Mass spectrometry involves ionizing chemical samples and sorting the ions based on their mass-to-charge ratio. It consists of an inlet system, ion source, mass analyzer, and detector. The ion source ionizes molecules which are then analyzed by the mass analyzer and detected. Mass spectrometry has applications in trace gas analysis, pharmacokinetics, protein characterization, glycan analysis, and space exploration due to its high sensitivity and ability to analyze complex samples.
Mass spectrometry is an analytical technique that identifies unknown compounds and quantifies known materials by measuring their mass-to-charge ratios. It works by ionizing chemical compounds, generating charged molecule fragments, and measuring their mass-to-charge ratios using techniques like time-of-flight analysis. The document discusses the principles, instrumentation including ion sources, mass analyzers, and detectors, applications in fields like proteomics and metabolomics, and guidelines for interpreting mass spectra.
Mass spectrometry is an analytical technique that can be used for chemical analysis such as measuring elemental composition, analyzing molecular structures, and determining isotopic ratios. It works by ionizing chemical compounds and separating the resulting ions based on their mass-to-charge ratio. Key components include an ion source, a mass analyzer, and a detector. Common ionization sources are electron ionization, chemical ionization, and desorption ionization techniques like MALDI. Common mass analyzers include quadrupole, time-of-flight, and magnetic sector instruments. Chromatography techniques like gas chromatography and high-performance liquid chromatography are often used with mass spectrometry to separate mixtures prior to analysis.
This document provides an overview of the key components and operating principles of mass spectrometry. It discusses the inlet system, ion sources, mass analyzers, detectors, and vacuum system. Common types of ion sources like electron impact and chemical ionization are described. Popular mass analyzers such as quadrupole, time-of-flight, ion trap, and double focusing are explained. The document also covers the theory behind how mass spectrometry separates ions based on their mass-to-charge ratio and discusses the need for high vacuum levels in mass spectrometers.
Mass Spectrometry (MS) is an analytic technique used to determine
the relative masses of molecular ions and fragments by calculating the
degree of deflection of charged particles in a magnetic field.
It provides a great deal of information with very small amount of samples.
Stable isotops ratio mass spectrometryjitesh yadav
IRMS and AMS are specialized mass spectrometry techniques. [IRMS] determines the relative abundances of isotopes in a sample to provide information about its geographic, chemical, and biological origins. [AMS] accelerates ions to extremely high energies before mass analysis, allowing it to separate rare isotopes from abundant ones. Both techniques involve ionizing the sample, separating the ions by mass/charge ratio using magnetic and electric fields, and detecting the relative abundances of isotopes.
Mass spectrometry is a technique used for structural elucidation, molecular mass determination, and compound identification. It works by ionizing molecule fragments and separating the ions based on their mass-to-charge ratios. The key components are the ion source, mass analyzer, and ion detector. Common ionization methods include electron impact, chemical ionization, electrospray, and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization. Popular mass analyzers are quadrupoles, time-of-flight, and ion traps. Mass spectrometry has wide applications in fields like pharmaceuticals, petrochemicals, polymers, and biomedicine.
Mass spectrometry involves ionizing chemical samples and sorting the ions based on their mass-to-charge ratio. It consists of an inlet system, ion source, mass analyzer, and detector. The ion source ionizes molecules which are then analyzed by the mass analyzer and detected. Mass spectrometry has applications in trace gas analysis, pharmacokinetics, protein characterization, glycan analysis, and space exploration due to its high sensitivity and ability to analyze complex samples.
Mass spectrometry is an analytical technique that identifies unknown compounds and quantifies known materials by measuring their mass-to-charge ratios. It works by ionizing chemical compounds, generating charged molecule fragments, and measuring their mass-to-charge ratios using techniques like time-of-flight analysis. The document discusses the principles, instrumentation including ion sources, mass analyzers, and detectors, applications in fields like proteomics and metabolomics, and guidelines for interpreting mass spectra.
Mass spectrometry is an analytical technique that can be used for chemical analysis such as measuring elemental composition, analyzing molecular structures, and determining isotopic ratios. It works by ionizing chemical compounds and separating the resulting ions based on their mass-to-charge ratio. Key components include an ion source, a mass analyzer, and a detector. Common ionization sources are electron ionization, chemical ionization, and desorption ionization techniques like MALDI. Common mass analyzers include quadrupole, time-of-flight, and magnetic sector instruments. Chromatography techniques like gas chromatography and high-performance liquid chromatography are often used with mass spectrometry to separate mixtures prior to analysis.
This document provides an overview of the key components and operating principles of mass spectrometry. It discusses the inlet system, ion sources, mass analyzers, detectors, and vacuum system. Common types of ion sources like electron impact and chemical ionization are described. Popular mass analyzers such as quadrupole, time-of-flight, ion trap, and double focusing are explained. The document also covers the theory behind how mass spectrometry separates ions based on their mass-to-charge ratio and discusses the need for high vacuum levels in mass spectrometers.
