This chapter introduces macroeconomics and the goals of the course. It will develop an analytical framework to explain economic growth, unemployment, inflation, and how government policies can impact these factors. Important macroeconomic issues include why inflation and costs of living increase, why unemployment remains high even during economic recoveries, and what causes recessions and if governments can combat them. Models are used to simplify complex economic realities and show relationships between variables to explain economic behavior and develop policies. Key macroeconomic variables that will be examined are GDP, inflation rates, and unemployment rates.
Solution Manual for Microeconomics, 17th edition by Christopher T.S. Ragan C...mwangimwangi222
Solution Manual for Microeconomics, 17th edition by Christopher T.S. Ragan Complete Verified Chapter's.docx
Solution Manual for Microeconomics, 17th edition by Christopher T.S. Ragan Complete Verified Chapter's.docx
Solution Manual for Microeconomics, 17th edition by Christopher T.S. Ragan Complete Verified Chapter's.docx
Solution Manual for Microeconomics, 17th edition by Christopher T.S. Ragan C...Donc Test
Solution Manual for Microeconomics, 17th edition by Christopher T.S. Ragan Complete Verified Chapter's.docx
Solution Manual for Microeconomics, 17th edition by Christopher T.S. Ragan Complete Verified Chapter's.docx
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how can i use my minded pi coins I need some funds.DOT TECH
If you are interested in selling your pi coins, i have a verified pi merchant, who buys pi coins and resell them to exchanges looking forward to hold till mainnet launch.
Because the core team has announced that pi network will not be doing any pre-sale. The only way exchanges like huobi, bitmart and hotbit can get pi is by buying from miners.
Now a merchant stands in between these exchanges and the miners. As a link to make transactions smooth. Because right now in the enclosed mainnet you can't sell pi coins your self. You need the help of a merchant,
i will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant below. 👇 I and my friends has traded more than 3000pi coins with him successfully.
@Pi_vendor_247
Solution Manual for Microeconomics, 17th edition by Christopher T.S. Ragan C...mwangimwangi222
Solution Manual for Microeconomics, 17th edition by Christopher T.S. Ragan Complete Verified Chapter's.docx
Solution Manual for Microeconomics, 17th edition by Christopher T.S. Ragan Complete Verified Chapter's.docx
Solution Manual for Microeconomics, 17th edition by Christopher T.S. Ragan Complete Verified Chapter's.docx
Solution Manual for Microeconomics, 17th edition by Christopher T.S. Ragan C...Donc Test
Solution Manual for Microeconomics, 17th edition by Christopher T.S. Ragan Complete Verified Chapter's.docx
Solution Manual for Microeconomics, 17th edition by Christopher T.S. Ragan Complete Verified Chapter's.docx
FellowBuddy.com is an innovative platform that brings students together to share notes, exam papers, study guides, project reports and presentation for upcoming exams.
We connect Students who have an understanding of course material with Students who need help.
Benefits:-
# Students can catch up on notes they missed because of an absence.
# Underachievers can find peer developed notes that break down lecture and study material in a way that they can understand
# Students can earn better grades, save time and study effectively
Our Vision & Mission – Simplifying Students Life
Our Belief – “The great breakthrough in your life comes when you realize it, that you can learn anything you need to learn; to accomplish any goal that you have set for yourself. This means there are no limits on what you can be, have or do.”
Like Us - https://www.facebook.com/FellowBuddycom
how can i use my minded pi coins I need some funds.DOT TECH
If you are interested in selling your pi coins, i have a verified pi merchant, who buys pi coins and resell them to exchanges looking forward to hold till mainnet launch.
Because the core team has announced that pi network will not be doing any pre-sale. The only way exchanges like huobi, bitmart and hotbit can get pi is by buying from miners.
Now a merchant stands in between these exchanges and the miners. As a link to make transactions smooth. Because right now in the enclosed mainnet you can't sell pi coins your self. You need the help of a merchant,
i will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant below. 👇 I and my friends has traded more than 3000pi coins with him successfully.
@Pi_vendor_247
how to sell pi coins on Bitmart crypto exchangeDOT TECH
Yes. Pi network coins can be exchanged but not on bitmart exchange. Because pi network is still in the enclosed mainnet. The only way pioneers are able to trade pi coins is by reselling the pi coins to pi verified merchants.
A verified merchant is someone who buys pi network coins and resell it to exchanges looking forward to hold till mainnet launch.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant to trade with.
