Study of Economics _ Microeconomics and Macroeconomics.pdfabhishekverma489234
To get a deep understanding of the various concepts of Economics, a student should be able to clearly distinguish between the concepts of Macroeconomics and Microeconomics. In this blog, we have tried our best to make it simple for you to understand the concepts of economics and the difference between microeconomics and macroeconomics.
for Mankiw, MACROECONOMICS, Ninth Editionhttpwww.ma.docxAKHIL969626
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M A C R O E C O N O M I C S
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N. GREGORY MANKIW
Harvard University
NINTH EDITION
M A C R O E C O N O M I C S
A Macmillan Education Imprint
New York
Vice President, Content Management: Catherine Woods
Vice President, Editorial, Sciences, and Social Sciences: Charles Linsmeier
Publisher: Shani Fisher
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Composition: TSI evolve, Inc.
Printing and Binding: RR Donnelley
Cover Art: Sharon Paster
Library of Congress Control Number: 2015935681
...
Konsep Balanced Score Card. Penilaian kinerja dilihat dari 4 perspektif yaitu perspektif keuangan, konsumen, learn and growth dan proses bisnis internal.
Makalah Analisis PT Kereta API Indonesia . membahas analisis strategik dalam perusahaan kereta api, dimana dampak peraturan harga pesawat tidak ada penetapan batas bawah maka kereta api berdampak.
Makalah Analisis PT Kereta API Indonesia . membahas analisis strategik dalam perusahaan kereta api, dimana dampak peraturan harga pesawat tidak ada penetapan batas bawah maka kereta api berdampak.
Dmfi booklet indonesian. isi petisi nya yah jangan lupa klik www.dogmeatfreeindonesia.org
tidak sampai 1 menit isi petisi ini agar indonesia bebas dari daging anjing, anjing layak diperlakukan layak dan lebih baik.
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Dmfi booklet indonesian. isi petisi nya yah jangan lupa klik www.dogmeatfreeindonesia.org
tidak sampai 1 menit isi petisi ini agar indonesia bebas dari daging anjing, anjing layak diperlakukan layak dan lebih baik.
tolong ya teman - teman
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As of my last update, Pi is still in the testing phase and is not tradable on any exchanges.
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How to get verified on Coinbase Account?_.docxBuy bitget
t's important to note that buying verified Coinbase accounts is not recommended and may violate Coinbase's terms of service. Instead of searching to "buy verified Coinbase accounts," follow the proper steps to verify your own account to ensure compliance and security.
what is the best method to sell pi coins in 2024DOT TECH
The best way to sell your pi coins safely is trading with an exchange..but since pi is not launched in any exchange, and second option is through a VERIFIED pi merchant.
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where can I find a legit pi merchant onlineDOT TECH
Yes. This is very easy what you need is a recommendation from someone who has successfully traded pi coins before with a merchant.
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Currently pi network is not tradable on binance or any other exchange because we are still in the enclosed mainnet.
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Turin Startup Ecosystem 2024 - Ricerca sulle Startup e il Sistema dell'Innov...Quotidiano Piemontese
Turin Startup Ecosystem 2024
Una ricerca de il Club degli Investitori, in collaborazione con ToTeM Torino Tech Map e con il supporto della ESCP Business School e di Growth Capital
What website can I sell pi coins securely.DOT TECH
Currently there are no website or exchange that allow buying or selling of pi coins..
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Who is a pi merchant?
A pi merchant is someone who buys pi coins from miners and resell to these crypto whales and holders of pi..
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Introduction to Indian Financial System ()Avanish Goel
The financial system of a country is an important tool for economic development of the country, as it helps in creation of wealth by linking savings with investments.
It facilitates the flow of funds form the households (savers) to business firms (investors) to aid in wealth creation and development of both the parties
Exploring Abhay Bhutada’s Views After Poonawalla Fincorp’s Collaboration With...beulahfernandes8
The financial landscape in India has witnessed a significant development with the recent collaboration between Poonawalla Fincorp and IndusInd Bank.
The launch of the co-branded credit card, the IndusInd Bank Poonawalla Fincorp eLITE RuPay Platinum Credit Card, marks a major milestone for both entities.
This strategic move aims to redefine and elevate the banking experience for customers.