Mass Spectrometry (MS) is an analytic technique used to determine
the relative masses of molecular ions and fragments by calculating the
degree of deflection of charged particles in a magnetic field.
It provides a great deal of information with very small amount of samples.
Stable isotops ratio mass spectrometryjitesh yadav
IRMS and AMS are specialized mass spectrometry techniques. [IRMS] determines the relative abundances of isotopes in a sample to provide information about its geographic, chemical, and biological origins. [AMS] accelerates ions to extremely high energies before mass analysis, allowing it to separate rare isotopes from abundant ones. Both techniques involve ionizing the sample, separating the ions by mass/charge ratio using magnetic and electric fields, and detecting the relative abundances of isotopes.
Mass spectrometry is a technique used for structural elucidation, molecular mass determination, and compound identification. It works by ionizing molecule fragments and separating the ions based on their mass-to-charge ratios. The key components are the ion source, mass analyzer, and ion detector. Common ionization methods include electron impact, chemical ionization, electrospray, and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization. Popular mass analyzers are quadrupoles, time-of-flight, and ion traps. Mass spectrometry has wide applications in fields like pharmaceuticals, petrochemicals, polymers, and biomedicine.
Mass spectroscopy is an analytical technique used to identify unknown compounds and elucidate molecular structures. It involves ionizing molecules and separating the resulting ions based on their mass-to-charge ratio. Key components include an ion source, mass analyzer, and detector. Common ionization techniques are electron impact and chemical ionization. Mass spectrometers can be classified based on the type of mass analyzer used, such as magnetic sector, quadrupole, time-of-flight, Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance, and tandem instruments. Tandem MS allows preselected ions to be fragmented and analyzed.
Analyser of Quadrupole and time of flight.Mass Analysers.
Summary of Mass Analyser.
Quadrupole mass spectrometer.
Factors Affecting Function Of Quadrupole.
Principal, Construction & Working.
Linear Time of flight mass spectrometer.
Time Of Flight Mass Spectrometry, Need For Variant Type Of Time of Flight Analyser.
Variant Of Linear TOF Analyser.
Ion mirror / ion reflectron / reflectron. Time-lag focussing.
Advantages, Disadvantage, Application.
Mass Spectrometry (MS) is an analytic technique used to determine the relative masses of molecular ions and fragments by calculating the degree of deflection of charged particles in a magnetic field.
It provides a great deal of information with very small amount of samples.
Mass spectrometry involves three main stages: ionization of molecules, mass analysis according to the m/z ratio, and detection of ions.
Common ionization techniques include electron impact ionization, chemical ionization, fast atom bombardment, electrospray ionization, and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization.
Key components of a mass spectrometer are the ion source, mass analyzer (such as time-of-flight or quadrupole), vacuum system, detector, and data analysis system. Developments like electrospray ionization and MALDI have expanded the applicability of mass spectrometry.
Protein mass spectrometry data analysis.NahidRehman
This document provides an overview of protein mass spectrometry data analysis. It describes the key components of a mass spectrometer, including the ion source, mass analyzer, and detector. It discusses common ionization techniques like ESI and MALDI and mass analysis methods like quadrupole and time-of-flight. The document then covers the process of analyzing mass spectrometry data, including identifying proteins and peptides from spectra. It presents a case study on analyzing depleted and non-depleted blood plasma samples. Finally, it lists several applications of mass spectrometry like proteomics, disease biomarker detection, and pharmaceutical analysis.
Mass spectrometry is an analytical technique that ionizes chemical species and sorts the ions based on their mass-to-charge ratio. It operates by first converting molecules to ions, then separating and detecting these ions. The three main components are an ion source, a mass analyzer, and a detector. The document discusses the basic principles of mass spectrometry including ionization methods like electron impact ionization and chemical ionization. It also describes several types of mass analyzers such as quadrupole, time-of-flight, and Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance analyzers. Common detectors include Faraday cups, electron multipliers, and photomultiplier tubes. Mass spectrometry is used to determine molecular structure and analyze organic and inorganic
Mass spectrometry is an extremely valuable
analytical technique in which the molecules
in a test sample are converted into gaseous
ions that are subsequently separated in a mass
spectrometer according to their mass-to-charge
ratio (m/z) and detected .
Mass spectrometry is a technique that identifies unknown substances based on the mass-to-charge ratio of ions. It works by ionizing analyte molecules and separating the resulting ions in an electric or magnetic field based on their m/z ratio. Different ionization techniques like electron ionization, chemical ionization, electrospray ionization, and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization are used depending on the sample's physical state and properties. Mass analyzers like quadrupoles and time-of-flight instruments then measure the m/z of ionized molecules to generate mass spectra for analysis.
