The document discusses the marine ecosystem and its various components. It describes the pelagic and benthic divisions of the marine environment. The pelagic division includes the neritic and oceanic zones, while the benthic division encompasses the littoral and deep-sea systems. It also discusses the five major kingdoms found in the ocean - Monera, Protista, Fungi, Metaphyta and Metazoa. Additionally, it examines the key components of the marine ecosystem including plankton organisms, zooplankton, nekton community, benthos organisms, coral reefs and mangrove swamps. Finally, it outlines some problems facing marine ecosystems such as natural and
Biological oceanography is a major scientific discipline dealing with all aspects of marine life under different zones of the oceanic environments. The interest to study biology by humans started as early as fourth century BC when Aristotle described about 180 species of marine animals. The geographical knowledge of oceans got improved after several great sea expeditions conducted by the people from 15th to 16th centuries. Through Ocean explorations people conducted detailed underwater surveys and mapped the ocean floors with respect to their physical features, chemistry and biological conditions.
Biological oceanography gradually grew into a major scientific discipline with all these observations of marine organisms and their environments. In this episode, the following modules are highlighted:1. Nature of marine environment, 2. Classification of Marine environment, 3. Role of abiotic parameters on marine life, 4. Marine Flora , and 5. Marine Fauna.
Biological oceanography is a major scientific discipline dealing with all aspects of marine life under different zones of the oceanic environments. The interest to study biology by humans started as early as fourth century BC when Aristotle described about 180 species of marine animals. The geographical knowledge of oceans got improved after several great sea expeditions conducted by the people from 15th to 16th centuries. Through Ocean explorations people conducted detailed underwater surveys and mapped the ocean floors with respect to their physical features, chemistry and biological conditions.
Biological oceanography gradually grew into a major scientific discipline with all these observations of marine organisms and their environments. In this episode, the following modules are highlighted:1. Nature of marine environment, 2. Classification of Marine environment, 3. Role of abiotic parameters on marine life, 4. Marine Flora , and 5. Marine Fauna.
A presentation for Marine Biology about Estuaries which includes its origin, classifications, types, physical characteristics, ecosystems, and human impact. Examples of estuaries are also included in this presentation.
In terms of biomass, the greatest migration in the world is the migration of Zooplankton .
Zooplankton migration is different because it moves up and down through the ocean's depths rather than traversing a landscape.
It is my academic presentation file which I presented with my friend in the last semester exam. It describe the major estuaries in Bangladesh. Also input these estuaries geographical location , characteristics , physio - chemical parameters , species abundance ,importance etc. ...
A presentation for Marine Biology about Estuaries which includes its origin, classifications, types, physical characteristics, ecosystems, and human impact. Examples of estuaries are also included in this presentation.
In terms of biomass, the greatest migration in the world is the migration of Zooplankton .
Zooplankton migration is different because it moves up and down through the ocean's depths rather than traversing a landscape.
It is my academic presentation file which I presented with my friend in the last semester exam. It describe the major estuaries in Bangladesh. Also input these estuaries geographical location , characteristics , physio - chemical parameters , species abundance ,importance etc. ...
The .ppt provides slides representing :
1. How Marine pollution changed the beauty of world.
\n
2. Causes & Effects of :
a.Toxic Ocean Pollutants.
b.Marine Garbage.
c.Sewage Disposal in Ocean.
d.Non-Point Pollutants.
3.Origin.
4.Conventions to prevent it.
5.Various prevention measures:
a.Green infrastructure approach.
b.Septic tank.
c.Dissolved air flotation.
d.Urban runoff.
6.Conclusion.
Regards to all.
The Estuarine System consists of deepwater tidal habitats and adjacent tidal wetlands that are usually semienclosed by land but have open, partly obstructed, or sporadic access to the open ocean, and in which ocean water is at least occasionally diluted by freshwater runoff from the land. The salinity may be periodically increased above that of the open ocean by evaporation. Along some low-energy coastlines there is appreciable dilution of sea water. Offshore areas with typical estuarine plants and animals, such as red mangroves (Rhizophora mangle) and eastern oysters (Crassostrea virginica), are also included in the Estuarine System.
Marine Resources: Physical and biological resources, marine energyihn FreeStyle Corp.
Marine resources are physical and biological entities that are found in seas and oceans that are beneficial to man. They include fish, coral reefs and crabs, fungi, etc. A lot of conservation effort is required to protect these resources from human destruction activities like pollution and over fishing. Marine natural resources include both biological and physical sources. Biological sources include anything attributed to life forms whereas physical sources are considered to be those things that are not part of life processes. In a few instances some resources are both biological and physical. In considering the outlook of our oceans it is important to first identify the main natural resources and their status.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
2. MARINE ECOSYSTEM
Is an organized system of relationship between plants and animals
in the aquatic environment.
OCEANOGRAPHERS
Who investigates the physical, chemical and biological
properties of ocean waters, ocean currents and ocean basins.
4. A. PELAGIC DIVISION
This division embodies all the waters of the oceans and their
adjacent salt water bodies.
1. NERITIC ZONE
Extending offshore to the edge of the continental shelf to a depth
of 600 ft.
