6th International Disaster and Risk Conference IDRC 2016 Integrative Risk Management - Towards Resilient Cities. 28 August - 01 September 2016 in Davos, Switzerland
Pathways for Coastal Adaptation in Metro Vancouver, Alexandra Heather RUTLEDGEGlobal Risk Forum GRFDavos
6th International Disaster and Risk Conference IDRC 2016 Integrative Risk Management - Towards Resilient Cities. 28 August - 01 September 2016 in Davos, Switzerland
Pathways for Coastal Adaptation in Metro Vancouver, Alexandra Heather RUTLEDGEGlobal Risk Forum GRFDavos
6th International Disaster and Risk Conference IDRC 2016 Integrative Risk Management - Towards Resilient Cities. 28 August - 01 September 2016 in Davos, Switzerland
Dr. Kwame Emmanuel Build Better Jamaica Presentation at Caribbean School of A...BuildBetterJamaica
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Find here the top headlines from the IPCC's Special Report on Climate Change and Land: as summarised by CDKN for Latin American audiences - please use together with our report of the same name on www.cdkn.org/landreport and find all narratives and photo credits in our associated report.
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Find here the top headlines from the IPCC's Special Report on Climate Change and Land: as summarised by CDKN for South Asian audiences - please use together with our report of the same name on www.cdkn.org/landreport and find all narratives and photo credits in our associated report.
Find here the top headlines from the IPCC's Special Report on Climate Change and Land: as summarised by CDKN for African audiences - please use together with our report of the same name on www.cdkn.org/landreport and find all narratives and photo credits in our associated report.
From Local to Global: Realizing Water Security for Sustainable Development - ...Global Water Partnership
Presentation at the European River Restoration Conference in Vienna on 27 October 2014: "From Local to Global: Realizing Water Security for Sustainable Development", by GWP Executive Secretary Dr. Ania Grobicki.
The Ocean Watch open data platform delivers science to policy makers developing sustainable ocean economies and operationalizing integrated ocean management.
Learn more: https://oceanwatchdata.org
Measuring multiple dividends of (un)natural disaster risk management in AsiaOECD Governance
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Presentation made by: Reinhard Mechler, Thomas Schinko, Stefan Hochrainer-Stigler, Finn Laurien
Showcases how to engage residents in climate change resiliency, building upon the equity-based model of the Cambridge Public Health Department in Cambridge, MA. A locally-tailored outreach campaign was launched collaboratively with community-based organizations. Teens were trained to help create video profiles of resident concerns.
Experts and policymakers explore how ocean-based activities can contribute to efforts to limit emissions that contribute to global temperature increase.
Learn more at https://www.wri.org/events/2019/10/ocean-solution-climate-change-5-opportunities-action
Background to the GIZ/SADC supported SADC TFCA CCA Training ProgrammePriya Vallabh Goburdhan
This presentation provides an overview of the rationale for the SADC Climate Change Adaptation Training Programme for Trans-frontier Conservation Managers.
The Process of Involving Citizens in the Planning of Green Cities, Gisela WAC...Global Risk Forum GRFDavos
6th International Disaster and Risk Conference IDRC 2016 Integrative Risk Management - Towards Resilient Cities. 28 August - 01 September 2016 in Davos, Switzerland
Advancing Coordination Between DRM and CCA in Integrated Flood Risk Managemen...Global Risk Forum GRFDavos
6th International Disaster and Risk Conference IDRC 2016 Integrative Risk Management - Towards Resilient Cities. 28 August - 01 September 2016 in Davos, Switzerland
Dr. Kwame Emmanuel Build Better Jamaica Presentation at Caribbean School of A...BuildBetterJamaica
Build Better Jamaica spokesperson Dr. Kwame Emmanuel presents an overview of Build Better Jamaica project, "Developing Design Concepts for Climate Change Resilient Buildings" at the Caribbean School of Architecture, University of Technology, Kingston, Jamaica.
Find here the top headlines from the IPCC's Special Report on Climate Change and Land: as summarised by CDKN for Latin American audiences - please use together with our report of the same name on www.cdkn.org/landreport and find all narratives and photo credits in our associated report.
Biodiversity loss and nature-based solutions: A view from re/insuranceCesar Henrique Arrais
Presentation by Oliver Schelske, Swiss Re Institute, Director, Natural Assets & ESG Research Lead, as part of the webinar "Nature-Based Solutions as a Catalyst for Achieving Mutual Benefits for People, Nature, and Climate: Lessons learned from China and globally."