This document discusses several ionization techniques used in mass spectrometry including electron impact ionization, chemical ionization, field ionization, MALDI, FAB, ESI, APCI, APPI, and their applications. It also describes the working of common mass analyzers like quadrupole mass analyzer and time-of-flight analyzer. Finally, it mentions some applications of mass spectrometry like protein characterization, isotope tracking, molecular weight determination, studying reaction mechanisms etc.
Mass analyzers separate ionized molecules based on their mass-to-charge ratios. The main types are quadrupole, time-of-flight, magnetic sector, quadrupole ion trap, and ion cyclotron resonance. A quadrupole uses oscillating electric fields to selectively transmit ions through four rods. Time-of-flight separates ions by their time of flight through a field-free region, with lighter ions arriving first. Magnetic sector analyzers use magnetic and electric fields to curve ion trajectories based on m/z.
1. Mass spectrometry is an analytical technique that identifies compounds by measuring their mass-to-charge ratio and abundance. It works by converting molecules to ions, and characterizing them based on their mass and relative abundance.
2. Key applications of mass spectrometry include proteomics, drug discovery, clinical testing, genomics, and environmental analysis.
3. Common mass spectrometry techniques involve ionizing samples, separating the ions using electric or magnetic fields, and detecting the ions. This document focuses on the contributions of scientists to developing mass spectrometry and its applications in proteomics research.
Mass spectrometry is an analytical technique that produces spectra of the masses of atoms and molecules in a sample. It works by ionizing the sample molecules and separating the resulting ions based on their mass-to-charge ratio. Common components include an ion source, mass analyzer, and detector. Common ionization methods are electron impact, chemical ionization, electrospray ionization, and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization. Common mass analyzers are the quadrupole and time-of-flight analyzer, which separate ions based on stability in oscillating electric fields or flight time. Mass spectrometry is used to determine molecular structure and composition.
Mass spectrometry involves ionizing molecule samples and then measuring their mass-to-charge ratios. The samples are bombarded with electrons to produce molecular ions, which then fragment into product ions. These ions are separated based on their mass-to-charge ratios and detected, producing a mass spectrum that shows the abundances of each ion. This spectrum provides structural information about the precursor molecule and can be used to identify unknown compounds. Mass spectrometry is widely applied across many scientific fields including pharmaceutical analysis, environmental testing, and forensics.
Mass spectrometry works by ionizing chemical substances and then using magnetic and electric fields to separate and measure the ions based on their mass-to-charge ratio. Samples are ionized through techniques like electron ionization or electrospray ionization. Ions are then accelerated and passed through a mass analyzer which separates them based on their m/z ratios. Finally, a detector measures the abundance of each ion and the results are presented as a mass spectrum. Mass spectrometry has many applications like pharmaceutical analysis, environmental analysis, and forensic or clinical uses.
Uploaded By: Mr. Shubham sutradhar (masters in
pharmaceutical Chemistry).
Mass spectroscopy & it's instrumentations, Ionization Techniques, Mass Spectroscopic Analyzers & it's applications. above topics are discussed in a brief format.
it is an analytical technique that measures the mass-to-charge ratio of ions. The results are typically presented as a mass spectrum, a plot of intensity as a function of the mass-to-charge ratio.
instrumentation of Mass spectroscopy by LaiqIMRANLAIQ1
This document summarizes the key components and working of a mass spectrometer. It discusses the inlet system that introduces samples, commonly used ion sources like fast atom bombardment, and mass analyzers like the quadrupole and time-of-flight analyzers. It also covers the different types of detectors used like photomultiplier, faraday cup, and photographic detectors. The document provides an overview of the instrumentation and process of mass spectroscopy.
Resistance Management of Pink bollworm in Transgenic Cottonbreenaawan
This document provides information about an integrated approach for resistance management of pink bollworm in transgenic cotton. It discusses the economic importance of cotton, describes the pink bollworm pest, and outlines its life cycle and damage symptoms. The document then covers resistance to Bt varieties used in transgenic cotton and various management strategies that can be employed, including refuge strategies, use of pyramided plants, release of sterile insects, and preservation of natural enemies. It also discusses non-chemical control methods and the role of Bt cotton in reducing pink bollworm populations.
Mass spectroscopy is an analytical technique used to identify unknown compounds and elucidate molecular structures. It involves ionizing molecules and separating the resulting ions based on their mass-to-charge ratio. Key components include an ion source, mass analyzer, and detector. Common ionization techniques are electron impact and chemical ionization. Mass spectrometers can be classified based on the type of mass analyzer used, such as magnetic sector, quadrupole, time-of-flight, Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance, and tandem instruments. Tandem MS allows preselected ions to be fragmented and analyzed.
Analyser of Quadrupole and time of flight.Mass Analysers.
Summary of Mass Analyser.
Quadrupole mass spectrometer.
Factors Affecting Function Of Quadrupole.
Principal, Construction & Working.
Linear Time of flight mass spectrometer.
Time Of Flight Mass Spectrometry, Need For Variant Type Of Time of Flight Analyser.
Variant Of Linear TOF Analyser.