@Pi_vendor_247
where can I find a legit pi merchant onlineDOT TECH
Yes. This is very easy what you need is a recommendation from someone who has successfully traded pi coins before with a merchant.
Who is a pi merchant?
A pi merchant is someone who buys pi network coins and resell them to Investors looking forward to hold thousands of pi coins before the open mainnet.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant to trade with
@Pi_vendor_247
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BYD SWOT Analysis and In-Depth Insights 2024.pptxmikemetalprod
Indepth analysis of the BYD 2024
BYD (Build Your Dreams) is a Chinese automaker and battery manufacturer that has snowballed over the past two decades to become a significant player in electric vehicles and global clean energy technology.
This SWOT analysis examines BYD's strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats as it competes in the fast-changing automotive and energy storage industries.
Founded in 1995 and headquartered in Shenzhen, BYD started as a battery company before expanding into automobiles in the early 2000s.
Initially manufacturing gasoline-powered vehicles, BYD focused on plug-in hybrid and fully electric vehicles, leveraging its expertise in battery technology.
Today, BYD is the world’s largest electric vehicle manufacturer, delivering over 1.2 million electric cars globally. The company also produces electric buses, trucks, forklifts, and rail transit.
On the energy side, BYD is a major supplier of rechargeable batteries for cell phones, laptops, electric vehicles, and energy storage systems.
What website can I sell pi coins securely.DOT TECH
Currently there are no website or exchange that allow buying or selling of pi coins..
But you can still easily sell pi coins, by reselling it to exchanges/crypto whales interested in holding thousands of pi coins before the mainnet launch.
Who is a pi merchant?
A pi merchant is someone who buys pi coins from miners and resell to these crypto whales and holders of pi..
This is because pi network is not doing any pre-sale. The only way exchanges can get pi is by buying from miners and pi merchants stands in between the miners and the exchanges.
How can I sell my pi coins?
Selling pi coins is really easy, but first you need to migrate to mainnet wallet before you can do that. I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant to trade with.
Tele-gram.
@Pi_vendor_247
how to sell pi coins in South Korea profitably.DOT TECH
Yes. You can sell your pi network coins in South Korea or any other country, by finding a verified pi merchant
What is a verified pi merchant?
Since pi network is not launched yet on any exchange, the only way you can sell pi coins is by selling to a verified pi merchant, and this is because pi network is not launched yet on any exchange and no pre-sale or ico offerings Is done on pi.
Since there is no pre-sale, the only way exchanges can get pi is by buying from miners. So a pi merchant facilitates these transactions by acting as a bridge for both transactions.
How can i find a pi vendor/merchant?
Well for those who haven't traded with a pi merchant or who don't already have one. I will leave the telegram id of my personal pi merchant who i trade pi with.
Tele gram: @Pi_vendor_247
#pi #sell #nigeria #pinetwork #picoins #sellpi #Nigerian #tradepi #pinetworkcoins #sellmypi
how to sell pi coins in all Africa Countries.DOT TECH
Yes. You can sell your pi network for other cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin, usdt , Ethereum and other currencies And this is done easily with the help from a pi merchant.
What is a pi merchant ?
Since pi is not launched yet in any exchange. The only way you can sell right now is through merchants.
A verified Pi merchant is someone who buys pi network coins from miners and resell them to investors looking forward to hold massive quantities of pi coins before mainnet launch in 2026.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant to trade with.
@Pi_vendor_247
Even tho Pi network is not listed on any exchange yet.
Buying/Selling or investing in pi network coins is highly possible through the help of vendors. You can buy from vendors[ buy directly from the pi network miners and resell it]. I will leave the telegram contact of my personal vendor.
@Pi_vendor_247
What price will pi network be listed on exchangesDOT TECH
The rate at which pi will be listed is practically unknown. But due to speculations surrounding it the predicted rate is tends to be from 30$ — 50$.
So if you are interested in selling your pi network coins at a high rate tho. Or you can't wait till the mainnet launch in 2026. You can easily trade your pi coins with a merchant.
A merchant is someone who buys pi coins from miners and resell them to Investors looking forward to hold massive quantities till mainnet launch.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi vendor to trade with.
@Pi_vendor_247
Financial Assets: Debit vs Equity Securities.pptxWrito-Finance
financial assets represent claim for future benefit or cash. Financial assets are formed by establishing contracts between participants. These financial assets are used for collection of huge amounts of money for business purposes.
Two major Types: Debt Securities and Equity Securities.