Financial Assets: Debit vs Equity Securities.pptxWrito-Finance
financial assets represent claim for future benefit or cash. Financial assets are formed by establishing contracts between participants. These financial assets are used for collection of huge amounts of money for business purposes.
Two major Types: Debt Securities and Equity Securities.
Debt Securities are Also known as fixed-income securities or instruments. The type of assets is formed by establishing contracts between investor and issuer of the asset.
• The first type of Debit securities is BONDS. Bonds are issued by corporations and government (both local and national government).
• The second important type of Debit security is NOTES. Apart from similarities associated with notes and bonds, notes have shorter term maturity.
• The 3rd important type of Debit security is TRESURY BILLS. These securities have short-term ranging from three months, six months, and one year. Issuer of such securities are governments.
• Above discussed debit securities are mostly issued by governments and corporations. CERTIFICATE OF DEPOSITS CDs are issued by Banks and Financial Institutions. Risk factor associated with CDs gets reduced when issued by reputable institutions or Banks.
Following are the risk attached with debt securities: Credit risk, interest rate risk and currency risk
There are no fixed maturity dates in such securities, and asset’s value is determined by company’s performance. There are two major types of equity securities: common stock and preferred stock.
Common Stock: These are simple equity securities and bear no complexities which the preferred stock bears. Holders of such securities or instrument have the voting rights when it comes to select the company’s board of director or the business decisions to be made.
Preferred Stock: Preferred stocks are sometime referred to as hybrid securities, because it contains elements of both debit security and equity security. Preferred stock confers ownership rights to security holder that is why it is equity instrument
<a href="https://www.writofinance.com/equity-securities-features-types-risk/" >Equity securities </a> as a whole is used for capital funding for companies. Companies have multiple expenses to cover. Potential growth of company is required in competitive market. So, these securities are used for capital generation, and then uses it for company’s growth.
Concluding remarks
Both are employed in business. Businesses are often established through debit securities, then what is the need for equity securities. Companies have to cover multiple expenses and expansion of business. They can also use equity instruments for repayment of debits. So, there are multiple uses for securities. As an investor, you need tools for analysis. Investment decisions are made by carefully analyzing the market. For better analysis of the stock market, investors often employ financial analysis of companies.
The secret way to sell pi coins effortlessly.DOT TECH
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1. 1Chapter One
CHAPTER1
The Science of Macroeconomics
®
A PowerPoint™Tutorial
To Accompany
MACROECONOMICS, 6th. ed.
N. Gregory Mankiw
By
Mannig J. Simidian
2. 2Chapter One
I would like to thank Greg Mankiw for creating another macroeconomics masterpiece! It is none
other than an honor to be a part of his prolific work.
To Mike McElroy (North Carolina State University), I express eternal gratitude for his continued
interest in my endeavors. For almost 10 years, he has been reading and contributing to my
macroeconomics modules. I also want to thank Mark Rush (University of Florida), David
Denslow (University of Florida) and “the director” for making my earliest experiences in
economics so entertaining. Jeffrey Frankel (Harvard University), Ed Tower (Duke University),
and Roberto Rigobon (M.I.T) also encouraged my love for economics.
I thank Peter Max, America’s painter-laureate, for all he has taught me through his wisdom and
art. Lawrence Brockman, D.M.D, an economist in spirit, has been my teacher and great friend
throughout the years.
Thanks go to my former colleagues at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Michele
Rubino, Guido Meardi and Stewart Brazil. I also thank Franco Modigliani (MIT) and Rudi
Dornbusch (MIT) posthumously, for their courageous tutelage until the very end.
I also want to thank my sweet two year old daughter Elle (perhaps a future economist) for being
my beautiful inspiration in teaching macroeconomics. Of course, I thank my Dad for his best
friendship and unending love and support. Through the thousand hours of discussing economics
and business, he showed me how love and learning are inextricably linked.
Mannig J. Simidian
January 2006
Acknowledgements
3. 3Chapter One
Everyone has reason to think critically about macroeconomic
issues. It is imperative that we seek to understand why some
countries are growing faster or slower than others or
why some have greater fluctuations in inflation or
unemployment. The state of the macroeconomy
affects everyone in many ways. It plays a significant
role in the political sphere while also affecting public
policy and societal well-being, at the national and global levels.