Ion mirror / ion reflectron / reflectron. Time-lag focussing.
Advantages, Disadvantage, Application.
Mass Spectrometry (MS) is an analytic technique used to determine the relative masses of molecular ions and fragments by calculating the degree of deflection of charged particles in a magnetic field.
It provides a great deal of information with very small amount of samples.
Mass spectrometry involves three main stages: ionization of molecules, mass analysis according to the m/z ratio, and detection of ions.
Common ionization techniques include electron impact ionization, chemical ionization, fast atom bombardment, electrospray ionization, and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization.
Key components of a mass spectrometer are the ion source, mass analyzer (such as time-of-flight or quadrupole), vacuum system, detector, and data analysis system. Developments like electrospray ionization and MALDI have expanded the applicability of mass spectrometry.
Protein mass spectrometry data analysis.NahidRehman
This document provides an overview of protein mass spectrometry data analysis. It describes the key components of a mass spectrometer, including the ion source, mass analyzer, and detector. It discusses common ionization techniques like ESI and MALDI and mass analysis methods like quadrupole and time-of-flight. The document then covers the process of analyzing mass spectrometry data, including identifying proteins and peptides from spectra. It presents a case study on analyzing depleted and non-depleted blood plasma samples. Finally, it lists several applications of mass spectrometry like proteomics, disease biomarker detection, and pharmaceutical analysis.
Mass spectrometry is an analytical technique that ionizes chemical species and sorts the ions based on their mass-to-charge ratio. It operates by first converting molecules to ions, then separating and detecting these ions. The three main components are an ion source, a mass analyzer, and a detector. The document discusses the basic principles of mass spectrometry including ionization methods like electron impact ionization and chemical ionization. It also describes several types of mass analyzers such as quadrupole, time-of-flight, and Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance analyzers. Common detectors include Faraday cups, electron multipliers, and photomultiplier tubes. Mass spectrometry is used to determine molecular structure and analyze organic and inorganic
Mass spectrometry is an extremely valuable
analytical technique in which the molecules
in a test sample are converted into gaseous
ions that are subsequently separated in a mass
spectrometer according to their mass-to-charge
ratio (m/z) and detected .
Mass spectrometry is a technique that identifies unknown substances based on the mass-to-charge ratio of ions. It works by ionizing analyte molecules and separating the resulting ions in an electric or magnetic field based on their m/z ratio. Different ionization techniques like electron ionization, chemical ionization, electrospray ionization, and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization are used depending on the sample's physical state and properties. Mass analyzers like quadrupoles and time-of-flight instruments then measure the m/z of ionized molecules to generate mass spectra for analysis.
This document discusses several ionization techniques used in mass spectrometry including electron impact ionization, chemical ionization, field ionization, MALDI, FAB, ESI, APCI, APPI, and their applications. It also describes the working of common mass analyzers like quadrupole mass analyzer and time-of-flight analyzer. Finally, it mentions some applications of mass spectrometry like protein characterization, isotope tracking, molecular weight determination, studying reaction mechanisms etc.
Mass analyzers separate ionized molecules based on their mass-to-charge ratios. The main types are quadrupole, time-of-flight, magnetic sector, quadrupole ion trap, and ion cyclotron resonance. A quadrupole uses oscillating electric fields to selectively transmit ions through four rods. Time-of-flight separates ions by their time of flight through a field-free region, with lighter ions arriving first. Magnetic sector analyzers use magnetic and electric fields to curve ion trajectories based on m/z.
1. Mass spectrometry is an analytical technique that identifies compounds by measuring their mass-to-charge ratio and abundance. It works by converting molecules to ions, and characterizing them based on their mass and relative abundance.
2. Key applications of mass spectrometry include proteomics, drug discovery, clinical testing, genomics, and environmental analysis.
3. Common mass spectrometry techniques involve ionizing samples, separating the ions using electric or magnetic fields, and detecting the ions. This document focuses on the contributions of scientists to developing mass spectrometry and its applications in proteomics research.
Mass spectrometry is an analytical technique that produces spectra of the masses of atoms and molecules in a sample. It works by ionizing the sample molecules and separating the resulting ions based on their mass-to-charge ratio. Common components include an ion source, mass analyzer, and detector. Common ionization methods are electron impact, chemical ionization, electrospray ionization, and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization. Common mass analyzers are the quadrupole and time-of-flight analyzer, which separate ions based on stability in oscillating electric fields or flight time. Mass spectrometry is used to determine molecular structure and composition.
Mass spectrometry involves ionizing molecule samples and then measuring their mass-to-charge ratios. The samples are bombarded with electrons to produce molecular ions, which then fragment into product ions. These ions are separated based on their mass-to-charge ratios and detected, producing a mass spectrum that shows the abundances of each ion. This spectrum provides structural information about the precursor molecule and can be used to identify unknown compounds. Mass spectrometry is widely applied across many scientific fields including pharmaceutical analysis, environmental testing, and forensics.
