Mass Spectrometry (MS) is an analytic technique used to determine the relative masses of molecular ions and fragments by calculating the degree of deflection of charged particles in a magnetic field.
It provides a great deal of information with very small amount of samples.
Quadrupole and Time of Flight Mass analysers.Gagangowda58
Description about important mass analysers Quadrupole and TOF: Principle, Construction and Working, Advantages and Disadvantages and their Applications.
Electron Spray Ionization (ESI) and its ApplicationsNisar Ali
In this slide ,You will get to learn Electron Spray Ionization (ESI) technique used in Mass Spectroscopy and its Various Application in Pharmaceutical Drug Analysis.
Introduction
working principle
fragmentation process
general rules for fragmentation
general modes of fragmentation
metastable ions
isotopic peaks
applications
a type of an analyzer used in mass spectrometer. separates the ions based on mass to charge ratios. useful for the detection of ions present in the sample
Mass Analyzers for example Magnetic Sector Mass Analyzer, Double Focusing Mass Analyzer, Quadroupole Mass Analyzer, Time of Flight Mass Analyzer and Applications of Mass Analyzer were explained
various parts of mAss spectroscopy, applications, principle, peaks, rules, typical mass spectra, various combinations, Fragmentation, rules of fragmentation and useful points which can help Chemical and analytical students and structural elucidation.
Quadrupole and Time of Flight Mass analysers.Gagangowda58
Description about important mass analysers Quadrupole and TOF: Principle, Construction and Working, Advantages and Disadvantages and their Applications.
Electron Spray Ionization (ESI) and its ApplicationsNisar Ali
In this slide ,You will get to learn Electron Spray Ionization (ESI) technique used in Mass Spectroscopy and its Various Application in Pharmaceutical Drug Analysis.
Introduction
working principle
fragmentation process
general rules for fragmentation
general modes of fragmentation
metastable ions
isotopic peaks
applications
a type of an analyzer used in mass spectrometer. separates the ions based on mass to charge ratios. useful for the detection of ions present in the sample
Mass Analyzers for example Magnetic Sector Mass Analyzer, Double Focusing Mass Analyzer, Quadroupole Mass Analyzer, Time of Flight Mass Analyzer and Applications of Mass Analyzer were explained
various parts of mAss spectroscopy, applications, principle, peaks, rules, typical mass spectra, various combinations, Fragmentation, rules of fragmentation and useful points which can help Chemical and analytical students and structural elucidation.
Mass spectrometry is an extremely valuable
analytical technique in which the molecules
in a test sample are converted into gaseous
ions that are subsequently separated in a mass
spectrometer according to their mass-to-charge
ratio (m/z) and detected .
MS Fragmentation Process and Application of MS.pdfDr. Dinesh Mehta
Fragmentation process:
Bombardment of molecules by an electron beam with energy between 10-15ev usually results in the ionization of molecules by removal of one electron (Molecular ion formation).
Mass Spectrometry (MS) is an analytic technique used to determine
the relative masses of molecular ions and fragments by calculating the
degree of deflection of charged particles in a magnetic field.
It provides a great deal of information with very small amount of samples.
MS Fragmentation Process and Application of MS.pdfDr. Dinesh Mehta
Bombardment of molecules by an electron beam with energy
between 10-15ev usually results in the ionization of molecules by
removal of one electron (Molecular ion formation).
Unlike a spectrometer (which is any instrument that can measure the
properties of light over a range of wavelengths), a spectrophotometer
measures only the intensity of light as a function of its wavelength.
This presentation describes outlines and discusses the regulations
applicable to the QA function and unit, structure, function and
application of the unit in the pharmaceutical manufacturing
environment. In addition, it discusses additional quality – related
responsibilities that may result when manufactures move toward a
quality system approach to quality that incorporates current quality
system models to further improve quality and harmonize with inter-
national quality requirements.
ISO defines the audits as “systematic, independent and documented process for obtaining audit evidence and evaluating them objectively to determine the degree to which the verification criteria are met.”
Auditing Manufacturing Process and Product and Process Information.pdfDr. Dinesh Mehta
Manufacturing process audits should ensure that procedures are properly followed, problems are quickly corrected, there is consistency in the process, and there is continuous improvement and corrective action as needed.
CONTENTS
1. General areas interest in the building:
Walls and celling's
Floors and drains
Doors ,windows and fittings
Equipment
Pipelines
2. RAW MATERIALS
3. WATER
Microbiological results
Essential document
PQ is divided into 3 phases
Microbiological procedure reviewed
4. PACKAGING MATERIALS
A process audit is an examination of results to determine whether the activities, resources and behaviour that cause them are being managed efficiently and effectively.