Find here the top headlines from the IPCC's Special Report on Climate Change and Land: as summarised by CDKN for South Asian audiences - please use together with our report of the same name on www.cdkn.org/landreport and find all narratives and photo credits in our associated report.
Find here the top headlines from the IPCC's Special Report on Climate Change and Land: as summarised by CDKN for African audiences - please use together with our report of the same name on www.cdkn.org/landreport and find all narratives and photo credits in our associated report.
From Local to Global: Realizing Water Security for Sustainable Development - ...Global Water Partnership
Presentation at the European River Restoration Conference in Vienna on 27 October 2014: "From Local to Global: Realizing Water Security for Sustainable Development", by GWP Executive Secretary Dr. Ania Grobicki.
The Ocean Watch open data platform delivers science to policy makers developing sustainable ocean economies and operationalizing integrated ocean management.
Learn more: https://oceanwatchdata.org
Measuring multiple dividends of (un)natural disaster risk management in AsiaOECD Governance
Investing in infrastructure: Costs, benefits and effectiveness of disaster risk reduction measures.
Presentation made by: Reinhard Mechler, Thomas Schinko, Stefan Hochrainer-Stigler, Finn Laurien
Showcases how to engage residents in climate change resiliency, building upon the equity-based model of the Cambridge Public Health Department in Cambridge, MA. A locally-tailored outreach campaign was launched collaboratively with community-based organizations. Teens were trained to help create video profiles of resident concerns.
Experts and policymakers explore how ocean-based activities can contribute to efforts to limit emissions that contribute to global temperature increase.
Learn more at https://www.wri.org/events/2019/10/ocean-solution-climate-change-5-opportunities-action
Background to the GIZ/SADC supported SADC TFCA CCA Training ProgrammePriya Vallabh Goburdhan
This presentation provides an overview of the rationale for the SADC Climate Change Adaptation Training Programme for Trans-frontier Conservation Managers.
The Process of Involving Citizens in the Planning of Green Cities, Gisela WAC...Global Risk Forum GRFDavos
6th International Disaster and Risk Conference IDRC 2016 Integrative Risk Management - Towards Resilient Cities. 28 August - 01 September 2016 in Davos, Switzerland
Advancing Coordination Between DRM and CCA in Integrated Flood Risk Managemen...Global Risk Forum GRFDavos
6th International Disaster and Risk Conference IDRC 2016 Integrative Risk Management - Towards Resilient Cities. 28 August - 01 September 2016 in Davos, Switzerland
Towards a Novel and Applicable Approach for Resilience Engineering, Ivo HAERINGGlobal Risk Forum GRFDavos
6th International Disaster and Risk Conference IDRC 2016 Integrative Risk Management - Towards Resilient Cities. 28 August - 01 September 2016 in Davos, Switzerland
Disasters and Long Term Economic Sustainability A Perspective on Sierra Leone...Global Risk Forum GRFDavos
6th International Disaster and Risk Conference IDRC 2016 Integrative Risk Management - Towards Resilient Cities. 28 August - 01 September 2016 in Davos, Switzerland
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6th International Disaster and Risk Conference IDRC 2016 Integrative Risk Management - Towards Resilient Cities. 28 August - 01 September 2016 in Davos, Switzerland
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6th International Disaster and Risk Conference IDRC 2016 Integrative Risk Management - Towards Resilient Cities. 28 August - 01 September 2016 in Davos, Switzerland
Afghanistan Multi-Hazard Risk Assessment, cost benefit analysis and resilient...Global Risk Forum GRFDavos
6th International Disaster and Risk Conference IDRC 2016 Integrative Risk Management - Towards Resilient Cities. 28 August - 01 September 2016 in Davos, Switzerland
Collaboration and Decision Making Tool for Emergency & Crises Situations, Ger...Global Risk Forum GRFDavos
6th International Disaster and Risk Conference IDRC 2016 Integrative Risk Management - Towards Resilient Cities. 28 August - 01 September 2016 in Davos, Switzerland
Save Yourself - Predicting Whether Communities Will be Able to Prepare Themse...Global Risk Forum GRFDavos