Mass spectrometry works by ionizing chemical substances and then using magnetic and electric fields to separate and measure the ions based on their mass-to-charge ratio. Samples are ionized through techniques like electron ionization or electrospray ionization. Ions are then accelerated and passed through a mass analyzer which separates them based on their m/z ratios. Finally, a detector measures the abundance of each ion and the results are presented as a mass spectrum. Mass spectrometry has many applications like pharmaceutical analysis, environmental analysis, and forensic or clinical uses.
Uploaded By: Mr. Shubham sutradhar (masters in
pharmaceutical Chemistry).
Mass spectroscopy & it's instrumentations, Ionization Techniques, Mass Spectroscopic Analyzers & it's applications. above topics are discussed in a brief format.
it is an analytical technique that measures the mass-to-charge ratio of ions. The results are typically presented as a mass spectrum, a plot of intensity as a function of the mass-to-charge ratio.
instrumentation of Mass spectroscopy by LaiqIMRANLAIQ1
This document summarizes the key components and working of a mass spectrometer. It discusses the inlet system that introduces samples, commonly used ion sources like fast atom bombardment, and mass analyzers like the quadrupole and time-of-flight analyzers. It also covers the different types of detectors used like photomultiplier, faraday cup, and photographic detectors. The document provides an overview of the instrumentation and process of mass spectroscopy.
Resistance Management of Pink bollworm in Transgenic Cottonbreenaawan
This document provides information about an integrated approach for resistance management of pink bollworm in transgenic cotton. It discusses the economic importance of cotton, describes the pink bollworm pest, and outlines its life cycle and damage symptoms. The document then covers resistance to Bt varieties used in transgenic cotton and various management strategies that can be employed, including refuge strategies, use of pyramided plants, release of sterile insects, and preservation of natural enemies. It also discusses non-chemical control methods and the role of Bt cotton in reducing pink bollworm populations.
This document defines drug toxicity and outlines the types and causes of toxicity. It discusses how the dose determines if a substance is toxic and describes different types of toxicity including acute, chronic, absolute and relative. It then examines organ-specific toxicities that can occur in the central nervous system, liver, kidneys, bone marrow, skin, gastrointestinal tract, cardiovascular system, lungs and eyes. The document emphasizes that toxicity results from pharmacological, pathological or genetic factors and is related to drug concentration and duration of exposure.
Salicylic acid is a plant hormone that is synthesized from phenylalanine and is involved in plant pathogen resistance. It is found throughout the plant kingdom and is also produced by bacteria. Salicylic acid induces systemic acquired resistance (SAR) in plants and the accumulation of defense compounds, helping plants resist subsequent pathogen attacks. Jasmonates are another class of plant hormones that are synthesized from linolenic acid and induced during wounding and pathogen attacks. They regulate various physiological processes in plants and induce the production of proteinase inhibitors, which act as a defense mechanism. Systemin is an 18-amino acid polypeptide that is produced in tomato plants in response to damage and triggers the production of defensive compounds.
This document discusses brassinosteroids, a group of plant hormones. It provides details on their discovery in rapeseed pollen in the 1960s. Brassinosteroids influence developmental systems like auxins and over 60 types have been identified. The most common and active is brassinolide. The document outlines the chemical structures of brassinosteroids and compares them to mammalian steroid hormones. It also describes the biosynthesis pathway and various bioassays used to analyze brassinosteroids. Finally, it lists many plant species where different brassinosteroids have been identified.
Cytokinins are plant hormones that promote cell division. They are synthesized primarily in root tips and transported throughout the plant via xylem. Cytokinins stimulate cell division by promoting the transition from G2 to mitosis and activating cyclin-dependent kinases. Physiologically, cytokinins promote shoot initiation, delay senescence, stimulate chloroplast development, and release bud dormancy by reducing apical dominance. Cytokinins signal through histidine kinases and response regulators to regulate gene expression and biochemical pathways influencing cell division and growth.
Auxins are plant hormones that stimulate growth. They were the first hormone discovered and are important regulators of many growth processes. Auxins stimulate cell division, elongation, apical dominance, root initiation, flowering, and breaking bud dormancy. Their mechanism of action involves activating transcription of auxin response genes. Auxins are transported polarly through plants via influx and efflux carriers, establishing concentration gradients that direct growth. The most common native auxin is indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), but plants can synthesize IAA via tryptophan-dependent and -independent pathways.
Plant hormones, also known as phytohormones, are organic substances that regulate plant growth and development. They are synthesized in one part of the plant and translocated to other parts where even small concentrations can elicit physiological responses. The first plant hormone isolated was auxin in 1926. Other major plant hormones include gibberellins, cytokinins, abscisic acid, and ethylene. Plant hormones act through gene expression by binding to receptor molecules and triggering cellular processes that amplify their signal, ultimately regulating growth and controlling processes like bud inhibition and fruit ripening. Their levels vary between different plant tissues and control developmental stages.
