on Cement
The following tests are conducted on cement in the laboratory are as follows:
1. Fineness Test
2. Consistency Test
3. Setting Time Test
4. Strength Test
5. Soundness Test
6. Heat of Hydration Test
7. Tensile Strength Test
8. Chemical Composition Test
16. Test on Cement
The following tests are conducted on cement in the field are as follows:
1. Colour Test of Cement
2. Presence of Lumps
3. Cement Adulteration Test
4. Float Test
5. Date of Manufacturing
17. Consistency Test of cement
Aim: To determine consistency of standard Cement paste.
Apparatus:
18. Consistency Test of cement
Material Used:
Cement material shall be stored in
sealed, airtight containers to avoid
changes in its characteristics due to
absorption or deposition from the
atmosphere.
19. Consistency Test of cement
Procedure:
• Keep the vicat apparatus on a level base while using vicat apparatus with dashpot, keep the bearing
movable rod to its highest position and pin it. Unscrew the top of the dashpot. Half fill the dashpot
with any suitable oil of viscosity and screw the top. Work the plunger a number of times.
• Attach the plunger for determining standard consistency to the movable rod. Work the plunger a
number of times.
• Take 400 gm of cement in a pan and a weighed quantity of water in a beaker.
• Prepare a paste with the water added to cement. Start a stopwatch at the time of adding water to
cement.
• Keep the vicat mould on a non-porous plate and fill the cement paste in it.
22. Consistency Test of cement
Procedure:
• After completely filling the mould, shake it slightly to expel the air. Smooth off the surface of the
paste making it level with the top of the moulder. The cement pastes thus prepared is the test block.
• Place the test block resting on the non-porous plate under the movable rod, bearing the needle.
• Lower the plunger gently to touch the surface of the cement paste and quickly release.
• Remove the pin holding the movable bearing rod to the surface of the cement paste and quickly
release by pushing down the plunger to sink in to the paste. This operation shall be done
immediately after filling the mould.
• Prepare trial test specimens with varying percentages of water until plunger penetrates to a point 5
to 7mm from the bottom of the vicat mould, which is read on the scale. Express the water required
as percentage by weight of the dry cement.
24. Consistency Test of cement
Observation Table:
SR. NO. DESCRIPTION READING
1. Weight of cement taken (g) (W1)
2. Quantity of water added to cement (W2)
3
Standard Consistency of Cement for 5-7 mm
penetration (W2/W1*100)
25. Consistency Test of cement
Significance and importance of the test:
1. It determines the amount of water needed to make a paste. It is necessary to determine consistency
because the amount of water affects the setting time of the cement.
2. Consistency plays a vital role in the determination of compressive strength of concrete or
workability test for concrete.
3. Less water than this quantity would not complete chemical reaction thus resulting in the reduction
of strength and more water would increase water-cement ratio and so would reduce its strength.
26. Consistency Test of cement
Why is Consistency Test Done?
We know that the cement we used on our site is mostly affected by
1. Weather Conditions
2. Excessive combination of Silica. One of the cement ingredients which determines the initial and final
setting time of cement paste.
3. The fineness of cement.
4. Manufacturing Defects
By Standardising the consistency of cement, we know that how much of water is required to produce an
effective cement which will eventually produce good quality of concrete.
27. Aim :- Determination of the initial and final setting time of cement.
Reference: - IS 4031 (Part-5):1988
Appratus :-
Vicat apparatus, vicat mould, needle, gauging trowel, measuring jar, weighing balance,
stop watch, rubber glove, non porous glass plate.
Material:- Ordinary Portland cement; Water.
Determination of Setting Times of Cement
29. Determination of Setting Times of Cement
Theory :-
• The time to which cement can be moulded in any desired shape without losing it’s strength is called Initial setting time of
cement
or
• The time at which cement starts hardens and completely loses its plasticity is called Initial setting time of cement
or
• The time available for mixing the cement and placing it in position is an Initial setting time of cement.
or
• Initial set is a stage where the cement paste stiffens to such an extent that the Vicat needle is not permitted to move
down through the paste within 5 ± 0.5 mm measured from the bottom of the mould. The time elapsed between the
moments that the water is added to the cement to the initial set is regarded as initial setting time.
30. Determination of Setting Times of Cement
• The time at which cement completely loses its plasticity and became hard is a final setting time of
cement.
or
• The time taken by cement to gain its entire strength is a Final setting time of cement.
• For an ordinary Portland cement, the initial setting time should not be less than 30 minutes while the
final setting time should not be more than 600 minutes.
31. Procedure :-
1) Preparation of Test Block
• Prepare a neat cement paste by gauging the cement with 0.85 times the water required to give a paste of standard
consistency. Potable or distilled water shall be used in preparing the paste. The paste shall be gauged in the manner and
under the conditions prescribed in IS : 4031 (Part 5)- 1988. Start a stop-watch at the instant when water is added to the
cement. Fill the Vicat mould with a cement paste gauged as above, the mould resting on a nonporous plate. Fill the mould
completely and smooth off the surface of the paste making it level with the top of the mould. The cement block thus
prepared in the mould is the test block.
• Immediately after moulding, place the test block in the moist closet or moist room and allow it to remain there except when
determinations of time of setting are being made.
Determination of Setting Times of Cement
32. 2) Determination of Initial Setting Time
• Place the test block confined in the mould and resting on the non-porous plate, under the rod bearing the needle (with cross section
1 mm2 ).
• lower the needle gently until it comes in contact with the surface of the test block and quickly release, allowing it to penetrate into
the test block.
• In the beginning, the needle will completely pierce the test block. Repeat this procedure until the needle, when brought in contact
with the test block and released as described above, fails to pierce the block beyond 5.0 ± 0.5 mm measured from the bottom of the
mould.
• The period elapsing between the time when water is added to the cement and the time at which the needle fails to pierce the test
block to a point 5.0 ± 0.5 mm measured from the bottom of the mould shall be the initial setting time.
Determination of Setting Times of Cement
33.
34. 3) Determination of Final Setting Time —
• Replace the needle of the Vicat apparatus by the needle with an annular attachment .
• The cement shall be considered as finally set when, upon applying the needle gently to the surface of
the test block, the needle makes an impression thereon, while the attachment fails to do so.
• The period elapsing between the time when water is added to the cement and the time at which
,attachment fails to make an impression on the surface of test block shall be the final setting time.
Initial and Final Setting Time of Cement
35.
36. Observations:-
• Weight of given sample of cement is ___________ g.
• The normal consistency of a given sample of cement is ___________ %
• Volume of water taken(0.85 times the water required to give a paste of standard consistency) for
preparation of test block ____________ ml
Initial and Final Setting Time of Cement
37. Initial and Final Setting Time of Cement
Precaution for Initial and Final setting time of cement test
• The needle should be cleaned after every use.
• The mould should be slightly moved so that the penetration would not be at the same place.
• The experiment should be carried out at a place where there is no external vibration or
disturbance.
• The mould should not have any type of movement from initial setting time to final setting time.
• The temperature of the room in which the experiment is conducted should be maintained
around 27º-29º C and hydration should be maintained in between 60-70%.