6th International Disaster and Risk Conference IDRC 2016 Integrative Risk Management - Towards Resilient Cities. 28 August - 01 September 2016 in Davos, Switzerland
How Critical Infrastructure Orients International Relief in Cascading Disaste...Global Risk Forum GRFDavos
6th International Disaster and Risk Conference IDRC 2016 Integrative Risk Management - Towards Resilient Cities. 28 August - 01 September 2016 in Davos, Switzerland
Systems Analysis of the Data and Models Used for US Federal Emergency Managem...Global Risk Forum GRFDavos
6th International Disaster and Risk Conference IDRC 2016 Integrative Risk Management - Towards Resilient Cities. 28 August - 01 September 2016 in Davos, Switzerland
The Factors Affecting Institutional Performance in Disaster Management in Oma...Global Risk Forum GRFDavos
6th International Disaster and Risk Conference IDRC 2016 Integrative Risk Management - Towards Resilient Cities. 28 August - 01 September 2016 in Davos, Switzerland
Risk Assessment and Mapping of Harmful Algal Bloom in Farming Fisheries of So...Global Risk Forum GRFDavos
6th International Disaster and Risk Conference IDRC 2016 Integrative Risk Management - Towards Resilient Cities. 28 August - 01 September 2016 in Davos, Switzerland
Development of Urban Flood Analysis Model for Real-time Urban Flood Forecasti...Global Risk Forum GRFDavos
6th International Disaster and Risk Conference IDRC 2016 Integrative Risk Management - Towards Resilient Cities. 28 August - 01 September 2016 in Davos, Switzerland
Global Alliance of Disaster Research Institutes (GADRI) Discussion Session, A...Global Risk Forum GRFDavos
6th International Disaster and Risk Conference IDRC 2016 Integrative Risk Management - Towards Resilient Cities. 28 August - 01 September 2016 in Davos, Switzerland
6th International Disaster and Risk Conference IDRC 2016 Integrative Risk Management - Towards Resilient Cities. 28 August - 01 September 2016 in Davos, Switzerland
Dynamic Risk Map (DRM) for Enhancing Risk Assessment of Construction Projects...Global Risk Forum GRFDavos
6th International Disaster and Risk Conference IDRC 2016 Integrative Risk Management - Towards Resilient Cities. 28 August - 01 September 2016 in Davos, Switzerland
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6th International Disaster and Risk Conference IDRC 2016 Integrative Risk Management - Towards Resilient Cities. 28 August - 01 September 2016 in Davos, Switzerland
Post-Earthquake Disaster Management and Structural Assessments, Mr Nirvan KAS...Global Risk Forum GRFDavos
6th International Disaster and Risk Conference IDRC 2016 Integrative Risk Management - Towards Resilient Cities. 28 August - 01 September 2016 in Davos, Switzerland
Roles of Scientific Commuinities in Disaster Risk Reduction Solutions Perspec...Global Risk Forum GRFDavos
6th International Disaster and Risk Conference IDRC 2016 Integrative Risk Management - Towards Resilient Cities. 28 August - 01 September 2016 in Davos, Switzerland
Designing for waterfront resilience in Hudson Riverfront communitiesLibby Zemaitis
The Climate-Adaptive Design (CAD) Studio links Cornell students in landscape architecture with flood-risk Hudson Riverfront communities to explore design alternatives for more climate resilient, beautiful and connected waterfront areas.
http://wri.cals.cornell.edu/hudson-river-estuary/climate-change-hudson-river-estuary/climate-adaptive-design
Visions for a Flood Resilient Waterfront: Examples from the Kingston Floodin...Libby Zemaitis
In NYS, we're convening Municipal Waterfront Flooding Task Forces so community members can do a deep dive into their flood risks, vulnerability and adaptation options. The process includes a Cost Benefit Analysis of adaptation scenarios and culminates in a final report and recommendations. You can learn about our process in Kingston, NY here.
If you want to stay updated on our latest projects, events, and funding and job opportunities, please sign up for our Climate Resiliency Newsletter:
https://public.govdelivery.com/accounts/NYSDEC/subscriber/new?topic_id=NYSDEC_147
Extreme weather is becoming more common in our region. Flood events can impact human health and safety, and result in substantial costs to property and infrastructure. Geared toward municipal decision makers and concerned citizens, this forum provides on-the-ground examples of flood resilience strategies that can help Hudson Valley communities minimize risks while conserving financial resources.