This document discusses various biophysical and biochemical techniques used to analyze biotech products, including proteins. It describes techniques such as circular dichroism spectroscopy, fluorescence spectroscopy, calorimetry, sedimentation velocity, and western blotting that can provide information on a protein's secondary structure, tertiary structure, stability, and post-translational modifications. It also discusses analytical methods like chromatography, electrophoresis, mass spectrometry, and spectroscopy that can analyze a protein's purity, heterogeneity, conformation, and interactions with other molecules. The techniques allow characterization of biotech products to ensure quality, identity, stability and activity.
Gene expression in plants is controlled similarly to other organisms through promoters and transcription factors. Each gene has its own promoter that works with transcription factors to control the first part of expression. Gene transcription involves RNA polymerase adding nucleotides to create an RNA strand complementary to the DNA template, replacing thymine with uracil. Gene expression is regulated through controlling the amount and timing of gene products, allowing cells to adapt. Regulation can occur at transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels through a variety of mechanisms.
ELISA (Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay) is an immunochemical technique used to detect the presence and quantify specific proteins like antigens or antibodies in samples. It involves an antigen-antibody reaction along with an enzymatic reaction to produce a detectable color change. There are different types of ELISA including indirect, direct, and sandwich assays. ELISA is a sensitive and reliable method that can detect viruses in plants even without symptoms and is used for applications like disease testing, seed certification, detecting genetically modified crops, and analyzing toxins in environmental samples like dioxins in soil.
This document describes the work of the BIOENGINEERING group at the University of Padova on biomedical image processing and analysis. The group analyzes images of the cornea, retina, and chromosomes. Their techniques include cell contour recognition in corneal endothelium images using neural networks, estimating cell density in eye bank images using Fourier analysis, tracking blood vessels in the retina, and designing an adaptive optics fundus camera. The goal is to develop automated analysis tools to aid in medical diagnosis and evaluation.
Crystallization is a widely used purification method that relies on a compound's limited solubility in solvents under certain conditions. It involves two stages - formation of nuclei, where clusters reach a critical size to become stable crystals, and crystal growth, where the crystals increase in dimension. Common crystallization types include evaporative, cooling from solution or melt, and reactive/precipitation crystallization. Crystallization produces highly pure solids and has applications in areas like desalination, food processing, and production of materials for electronics and biotechnology.
This document discusses the physicochemical properties of drug molecules that influence drug kinetics and performance. It covers properties like ionization, partition coefficients, solubility, and polymorphism. Ionization affects drug absorption, binding and elimination based on a drug's pKa and the pH. Partition coefficients influence membrane permeability. Solubility and polymorphic forms impact oral absorption. Other properties like hygroscopicity, surface activity, and ability to form hydrogen bonds or chelates also influence drug behavior in the body. Steric features like conformational isomers and optical isomers can determine a drug's specificity for receptor binding and pharmacological effects.
Hybridoma technology allows for the production of monoclonal antibodies through the fusion of B cells and myeloma cells. Georges Kohler and Cesar Milstein discovered this technique in 1975. Mouse spleen cells producing antibodies targeting a specific antigen are fused with myeloma cells. The resulting hybridoma cells can be cloned, grown indefinitely in culture, and produce large quantities of identical monoclonal antibodies directed against a single epitope of the target antigen. Monoclonal antibodies find applications in areas such as disease diagnosis, pregnancy testing, and blood typing.
DNA carries genetic information and consists of two strands linked by hydrogen bonds between complementary nucleotide base pairs. DNA can be cloned by inserting a foreign gene into a bacterial plasmid, which is then inserted into bacteria to produce multiple copies of the gene. Gene cloning is useful for basic research and applications such as producing proteins, altering organisms, and treating diseases.
The document discusses strategies for optimizing a lead compound. It describes a two-step approach: 1) optimizing for pharmacodynamic interactions through analog synthesis and QSAR studies, and 2) optimizing for pharmacokinetic and pharmaceutical properties. For the first step, various analog synthesis techniques are described such as modifying substituents, introducing double bonds, changing ring structures, and isosteric replacements. QSAR studies including 1D, 2D, and 3D methods are used to correlate structure and bioactivity. The second step involves considering absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion to optimize properties like metabolic stability. Common metabolic reactions and vulnerabilities of molecular structures are outlined.
Heat sterilization is the most widely used sterilization method and involves applying high temperatures using an autoclave to kill microorganisms. The autoclave uses steam under pressure to raise the temperature above 100°C to sterilize objects. Pasteurization is similar but does not kill all microbes. Chemical and radiation sterilization methods also effectively control microbial growth. Antimicrobial resistance is a growing problem caused by overuse and misuse of antibiotics, as it allows resistant genes to spread between microorganisms.