Some of the most important variables macroeconomists use
to measure the performance of the economy are real GDP, the
inflation rate, and the unemployment rate. Macroeconomists are also
concerned with matters such as monetary and fiscal policy—both of
which, will be discussed at length in Macroeconomics, 6th ed.,
Mankiw’s Macroeconomics Modules, and in your macroeconomics
course. Good luck!
Welcome to Macroeconomics!Welcome to Macroeconomics!
4. 4Chapter One
Economists use models to understand what goes on in the economy.
Here are two important points about models: endogenous variables
and exogenous variables. Endogenous variables are those which the
model tries to explain. Exogenous variables are those variables that a
model takes as given. In short, endogenous are variables within a
model, and exogenous are the variables outside the model.
Price
Demand
QQ*
PP
Supply
QuantityQuantity
*
This is the most famous
economic model. It describes
the ubiquitous relationship
between buyers and sellers in
the market. The point of
intersection is called an
equilibrium.
5. 5Chapter One
Market clearing is an alignment process whereby decisions between
suppliers and demanders reach an equilibrium. Here’s how it works.
Remember that the demand curve slopes downward meaning that
as you increase the price (by moving along the demand curve), the
quantity demanded decreases. Conversely, the supply curve slopes
upward implying that as the price increases (by moving along the
supply curve), the amount supplied will increase.
Let’s say you begin with a demand and supply curve for CDs.
P
Q
D S
Now, suppose that there is a sudden
increase in the demand for CDs.
Demand will shift from D to D´.
The center point A is where market
decisions reach an equilibrium.
Q*
P* A
D´
Q´
P´
B
The increase in demand places upward
pressure on the price to point B since the
original price, P* no longer clears the
market. Notice the “shortage.”
Shortage
6. 6Chapter One
SHIFTS IN DEMAND: Suppose your income
rises? Your demand for a given product, for
example, pizza, will also increase.
This translates into a rightward shift in the
demand curve from D to D''. Result:
both price and quantity are higher.
PP
DD
SS
QQ
DD''
SHIFTS IN SUPPLY: A fall in the price
of materials increases the supply of pizza; at
any given price, pizzerias find that the sale
of pizza is more profitable, and thus the
supply of pizza rises.
This translates into a rightward shift in supply
from S to S'' ..Result: price falls, quantity rises.Result: price falls, quantity rises.
PP
DD
SS
QQ
SS''
7. 7Chapter One
Economists typically assume that the market will go into an
equilibrium of supply and demand, which is called the
market clearing process. This assumption is central to the
pizza example on the previous slide. But, assuming that
markets clear continuously, is unrealistic. For markets to
clear continuously, prices would have to adjust instantly to
changes in supply and demand. But, evidence suggests that
prices and wages often adjust slowly.
So, remember that although market clearing models assume
that wages and prices are flexible, in actuality, some wages
and prices are sticky. Market clearing models may not
describe every instant in an economy, but they do depict the
equilibrium toward which the economy gravitates.
8. 8Chapter One
Microeconomics is the study of how households and firms
make decisions and how these decision makers interact in the
broader marketplace. In microeconomics, an individual chooses to
maximize his or her utility subject to his or her budget constraint.
Macroeconomic events arise from the interaction of many
individuals trying to maximize their own welfare. Because
aggregate variables are the sum of the variables describing
individuals’ decisions, the study of macroeconomics
is based on microeconomic foundations.
9. 9Chapter One
The modules mirror the sequencing of the text, Macroeconomics, 6th
ed.
There are six parts and a total of nineteen chapters with a module
written for each chapter. Enjoy!
Introduction
Classical Theory, The Economy in the Long Run
Growth Theory, The Economy in the Very Long Run
Business Cycle Theory: The Economy in the Short Run
Macroeconomic Policy Debates
More on the Microeconomics Behind Macroeconomics
®
10. 10Chapter One
•Macroeconomics
•Real GDP
•Inflation and Deflation
•Unemployment
•Recession
•Depression
•Models
•Endogenous variables
•Exogenous variables
•Market clearing
•Flexible and sticky prices
•Microeconomics
•Macroeconomics
•Real GDP
•Inflation and Deflation
•Unemployment
•Recession
•Depression
•Models
•Endogenous variables
•Exogenous variables
•Market clearing
•Flexible and sticky prices
•Microeconomics