This document provides an overview of the marine environment as a biological system. It discusses the various kingdoms of life found in the sea, including monera, protista, fungi, plants, and metazoa. It also describes different types of organisms in the marine environment such as plankton, nekton, and benthos. Key plankton groups discussed include phytoplankton like diatoms and dinoflagellates, and zooplankton like foraminiferans and radiolarians. The marine environment provides habitat for many forms of life and ecosystems.

1. SEA AS BIOLOGICAL
ENVIRONMENT
SHIVANI THORAT
MSc 2
Roll no. 14

2. INTRODUCTION
Life in water Microscopic, single celled organisms, fishes ,
whales etc
Sea water (Marine environment) Largest aquatic
ecosystems (Sea ocean)
BIOLOGICAL
ENVIRONMENT
Organized relationship between all living organisms

3. CHARACTERISTICS OF MARINE
ENVIRONMENT
Osmotic relationship
Depth and light
Pressure
Water movements
Extent of the marine environment

4. CLASSIFICATION OF MARINE
ENVIRONMENT

5. MONERA PROTISTA FUNGI PLANTS METAZOA
•Bacteria
•Single
celled
•Without
nucleus
•Foraminifera
,diatoms ,
seaweeds
•With internal
membrane
and nucleus
•Intertidal zone
•Decomposition
•Plants 
sea floor
•Red,green
& brown
algae
•Shallow
areas with
bottom 
photic zone
•All
multicellular
animals
5 KINGDOMS PRESENT IN DEEP SEA

6. ORGANISMS IN SEA WATER
Deep
sea
system
PLANKTONS
NEKTONS
BENTHOS
CORAL
REEFS

7. PLANKTON
PHYTOPLANKTON
DIATOMS DINOFLAGELLATES
ZOOPLANKTON
FORAMINIFERANS RADIOLARIANS
PLANKTON

8. PHYTOPLANKTONS
DIATOMS
 Golden algae
 Microscopic,unicellular;
some in chains
 Translucent silica shell
 Bloom
 Coccolithophores 
Photosynthetic with
calcareous plates
DINOFLAGELLATES
 Red –green
 Whip like flagella

9. ZOOPLANKTONS

10. FORAMINIFERANS
• Single
celled,microscopic
• Calcium carbonate
shells
• Benthic more than
pelagic
RADIOLARIANS
• Silica shells with
spines
• Protrusions/
pseudopodia
COPEPODS
• Herbivors
• Size  rice grain
• Filter diatoms
• Molting

11. NEKTON
INVERTEBRATES MOLLUSCS
VERTEBRATES
PISCES
REPTILES
AVES
MAMMALS
Squids and
octopus
Elasmobranchii
and
osteichthyes
Snakes and
turtles
Penguins
Seals
,porpoises
NEKTON

13. BENTHOS
Attached to or on the sea floor
Relatively fewer kinds
Mud –dwellers, characteristic features 
quiet,dark,muddy environment with scarcity
of food
Eg. Poriferans , brachiopods, molluscs
(gastropoda) and echinoderms ( sea
cucumber)

14. CORAL REEFS
Habitats of marine organisms
Source of fish and fishery products
Limestones  secretions

16. REFERENCES
• Oceanography An introduction to marine
environment – Peter Weyl
• Oceanography – JJ Bhatt
• Fundamentals of oceanography –
Sverdrup,duxbury