Debt Securities are Also known as fixed-income securities or instruments. The type of assets is formed by establishing contracts between investor and issuer of the asset.
• The first type of Debit securities is BONDS. Bonds are issued by corporations and government (both local and national government).
• The second important type of Debit security is NOTES. Apart from similarities associated with notes and bonds, notes have shorter term maturity.
• The 3rd important type of Debit security is TRESURY BILLS. These securities have short-term ranging from three months, six months, and one year. Issuer of such securities are governments.
• Above discussed debit securities are mostly issued by governments and corporations. CERTIFICATE OF DEPOSITS CDs are issued by Banks and Financial Institutions. Risk factor associated with CDs gets reduced when issued by reputable institutions or Banks.
Following are the risk attached with debt securities: Credit risk, interest rate risk and currency risk
There are no fixed maturity dates in such securities, and asset’s value is determined by company’s performance. There are two major types of equity securities: common stock and preferred stock.
Common Stock: These are simple equity securities and bear no complexities which the preferred stock bears. Holders of such securities or instrument have the voting rights when it comes to select the company’s board of director or the business decisions to be made.
Preferred Stock: Preferred stocks are sometime referred to as hybrid securities, because it contains elements of both debit security and equity security. Preferred stock confers ownership rights to security holder that is why it is equity instrument
<a href="https://www.writofinance.com/equity-securities-features-types-risk/" >Equity securities </a> as a whole is used for capital funding for companies. Companies have multiple expenses to cover. Potential growth of company is required in competitive market. So, these securities are used for capital generation, and then uses it for company’s growth.
Concluding remarks
Both are employed in business. Businesses are often established through debit securities, then what is the need for equity securities. Companies have to cover multiple expenses and expansion of business. They can also use equity instruments for repayment of debits. So, there are multiple uses for securities. As an investor, you need tools for analysis. Investment decisions are made by carefully analyzing the market. For better analysis of the stock market, investors often employ financial analysis of companies.
chap 1.Economic model and macro iindicators Mankiw (1).ppt
1. CHAPTER 1 The Science of Macroeconomics slide 0
About the Class
The objective of the course is to:
Develop an analytical framework to
explain growth, unemployment and
inflation,
and see how government policies
(monetary and fiscal) affect these
things.
2. CHAPTER 1 The Science of Macroeconomics slide 1
Important issues in macroeconomics
Why does the cost of living keep rising?
Why are millions of people unemployed,
even when the economy is recovering?
Why are there recessions?
Can the government do anything to combat
recessions? Should it??
4. CHAPTER 1 The Science of Macroeconomics slide 3
Learning objectives
This chapter introduces you to
the issues macroeconomists study
the tools macroeconomists use
some important concepts in
macroeconomic analysis
5. CHAPTER 1 The Science of Macroeconomics slide 4
Three main variables we will study:
1) Gross domestic output (GDP)
2) Inflation in the cost of living (CPI)
3) Unemployment rate
We will begin by looking at trends in the data
for these, and make initial observations.
7. CHAPTER 1 The Science of Macroeconomics slide 6
GDP: Observations
1. Long-term upward trend. Income more than doubled
over last 30 years.
2. Short-run disruptions in the trend: recessions.
9. CHAPTER 1 The Science of Macroeconomics slide 8
Unemployment: Observations
1. Unemployment always positive.
2. Fluctuations related to GDP: unemployment higher
during recessions.
11. CHAPTER 1 The Science of Macroeconomics slide 10
Inflation: Observations
1. Inflation can be negative.
2. Often high when GDP high, but not always (see
1970s).
12. CHAPTER 1 The Science of Macroeconomics slide 11
Why learn macroeconomics?
1. The macroeconomy affects society’s well-being.
Crime and suicides tend to be higher during spells
of high unemployment
2. The macroeconomy affects your well-being.
Will it be hard to find a job when you graduate?
3. The macroeconomy affects politics and current
events.
Incumbents tend to lose elections during
recessions or bad inflation.