Presentation by Gregg Swanzey, Director of the Office of Economic Development and Strategic Partnerships, City of Kingston and Libby Murphy, Climate Outreach Specialist,
Hudson River Estuary Program, NYSDEC for a flood management forum hosted by the Cary Institute of Ecosystem Studies in Millbrook, NY on May 4, 2013.
Sea Level Rise & the Conservation of Wetlands: Issues and Opportunities for C...riseagrant
Incorporating SLAMM Maps and Recommendation into Local Plans
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Teresa Crean, URI Coastal Resources Center / RI Sea Grant
Coastal cities resilience for climate changeAhmed Haron
This paper aims at studying the impacts of climate change on Egyptian northern coastal zones and exploring the urban resilience to the effects of climate change. In this regard, the current paper discusses the concept of resilience and describes the city resilience framework.
Developing countries are not yet well adapted even to current climate risks: floods, droughts and storm. Yet those risks are becoming harsher as the world warms, climate extremes become more intense, and the oceans rise – the consequences of human-caused greenhouse gas emissions.
This presentation highlights the findings and lessons learned from the evaluation of World Bank Group Experience in Cliamte Adaptation.
Bill Cesanek, co-chair of the APA Water and Planning Network, discusses the value of land use planning in achieving improved water efficiency for the 2020 Central Texas Water Conservation Symposium hosted by the Texas Living Waters Project.
Similar to Managed Retreat for Climate Change Adaptation and Disaster Risk Reduction A Comparison of Three Coastal Megacities, Brent DOBERSTEIN (20)
6th International Disaster and Risk Conference IDRC 2016 Integrative Risk Management - Towards Resilient Cities. 28 August - 01 September 2016 in Davos, Switzerland
Global alliance of disaster research institutes (GADRI) discussion session, A...Global Risk Forum GRFDavos
6th International Disaster and Risk Conference IDRC 2016 Integrative Risk Management - Towards Resilient Cities. 28 August - 01 September 2016 in Davos, Switzerland
Towards a safe, secure and sustainable energy supply the role of resilience i...Global Risk Forum GRFDavos
6th International Disaster and Risk Conference IDRC 2016 Integrative Risk Management - Towards Resilient Cities. 28 August - 01 September 2016 in Davos, Switzerland
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6th International Disaster and Risk Conference IDRC 2016 Integrative Risk Management - Towards Resilient Cities. 28 August - 01 September 2016 in Davos, Switzerland
The Relocation Challenges in Coastal Urban Centers Options and Limitations, A...Global Risk Forum GRFDavos
6th International Disaster and Risk Conference IDRC 2016 Integrative Risk Management - Towards Resilient Cities. 28 August - 01 September 2016 in Davos, Switzerland
6th International Disaster and Risk Conference IDRC 2016 Integrative Risk Management - Towards Resilient Cities. 28 August - 01 September 2016 in Davos, Switzerland
Involving the Mining Sector in Achieving Land Degradation Neutrality, Simone ...Global Risk Forum GRFDavos
6th International Disaster and Risk Conference IDRC 2016 Integrative Risk Management - Towards Resilient Cities. 28 August - 01 September 2016 in Davos, Switzerland
Disaster Risk Reduction and Nursing - Human Science research the view of surv...Global Risk Forum GRFDavos
6th International Disaster and Risk Conference IDRC 2016 Integrative Risk Management - Towards Resilient Cities. 28 August - 01 September 2016 in Davos, Switzerland
Training and awareness raising in Critical Infrastructure Protection & Resili...Global Risk Forum GRFDavos
6th International Disaster and Risk Conference IDRC 2016 Integrative Risk Management - Towards Resilient Cities. 28 August - 01 September 2016 in Davos, Switzerland
IDRC Davos 2016 - Workshop Awareness Raising, Education and Training - Capaci...Global Risk Forum GRFDavos
6th International Disaster and Risk Conference IDRC 2016 Integrative Risk Management - Towards Resilient Cities. 28 August - 01 September 2016 in Davos, Switzerland