Rich in plant nutrients, especially the phosphates and nitrates.
The water is more variable in density and in chemical content than
oceanic waters.
2. OCEANIC ZONE
Has well-populated upper, lighted, 660 ft. stratum, deeper,
relatively dark, and sparsely populated layers.
Characterized by great pressure, animals modified for life in
darkness and under great pressure, and very few bottom animals.
The water is usually very transparent
5.
6. B. BENTHIC DIVISION
The division of the marine environment embraces the entire
ocean floor, both coastal bottom and deep sea bottom, properly
termed the littoral and deep-sea systems, respectively.
7. 1. LITTORAL ZONE
Area located between the high and low tide marks.
Animals living are adapted to periodic exposure to
air and sun as the tides eeb and flow
Most animals are motile
8. 2 TYPES OF LITTORAL ZONE
a. EULITTORAL ZONE
This is probably the richest zone of the marine ecosystem
with respect to numbers and kinds of organisms.
Factors that changes in this environment are:
Light
Temperature
Salinity
Time exposure
These variations are reflect in shapes movements, tolerance and life
histories of the characteristic animals and plants.
9. 5 MAJOR KINGDOMS IN THE OCEAN
1. MONERA
2. PROTISTA
3. FUNGI
4. METAPHYTA
5. METAZOA
12. Fungi
• Abundant in the intertidal zone
• Not as diverse as on land
• Important in decomposition
13. Metaphyta
• Plants that grow
attached to the sea
floor
– Red, brown, and
green algae
– Advanced plants of
salt marshes and
coastal
swamps
• Only found in shallow
areas where bottom
is in the photic zone
15. 2. DEEP-SEA SYSTEM
COMPONENTS OF MARINE ECOSYTEM
( classification by lifestyle)
A. PLANKTON ORGANISMS
B. ZOOPLANKTON
C. NEKTON COMMUNITY
D. BENTHOS ORGANISMS
E. CORAL REEFS
F. MANGROVE SWAMPS
16. A. PLANKTON ORGANISMS
These organisms are small, mostly microscopic and have a
little or no power of locomotion, being distributed by water
movements.
PHYTOPLANKTON
This includes all the following plants, such as the small algae,
fungi and sargasum weed.
The most important in the economy of the sea are the Algae,
Diatoms and Dinoflagellates. They are the major producers in
marine plankton.
17. DIATOMS
Are microscopic, unicellular
plants and some of them form
chains.
They possess characteristic shell
composed of translucent silica,
and have a great variety of form
and sculpture.
Possess one or more
chromophores, ranging in color
from yellow to brown.
Occurs as fossil, siliceous shell
deposits, called “diatomaceous
earth” and as a living producers in
practically all habitats of the
broad marine ecosystem.
They are found floating in water,
attached to the bottom, on larger
plants, on animals, and as spores,
enclosed in Arctic ice.
19. Phytoplankton organisms are more abundant in natural –
rich coastal waters than in offshore oceanic waters.
They are the primary producers upon which large and
small marine animals feed.
DINOFLAGELLATES
Possess whip-like flagella
that provide a slight degree
of locomotion.
Possess structural
modifications that indicate
adaptation to environment
conditions.
20. B. ZOOPLANKTON
Organisms are the floating or weakly swimming animals,
which include the eggs and larval stages as well as adult forms.
PRINCIPAL KINDS includes
PROTOZOA such as Foraminifera and Radiolarian
CRUSTACEA such as Ostracods and Copepods
LARVAL STAGES
JELLYFISHES
WORMS
MOLLUSKS and also the eggs and early developmental stages
of most of the non- planktonic organisms in the sea.
21. Copepods
• Small herbivores (plant eaters) that filter
diatoms from the water
• Molt their outer skeleton as they grow
• About the size of a grain of rice
• Migrate vertically seasonally
Foramifera
• Single celled, microscopic organisms
• Calcium carbonate shells - Carbonates
• Benthic forms outnumber the pelagic
• Their shells are porous and protoplasm
streams from inside the shell to engulf and
digest food
22.
23. C. NEKTON COMMUNITY
They are actively swimming animals in marine ecosystems.
They comprise adult stages of such familiar forms as crabs,
squids, fish and whales.
REPTILES
Are airs breathing animals that live both on land and the sea.
Some of them are snakes, turtles, crocodiles and lizards.
24. D. BENTHOS ORGANISMS
They are relatively few kinds and numbers of animals on the deep-
sea floor.
They are mainly mud dwellers, possessing characteristic
structures permitting life in a quiet, dark, muddy environment
where food is scarce.
They are snails, mussels, clams, oysters, sea anemones, sea urchin,
sea cucumbers and starfish.
25. Epifauna - live on the bottom
Infauna – live within the bottom sediments
Note: fauna signifies animals not plants
26. E. CORAL REEFS
Are the habitats of marine organisms, like sea hares, sea fans,
sea anemones and nudibranchs.
Are important source of fish and other fishery products.
Are massive deposits of limestone that have been produced by
coral animals belonging to Phylum Cnidarian, Order Scleractinia
with major additions from calcareous algae and other organisms
that secrete calcium carbonate.