A process audit is not simply following a trail through a department from input to output - this is a transaction audit.
As the audit proceeds, there might arise some situations where the facts indicate there is a failure, either partially or wholly, of the quality management system, such a situation is called nonconformity/ deficiencies”.
CHAPTER-1 Information Gathering and Administration.pdfDr. Dinesh Mehta
During the audit, information relevant to the objectives, scope and criteria, including information on interfaces between functions, activities and processes, should be collected by appropriate sampling and should be verified.
CHAPTER-1 Management Audit and Planning procedure.pdfDr. Dinesh Mehta
Audits are conducted to ascertain the validity and reliability of the information; also to provide an assessment of the internal control of a system. It provides management with information on the efficiency with which the company controls the quality of its processes and products
The versatile instrument is used to isolate unknown compounds from a HPTLC/TLC plate and transfer them into a mass spectrometer for identification or structure elucidation.
The aim of the coupling is to obtain an information-rich detection for both identification and quantification compared to that with a single analytical technique.
Benchmarking is defined as a technique in which an organisation compares its performance to that of 'best in class' organisations, discovers how other organisations achieve the levels they do, and uses that information to improve its own performance.
The hyphenated technique is a combination or coupling of two analytical techniques with the help of a proper interface.
The aim of the coupling is to obtain an information-rich detection for both identification and quantification compared to that with a single analytical technique.
Hyphenated techniques have received ever-increasing attention as the principal means to solve complex analytical problems.
Hyphenated techniques are widely used in chemistry and biochemistry and used for both quantitative and qualitative analysis of unknown compounds in complex natural product extracts or fraction and estimation of protein samples also.
Hyphenated technique is a combination or coupling of two analytical techniques with the help of proper interface.
In this presentation Hyphenated techniques-LC-MS/MS, GC-MS/MS, HPTLC-MS has been discussed
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
What is greenhouse gasses and how many gasses are there to affect the Earth.moosaasad1975
What are greenhouse gasses how they affect the earth and its environment what is the future of the environment and earth how the weather and the climate effects.
2. Mass Spectrometry (MS) is an analytic technique used to determine
the relative masses of molecular ions and fragments by calculating the
degree of deflection of charged particles in a magnetic field.
It provides a great deal of information with very small amount of samples.
Mass spectrometry is used to:
Determine molecular mass
Determine molecular formula of a compound
Determine structural features of the compound
Find out the structure of an unknown substance
Provide data on isotopic abundance
Verify the identity and purity of a known substance
Mass spectrometry is an instrumental technique that does not involve
electromagnetic radiation. Thus, it is called spectrometry, whereas the
others such as UV, 1
HNMR, IR are called spectroscopy.
It involves the production and separation of ionised molecules and
their ionic decompositon product and finally the measurement of the
relative abundance of different ions produced. It is, thus a destructive
technique in that the sample is consumed during analysis.
3. In most cases, the nascent molecular ion of the analyte produced
fragment ions by cleavage of the bond and the resulting
fragmentation pattern constitutes the mass spectrum.
Thus, the mass spectrum of each compound is unique and can be
used as a chemical fingerprint to characterize the sample.
The principle of mass spectrometry involves the generation of ions
from either inorganic or organic compounds, to separate the ions by their
mass-to-charge ratio (m/z) and to detect them qualitatively and
quantitatively by their m/z value and relative abundance.
In the first step a beam of energetic electron produce gas phase ions of the
compound. Removal of one electron from the molecule (M) results into
generation of parent ion (M.+
or molecular ion). The molecular mass of the
compound is equal to the m/z value of the parent ion.
This parent ion or molecular ion normally undergoes fragmentations
(fragment ions or daughter ions).
M + e-
M.+
+ 2e-
The parent ion (M.+
) is a radical cation with an odd number of electrons, it
can fragment to give either a radical (R.
) and an ion with an even number
of electrons (EE+
), or a molecule (N) and a new radical cation (OE.+
).
4. These two types of ions derived from the molecular ion can, further
undergo fragmentation, and so on. All these ions formed are then
separated by the mass spectrometer according to their mass-to-charge
ratio. Only positively charged species reach the collector. The charge (z)
on all the fragments is +1, therefore m/z is equal to the molecular mass
(m) of the fragment.
A graph of the relative abundance of each fragment plotted against its m/z
value is called a mass spectrum.
For example, in the case of methane (CH4), the impact of high energy
electrons causes the molecule to lose an electron and form a radical cation
with m/z 16. A species, with a positive charge and one unpaired electron is
called radical cation.