13. CHAPTER 1 The Science of Macroeconomics slide 12
How we learn Economics: Models
…are simplied versions of a more complex reality
• irrelevant details are stripped away
Used to
• show the relationships between economic
variables
• explain the economy’s behavior
• devise policies to improve economic
performance
14. CHAPTER 1 The Science of Macroeconomics slide 13
Example of a model:
The supply & demand for new cars
explains the factors that determine the price of
cars and the quantity sold.
assumes the market is competitive: each buyer
and seller is too small to affect the market price
Variables:
Qd = quantity of cars that buyers demand
Qs = quantity that producers supply
P = price of new cars
Y = aggregate income
Ps = price of steel (an input)
15. CHAPTER 1 The Science of Macroeconomics slide 14
The demand for cars
shows that the quantity
of cars consumers demand
is related to the price of cars
and aggregate income.
demand equation: ( , )
d
Q D P Y
16. CHAPTER 1 The Science of Macroeconomics slide 15
Digression: Functional notation
General functional notation shows only
that the variables are related:
( , )
d
Q D P Y
A list of the
variables
that affect Qd
17. CHAPTER 1 The Science of Macroeconomics slide 16
The market for cars: demand
Q
Quantity
of cars
P
Price
of cars
D
The demand curve
shows the relationship
between quantity
demanded and price,
other things equal.
demand equation:
( , )
d
Q D P Y
18. CHAPTER 1 The Science of Macroeconomics slide 17
The market for cars: supply
Q
Quantity
of cars
P
Price
of cars
D
supply equation:
( , )
s
s
Q S P P S
The supply curve
shows the relationship
between quantity
supplied and price,
other things equal.
19. CHAPTER 1 The Science of Macroeconomics slide 18
The market for cars: equilibrium
Q
Quantity
of cars
P
Price
of cars S
D
equilibrium
price
equilibrium
quantity
20. CHAPTER 1 The Science of Macroeconomics slide 19
The effects of an increase in income:
D2
Q
Quantity
of cars
P
Price
of cars S
D1
Q1
P1
An increase in income
increases the quantity
of cars consumers
demand at each price…
…which increases
the equilibrium price
and quantity.
P2
Q2
demand equation:
( , )
d
Q D P Y
21. CHAPTER 1 The Science of Macroeconomics slide 20
The effects of a steel price increase:
Q
Quantity
of cars
P
Price
of cars S1
D
Q1
P1
An increase in Ps
reduces the quantity of
cars producers supply
at each price…
…which increases the
market price and
reduces the quantity.
P2
Q2
S2
supply equation:
( , )
s
s
Q S P P
22. CHAPTER 1 The Science of Macroeconomics slide 21
Endogenous vs. exogenous variables:
The values of endogenous variables
are determined in the model.
The values of exogenous variables
are determined outside the model:
the model takes their values & behavior
as given.
In the model of supply & demand for cars,
endogenous: , ,
d s
P Q Q
exogenous: , s
Y P
23. CHAPTER 1 The Science of Macroeconomics slide 22
A Multitude of Models
No one model can address all the issues we
care about. For example,
If we want to know how a fall in aggregate
income affects new car prices, we can use
the S/D model for new cars.
But if we want to know why aggregate
income falls, we need a different model.
24. CHAPTER 1 The Science of Macroeconomics slide 23
A Multitude of Models
So we will learn different models for studying
different issues (e.g. unemployment, inflation,
long-run growth).
For each new model, you should keep track of
– its assumptions,
– which of its variables are endogenous and
which are exogenous,
– the questions it can help us understand,
– and those it cannot.
25. CHAPTER 1 The Science of Macroeconomics slide 24
Prices: Flexible Versus Sticky
Market clearing: an assumption that prices
are flexible and adjust to equate supply and
demand.(A market-clearing price is
the price of a good or service at which
quantity supplied is equal to quantity
demanded, also called the equilibrium
price. The theory claims that markets tend
to move toward this price.)
In the short run, many prices are sticky---
they adjust only sluggishly in response to
supply/demand imbalances.
26. CHAPTER 1 The Science of Macroeconomics slide 25
Prices: Flexible Versus Sticky
The economy’s behavior depends partly on
whether prices are sticky or flexible:
If prices are sticky, then demand won’t
always equal supply. This helps explain
– unemployment (excess supply of labor)
– the occasional inability of firms to sell what
they produce
Long run: prices flexible, markets clear,
economy behaves very differently.
27. CHAPTER 1 The Science of Macroeconomics slide 26
Outline of the class:
Classical and Growth Theory (ch. 2-8)
How the economy works in the long run, when
prices are flexible and markets work well.
Business Cycle Theory (ch. 9-14)
How the economy works in the short run, when
prices are sticky. What can policy makers do when
things go wrong.
Microeconomic foundations (Chaps. 16-19)
Incorporate features from microeconomics on the
behavior of consumers and firms. (as time permits)
(will defer chapters on the open economy)