6th International Disaster and Risk Conference IDRC 2016 Integrative Risk Management - Towards Resilient Cities. 28 August - 01 September 2016 in Davos, Switzerland
6th International Disaster and Risk Conference IDRC 2016 Integrative Risk Management - Towards Resilient Cities. 28 August - 01 September 2016 in Davos, Switzerland
Dynamic factors influencing the post-disaster resettlement success Lessons fr...Global Risk Forum GRFDavos
6th International Disaster and Risk Conference IDRC 2016 Integrative Risk Management - Towards Resilient Cities. 28 August - 01 September 2016 in Davos, Switzerland
Consequences of the Armed Conflict as a Stressor of Climate Change in Colombi...Global Risk Forum GRFDavos
6th International Disaster and Risk Conference IDRC 2016 Integrative Risk Management - Towards Resilient Cities. 28 August - 01 September 2016 in Davos, Switzerland
Disaster Risk Perception in Cameroon and its Implications for the Rehabilitat...Global Risk Forum GRFDavos
6th International Disaster and Risk Conference IDRC 2016 Integrative Risk Management - Towards Resilient Cities. 28 August - 01 September 2016 in Davos, Switzerland
Systematic Knowledge Sharing of Natural Hazard Damages in Public-private Part...Global Risk Forum GRFDavos
6th International Disaster and Risk Conference IDRC 2016 Integrative Risk Management - Towards Resilient Cities. 28 August - 01 September 2016 in Davos, Switzerland
Exploring the Effectiveness of Humanitarian NGO-Private Sector Collaborations...Global Risk Forum GRFDavos
6th International Disaster and Risk Conference IDRC 2016 Integrative Risk Management - Towards Resilient Cities. 28 August - 01 September 2016 in Davos, Switzerland
Can UK Water Service Providers Manage Risk and Resilience as Part of a Multi-...Global Risk Forum GRFDavos
6th International Disaster and Risk Conference IDRC 2016 Integrative Risk Management - Towards Resilient Cities. 28 August - 01 September 2016 in Davos, Switzerland
A Holistic Approach Towards International Disaster Resilient Architecture by ...Global Risk Forum GRFDavos
6th International Disaster and Risk Conference IDRC 2016 Integrative Risk Management - Towards Resilient Cities. 28 August - 01 September 2016 in Davos, Switzerland
6th International Disaster and Risk Conference IDRC 2016 Integrative Risk Management - Towards Resilient Cities. 28 August - 01 September 2016 in Davos, Switzerland
Architecture as a Catalyst for Sustainable Development, Anna HERINGER
Managed Retreat for Climate Change Adaptation and Disaster Risk Reduction A Comparison of Three Coastal Megacities, Brent DOBERSTEIN
1. Managed retreat for climate
change adaptation and disaster
risk reduction: a comparison of
three coastal megacities
Brent Doberstein, Alexandra Rutledge, Idowu Ajibade & Anne Tadgell
1
2. Overview
• Summary of research: “Coastal Cities at Risk
(CCaR): Building Adaptive Capacity for Managing
Climate Change in Coastal Megacities” ($ Canadian
IDRC).
• Research question: To what extent is managed
retreat being used as part of megacities’ climate
change adaptation (CCA) ‘toolkit’?
▫ Managed retreat in CCA policy or practice
• 3 Case studies
▫ Lagos, Manila and Vancouver
▫ Research methods
▫ Cross-case comparison
• Conclusions
2
3. What is managed retreat?
• One of the generic CCA ‘tools’
• …any strategic decision to withdraw, relocate
or abandon private or public assets at risk of
climate change related (coastal) hazards (after BC
Min. of Environment 2013)
▫ Flooding, Erosion, Sea level rise & Storm surge
3
5. Lagos: Extreme vulnerability to CC
impacts
• Flat topography and low elevation
• High population
• Widespread poverty
• Weak institutional structures
• Increasing incidence of extreme flooding
(Source: UCCRN 2009)
5
6. Projected sea level rise for Lagos
source: Center for Climate Systems Research, Columbia University.
Projection of 5cm to 50cm sea level rise (Mehrotra et al., 2009)
6
5-50cm
7. Managed retreat in CCA Policies?
Limited evidence of
managed retreat in formal
policy
“Relocating vulnerable populations”
(Elias & Omojola 2015)
Practicing the opposite of
managed retreat!
Expansion of urban dev. on
Atlantic ocean
City administrators: land
reclamation & coastal
development the best CCA/DDR
response...