Bioinformatics is an interdisciplinary field that develops methods and software tools for understanding biological data. It combines computer science, statistics, mathematics, and engineering to analyze and interpret biological data. Bioinformatics has become important for experimental molecular biology, genetics and genomics, biological literature text mining, and analyzing gene and protein expression and regulation. It also aids in comparing genetic and genomic data and understanding evolutionary aspects of molecular biology.
PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF DRUG MOLECU;E.pptxbreenaawan
This document discusses various physicochemical properties of drug molecules that influence their absorption and activity. It defines properties like ionization, partition coefficients, solubility, and polymorphism. It explains how these properties impact absorption in the gastrointestinal tract and interaction with targets. Factors like pH, buffers, and functional groups are described as influencing whether a drug is in an ionized or un-ionized form. The relationships between these physicochemical characteristics and a drug's behavior provide a framework for understanding drug activity.
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Here is the updated list of Top Best Ayurvedic medicine for Gas and Indigestion and those are Gas-O-Go Syp for Dyspepsia | Lavizyme Syrup for Acidity | Yumzyme Hepatoprotective Capsules etc
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/kqbnxVAZs-0
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/SINlygW1Mpc
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Basavarajeeyam is a Sreshta Sangraha grantha (Compiled book ), written by Neelkanta kotturu Basavaraja Virachita. It contains 25 Prakaranas, First 24 Chapters related to Rogas& 25th to Rasadravyas.
Integrating Ayurveda into Parkinson’s Management: A Holistic ApproachAyurveda ForAll
Explore the benefits of combining Ayurveda with conventional Parkinson's treatments. Learn how a holistic approach can manage symptoms, enhance well-being, and balance body energies. Discover the steps to safely integrate Ayurvedic practices into your Parkinson’s care plan, including expert guidance on diet, herbal remedies, and lifestyle modifications.
Basavarajeeyam is an important text for ayurvedic physician belonging to andhra pradehs. It is a popular compendium in various parts of our country as well as in andhra pradesh. The content of the text was presented in sanskrit and telugu language (Bilingual). One of the most famous book in ayurvedic pharmaceutics and therapeutics. This book contains 25 chapters called as prakaranas. Many rasaoushadis were explained, pioneer of dhatu druti, nadi pareeksha, mutra pareeksha etc. Belongs to the period of 15-16 century. New diseases like upadamsha, phiranga rogas are explained.
Local Advanced Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex Sys...Oleg Kshivets
Overall life span (LS) was 1671.7±1721.6 days and cumulative 5YS reached 62.4%, 10 years – 50.4%, 20 years – 44.6%. 94 LCP lived more than 5 years without cancer (LS=2958.6±1723.6 days), 22 – more than 10 years (LS=5571±1841.8 days). 67 LCP died because of LC (LS=471.9±344 days). AT significantly improved 5YS (68% vs. 53.7%) (P=0.028 by log-rank test). Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: N0-N12, T3-4, blood cell circuit, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells-CC and blood cells subpopulations), LC cell dynamics, recalcification time, heparin tolerance, prothrombin index, protein, AT, procedure type (P=0.000-0.031). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and N0-12 (rank=1), thrombocytes/CC (rank=2), segmented neutrophils/CC (3), eosinophils/CC (4), erythrocytes/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), stick neutrophils/CC (8), leucocytes/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (error=0.000; area under ROC curve=1.0).
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
1. Introduction
Mass spectrometry (MS) is an analytical technique that ionizes chemical
species and sorts the ions based on their mass to charge ratio
mass spectrum is a plot of the ion signal as a function of the mass-to-charge
ratio. These spectra are used to determine the elemental or isotopic signature of
a sample, the masses of particles and of molecules, and to elucidate the
chemical structures of molecules and other chemical compounds
Principle
mass spectrometer generates multiple ions from the sample under
investigation, it then separates them according to their specific mass-to-charge
ratio (m/z), and then records the relative abundance of each ion type
A molecular ion results when one electron is removed from the parent molecule
of the substance
3. Functions
To vaporize compounds of varying volatility
To produce ions from the neutral compounds in the vapour phase
To separate ions according to their mass over charge ratio & to record them
7. INLET SYSTEM
A gas or volatile liquid can be placed in an ampule connected to an ionization
chamber through a reservoir.
To introduce very small amount of sample (a micro mole or less) into the mass
spectrometer
Components are converted to gaseous ions
Volatilizing solid or liquid samples
8. 2.Ion Sources
Convert the components of a sample into ions
Output is a stream of positive or negative ions (more commonly positive) that
are then accelerated into the mass analyzer.
9. Gas Phase
Electron impact Ionization is the most common type of ionization
The sample is bombarded by electrons which come from a heated filament
The electrons run in a stream between the cathode and anode
When the sample passes through the electron stream, the high energy electrons
in the stream knock electrons out of the sample to form ions
10. Desorption
Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption
MALDI uses a nitrogen laser to promote ionization of molecules prior to ion
Separation in a mass spectrometer.