5. The peak with the highest m/z 72 value in the spectrum of pentane is due
to the fragment that results when an electron is knocked out of a molecule
(figure 4). It is called molecular ion peak and it is equal to molecular
mass of pentane.
Peaks with m/z values less than 72 are called fragment ion peaks. The
peak at m/z 43 with the greatest intensity is called base peak.
The main components of a mass spectrometer are:
Inlet system (LC, GC, Direct probe etc...)
Ion source (EI, CI, ESI, MALDI, etc...)
Mass analyzer (Quadrupole, TOF, Ion Trap, Magnetic Sector)
Detector (Electron Multiplier, Micro Channel Plates MCPs)
6. There are four key stages in the process for Mass Spectrometry.
Ionization
Acceleration
Deflection
Detection
7. Ionization
The atom is ionised by knocking one or more electrons off to give a
positive ion. (Mass spectrometers always work with positive ions).
The particles in the sample (atoms or molecules) are bombarded with
a stream of electrons to knock one or more electrons out of the
sample particles to make positive ions.
Most of the positive ions formed will carry a charge of +1
These positive ions are persuaded out into the rest of the machine by
the ion repeller which is another metal plate carrying a slight positive
charge.
8. MALDI (Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption)
MALDI is a method of ionization in which the sample is bombarded with
a laser. The sample is typically mixed with a matrix that absorbs the laser
radiation and transfer a proton to the sample. Some small mass samples
can be ionized without matrix, but this is typically called laser
desorption. This technique was able to analyze other type of
biomolecules, such as oligosaccharides, glycolipids, nucleotides, and
synthetic polymers.
Analyte mixed with organic solvent containing some other organic
compound
Solvent is evaporated creating “solid solution” called matrix
Molecules are ionized by gas- phase photoionization or excited state
proton transfer.
9. For example for proteins, the matrix of choice is often sinapinic
acid. A 337 nm radiation from nitrogen laser is most commonly
used. The laser helps introducing energy into the molecular
system in such a way preventing thermal decomposition.
MALDI is often used with time-of-flights mass spectrometers (TOF) due
to the pulsing nature of the technique, and the mass range capability.
Molecular weights up to few hundreds of daltons could be measured.
Acceleration
The ions are accelerated so that they all have the same kinetic energy.
10. The positive ions are repelled away from the positive ionisation chamber
and pass through three slits with voltage in the decreasing order.
The middle slit carries some intermediate voltage and the final at 0
volts.
All the ions are accelerated into a finely focused beam.
Deflection
The ions are then deflected by a magnetic field according to their
masses. The lighter they are, the more they are deflected.
The amount of deflection also depends on the number of positive
charges on the ion.
The more the ion is charged, the more it gets deflected.
Different ions are deflected by the magnetic field by different
amounts.
11. The amount of deflection depends on:
The mass of the ion: Lighter ions are deflected more than heavier ones.
The charge on the ion: Ions with 2 (or more) positive charges are
deflected more than ones with only1 positive charge.
Mass analyzer
The mass analyzer is the component of mass spectrometry instrumentation
which we used to resolve ions with different mass to charge ratios. There
are various types of mass analyzers that we used in the mass spectrometer.
Single focusing mass analyzer with magnetic deflection
Double focusing analyzer
Time to flight mass analyzer
Quadrupole mass analyzer
Time to flight mass analyzer (TOF-MS)
The principle of TOF mass analyzer involves the separation of ions based
on the time it takes for the ions to travel through a flight tube with known
length and reach the detector
In time to flight mass analyzer, all the ions leave from an accelerating field
with the same kinetic energies but different velocities depending upon
their masses. In magnetic focusing, ions are separated by changing their
12. directions. When they float in a straight line through a field-free region,
they required different times to travel a given distance. Based on classical
physics, ions with lower m/z will travel the fastest and arrive at the
detector first while ions with larger m/z will travel the slowest and arrive
at the detector last. A ToF layout is shown in Figure
Quadrupole mass analyzer
A quadrupole mass analyzer contains short parallel metal rods
arranged around the beam. A quadrupole mass spectrometer
consists of an ionizer (bombardment by electrons from a
hot filament), an ion accelerator, and a mass filter consisting of
four parallel metal rods arranged as in the given figure. The
combined field causes the particle to oscillate about their central
13. axis where they travel. The oppositely placed electrodes are
connected together and a DC voltage is applied.
Detection
The beam of ions passing through the machine is detected
electrically.
When an ion hits the metal box, its charge is neutralized by an
electron jumping from the metal on to the ion.
14. That leaves a space amongst the electrons in the metal, and the
electrons in the wire shuffle along to fill it.
A flow of electrons in the wire is detected as an electric current
which can be amplified and recorded. The more ions arriving, the
greater the current.