28. CERTAIN FACTORS THAT FAVORS THE
DEVELOPMENT OF CORAL REEFS
1. Temperature above 18 degrees Celsius.
2. Water depth shallower than 50 meters.
3. Constant salinity greater than 30 but less than 36 parts per
thousand.
4. Low sedimentation rates.
5. Sufficient circulation of pollution-free water.
6. Pre-existing hard substrate.
29. THREE TYPES OF CORAL REEFS are;
1. ATOLLS are circle reefs enclosing a lagoon, horseshoe-shaped
ridges of reefs.
2. BARRIER REEFS along continents.
3. FRINGING REEFS are very common around tropical high islands
and sometimes border the main coastline.
30. FACTORS THAT LEAD TO THE DESTRUCTION
OF CORAL REEFS
1. Pollution from oil, sewage, heavy metals and thermal discharge,
have caused the destruction of fringing reefs.
2. Destructive fishing activities such as blasting, dragging nets over
reefs and the use of cyanide.
3. Reef gleaners break corals by walking over the reef at low tide to
gather food and swimmer damage coral with their fins.
4. Tourists sometimes remove live corals and reef animals for souvenir.
Indiscriminate anchoring tourists’ boats over coral reefs have caused
huge destruction to frequently visited areas.
31. F. MANGROVE SWAMP
Help to form Island and extend shores. (LAND BUILDER)
Are among the few emergent land plants that tolerate the salinities
of the open sea.
32. TWO TYPES OF MANGROVE
1. RED MANGROVE
Form the outermost zone.
Has an extensive deposition of mud and silt.
Provide surfaces for attachment of marine organisms.
Its seed sprout while still on the tree, the seedlings drop off
and float in the water where well-develop roots may take hold,
perhaps to start anew island.
2. BLACK MANGROVE
Forms a zone nearer shore.
Its roots stick up the mud like branch of asparagus.
33. Mangroves are not only important in extending coasts
and building islands, but also in protecting coasts from
excessive erosion which might otherwise be produced by
fierce tropical storms.
34. PROBLEMS OF MARINE ECOSYSTEM
Classified as:
1. Nature-induced stresses
2. Man-induced stresses
1. NATURE-INDUCED STRESSES
By water movement and geological and biological
factors
a. Water movements due to typhoons or cyclonic
phenomenon.
b. Biological factors such as competitions and predation
are known to cause reef deterioration.
35. 2. MAN-INDUCED STRESSES
Are siltation, overfishing in shallow coastal waters,
destructive fishing, logging and conversion of mangroves
into fishponds, pollution and expansion of tourism
activities.
a. SILTATION. Excessive siltations due to deforestation
and mining activities have been observed to cause the death of
coral reefs.
b. OVERFISHING. Overfishing means the continuous
exploitation of particular fishing ground over sometime period.
36. c. DESTRUCTIVE FISHING.
Practice which plague the marine ecosystem include;
-Blast fishing means the use of dynamite or any other
explosive in fishing.
-Cyanide is the common poison used by illegal fisherman.
Caused several of skin disease.
-Electro-fishing is fishing with the used of electric
generators.
-Trawl fishing is done with a net in the shape of ling conical
bag tapering from the wide-open mouth to a narrow bag at the end.
37. d. POLLUTION. Industrial waste.
May caused:
-The instability and death of organisms associated with
corals which could ultimately lead to the extinction of species.
-Decreased productivity followed by the decreased of fish
production which results to the loss of a source of livelihood of
fisherman and other people involved in the fishing industry.
-An increase in coastal erosion.
-The DE growth of the tourism industry.
-A loss in part of our natural heritage.
38. e. TOURISM INDUSTRY. Lack of guidelines on marine
preservation.
RED TIDE
-Is a natural phenomenon brought about by the bloom or
predominance of floating microscopic organisms known as
DINOFLAGELLATES.
-It is called red tide because of the reddish color of
dinoflagellates give to the cell when present in high cell densities.
-It organisms that caused deaths in the country has been
identified as PYRODINIUM HABAMENSE VAR COMPRESA. This
organism is attracted to sunlight during daytime and settles at the
bottom in the dark hours.
- The poison in the organism is known as SAXITOXIN. It is
water-soluble salt that affects the nervous system.
39. THREE CONDITIONS THAT TRIGGER RED TIDES
1. Stirring up of the sediment in the nearshore waters by wind action.
2. High temperature of water due to summer sun which makes the sea
more salty.
3. Nutrient enrichment of the sea. Occurs during May and June.
40. PROTECTION OF MARINE ECOSYSTEM
RULES AND REGULATIONS (Implemented by the DENR)
1. Prohibit various forms of illegal fishing.
2. Prohibit the exportation of Bangus fry.
3. Prohibit the operation of commercial trawls and purse seines in certain
areas.
4. Establish fish refuges and sanctuaries.
5. Establish “closed seasons”.
6. Explore, exploit, utilize and conserve coral reef.
7. Insure continuous supply of fish in communal water areas.
8.Under take and arrange special technical assistance and training
programs.
9. Conduct research and study fish and fishery products and resources.