It is usually combined with time of flight (TOF)
sample has to be dissolved in a matrix that absorbs UV radiation at around the
wavelength (337 nm) produced by the laser.
The sample solution is mixed with matrix solution on a metal plate and allowed to
dry prior to being introduced into the Instrument. The laser is then directed at the
target plate to promote ionization
High-molecular-weight compounds as singly charged ions and, in combination
with TOF separation, Measurement of high-molecular-weight species can be
carried out.
Figure shows the ions generated from coenzyme A and two acyl coas using
MALDITOF in negative ion mode.
12. Acceleration
Acceleration is a simple step where the ions are placed between a set of charges
parallel plates
The ions will then be repelled by one plate and attracted to the other
There is a slit cut in the plate which the ions are attracted to the force of
attraction and repulsion forces the ions through the slit at an accelerated rate
The speed of acceleration can be adjusted by changing the charge on the plates.
13. 3.Mass Analyser
Magnetic Sector Analyzer (MSA) – High resolution, exact mass, original MA
Quadruple Analyzer (Q) – Low (1 amu) resolution, fast, cheap
Time-of-Flight Analyzer (TOF) – No upper m/z limit, high throughput
Ion Trap Mass Analyzer (QSTAR) – Good resolution, all-in-one mass analyzer
Ion Cyclotron Resonance (FT-ICR) – Highest resolution, exact mass, costly
Ions are deflected by the magnetic field surrounding the instrument which
depends on the mass and charge of the ions
Ion stream C: The heavier ions are deflected the least
Ion Stream B: Correct mass ions and charge travel to the detector
Ion Stream A: The lightest ions are deflected the most
14. Magnetic sector mass
spectrometry
The original mass spectrometric technique was based on separation of charged
ions generated in an ion source using a curved magnet. Magnetic sector
instruments are still used.
In a magnetic sector instrument the ions generated are pushed out of the source
by a repeller potential of same charge as the ion itself (most often positive).
They are then accelerated in an electric field and travel through an electrostatic
field region so that they are forced to fall into a narrow range of kinetic energies
prior to entering the field of a circular magnet.
Then they adopt a flight path through the magnetic field depending on their
charge to mass (m/z) ratio; the large ions are
deflected less by the magnetic field:
Where H is the magnetic field strength, r is the radius of the circular path in which the Ion travels,
and V is the accelerating voltage.
At particular values for H and V only ions of a particular mass adopt a flight path that enables them
to pass through the collector slit and be detected.
15. Quadrapole mass ANALYZER
They are generally considerably more compact than magnetic sector instruments
and are commonly found in commercial bench top mass spectrometers
The heart of a quadrupole instrument is the four parallel cylindrical (originally
hyperbolic) rods that serve as electrodes
Opposite rods are connected electrically, one pair being attached to the positive
side of a variable dc source and the other pair to the negative terminal
Variable radio-frequency ac voltages, which are 1800 out of phase, are applied
to each pair of rods.
To obtain a mass spectrum with this device ions are accelerated into the space
between the rod; by a potential difference of 5 to 10 V
Meanwhile, the ac and dc voltages on the rods are increased simultaneously
while maintaining their ratio constant. At any given moment, all of the ions except
those having a certain m/z value strike the rods and are converted to neutral
molecules. Thus, only ions having a limited range of m/z values reach the
transducer
17. 4.Detectors
The final element of the mass spectrometer is the detector that records either the
charge induced or the current produced when an ion passes by or hits a surface
In a scanning instrument, the signal produced in the detector during the course of
the scan versus where the instrument is in the scan (at what m/Q) will produce
a mass spectrum, a record of ions as a function of m/Q.
Typically, some type of electron multiplier is used, though other detectors
including Fraraday Cups and ion-to-proton detectors are also used
18. 5.Vacuum system
Diffusion and turbomolecular pumps often used to achieve the high vacuum
necessary for operating many mass spectrometers
These pumps are used with a rough pump (or forepump) to move gas molecules
from inside a vacuum chamber (a mass spectrometer) to outside the system
Although the pressures achieved by these two pumping systems are similar, the
cost of equipment, the operating costs, and the procedures and speed of pump
down and vent cycles are quite different
Types
Diffusion pump
In a diffusion pump, a net direction is achieved by collision of the residual gas
molecules with a directed and confined stream of gasphase molecules of the
pump’s working fluid
Turbomolecular pump
In a turbomolecular pump, the residual gas molecule collide with the angled
spinning rotors on a turbine shaft
19. Applications
Pharmaceutical Industry
Bioavailability studies
Drug metabolism studies,Pharmacokinetics
Characterization of potential drugs
Drug Degradation product analysis
Screening of drug candidates
Identifying drug targets
Trace Gas Analysis
Biomolecular characterization
Proteins and peptides
Oligonucleotides
Environmentalanalysis
Pesicides on fodd
Soil and ground water conatmination
Space Exploration
Forensic Toxicology
Archaeological Dating