Land reclamation for wealth
creation
o Eko Atlantic city project
o “…commercial and financial epicenter
of West Africa by 2020”
Photo credit: EkoAtlantic.com 7
Storm surge-related erosion rates
of >30m/yr…
8. The rich can stay but poor must relocate
Forcible eviction of slum dwellers
Often no compensation
Often not for climate change
reasons
8
9. Lagos Metropolitan Development &
Governance Project (WB-funded)
9
• Resettlement of >1900 flood-prone informal homes
in Badia East in February 2013
▫ 3.2 ha site
▫ Flood drainage canal + new access road
• ‘managed retreat’ or “CCA” not mentioned in
planning report
▫ Appears to achieve the same end (removing
settlements from areas prone to CC hazards)
10. Lagos: Barriers to wider application of
managed retreat
• Political hesitancy over CCA (lack of policy directives)
• Poverty & inadequate CCA funding
• Population explosion and land shortages
• Jurisdictional conflict & State/local disconnect
• Concentration of opportunities in city-centre
• Limited information on future risks & vulnerability
10
12. Manila: Extreme vulnerability to CC
impacts
• Multiple flood hazards
▫ Coastal
▫ Riverine
▫ Lagoonal
• Sea Level Rise
• Coastal erosion
• High population
• Widespread poverty
• Annual typhoons
12
13. Managed retreat in CCA policies?
• Significant CCA Policy commitments
• Philippines: “Adaptation Pioneer”(Stockholm Environment
Institute 2016):
• CCA Policies (SEI 2016):
▫ Climate Change Act of 2009 (RA 9729)
▫ National Framework Strategy on Climate Change (2010–
2022)
▫ National Climate Change Action Plan (2011–2028)
• Indirect support for managed retreat
▫ “Community-based CCA”
▫ “DRR through CCA”
• …no direct mention of managed retreat in
formal policy
13
14. Managed Retreat as current CCA/DRR
practice?
• Project: Securing the Safety
of Informal Settler Families in
Metro Manila (SSISF) Project
• 50B PHP (~$1.1B USD)
• Safer housing options for
informal settlers living within
3m of flood-prone rivers
• Community-led “People’s
Plan”
▫ Community-planned
resettlement
▫ In-city, mid-rise buildings
• NGOs providing assistance
14
15. Manila: Barriers to wider application
of managed retreat
• Lack of policy guidance
• Poverty & livelihood locations
• Land availability
• Political complexity: 17 jurisdictions metro Manila
15
17. Vancouver: High vulnerability to CC
impacts
• Sea Level Rise
• Storm surge
• Coastal erosion
• Enhanced flooding
▫ Coastal
▫ Riverine
17
18. Managed retreat in CCA policies?
• Supported at Provincial & Municipal levels
▫ BC Provincial Government recommends consideration of both
structural & non-structural adaptation – including retreat
▫ Option in Climate Change Adaptation Strategy (City of
Vancouver, 2012)
▫ Option in Sea Level Rise Adaptation Primer (BC Min. of
Environment 2013)
18
19. Managed Retreat as current CCA/DRR
practice?
• No examples of climate change-related
managed retreat…
• Landslide retreat
• Flood/erosion related retreat
▫ Lion’s Gate water treatment plant relocation
19Lion’s Gate water treatment plant relocation
20. Map of shelter needs for 1m SLR & 500
yr storm
Source: Coastal Risk Assessment Report, 2014
20
…areas where managed
retreat would reduce storm
damage & evacuation
needs
21. Vancouver: Barriers to Managed
Retreat
• Waterfront land values
• Landowner legal challenges
• Political will
• High density urban landscape and valuable assets
21
22. Vancouver: Barriers to Managed
Retreat
• Policy continuity:
ProvincialMunicipalNeighbourhood
• Lack of “location based CCA strategies”
• Social costs/ loss of sense of place
• Time and uncertainty
• Lack of leadership
22
23. Cross-Case Comparison
LAGOS MANILA VANCOUVER
Managed retreat in
CCA Policy?
Managed retreat in
CCA practice?
Managed retreat
for hazard/DRR?
23
24. Conclusions
• Managed retreat CCA policyfacilitates practice
• Managed retreat practice is going on in all 3
cities, but under other names
▫ ‘flood resettlement’
▫ ‘flood relocation’
▫ ‘landslide rezoning’
• Encouraging trends
▫ Community-led CCA (Philippines)
▫ CCA policy (Vancouver)
▫ Post-disaster retreat (all 3 cities)
24