Proactive mitigation strategies like Everglades restoration are needed to counteract sea level rise in Florida in the long run. Reactive barriers will still be necessary in the short term to protect against coastal damage from storms and flooding. A combination of proactive and reactive strategies is recommended, including continuing Everglades restoration projects and updating infrastructure, while also maintaining some reactive barriers. Everglades restoration provides significant economic benefits compared to costs and helps mitigate effects of sea level rise like saltwater intrusion.

1. Proactive mitigation strategies
in combination with reactive barriers:
Counteracting Sea Level Rise
Arthur R Marshall Foundation for the
Everglades 2014 Summer Interns:
Paul Boynton, Jessica Huffman, Janna Ellis Kepley, Cheng-Tung Liu,
Morgan Mooney, Nigel Woodfork
Sea Level Rise Symposium, Oxbridge Academy of the Palm
Beaches.
July 25, 2014
theresilientearth.com

2. ● Increasing global
temperatures will have
impacts around the
world
• Sea level rise (SLR)
-Polar melt
-Thermal expansion
Sea Level Rise (SLR)
www.rtcc.org
www.epa.org

3. NOAA 2012 Global SLR Projection
● 2 feet by 2050
● 6.6 feet by 2100
Parris 2012
NOAA
http://jurnalpedia.com/

4. Florida
● FL particularly susceptible to SLR
● Low elevation
● Porous limestone foundation
www.globalwarmingart.com www.nsf.org

5. Florida
Saltwater Intrusion
http://img2-3.timeinc.net/toh/i/steps/water-filter-toutX.jpg
kanat.jsc.vsc.edu
kanat.jsc.vsc.edu

6. Florida Population
Source (https://www.broward.org/NaturalResources/ClimateChange/Documents/Florida-2060-Report-Final.pdf)

7. Saltwater Inundation in Delray
Saltwater intrusion & SLR inundation map for Delray Beach
Data Source ( FIU-IHRC Lidar;; SFWMD, 2009)

8. Florida Saltwater Intrusion
sofia.usgs.gov
-Saltwater intrusion line
close to our wellfields
-10% of West Palm Beach
well turned from fresh to
brackish water

9. Florida
SLR already apparent
Dodge Island, Miami during a high tide Duval Street, Key West during a high tide
A1A in Florida during Hurricane
Sandy
themoderatevoice.com www.floridatrend.com
darkroom.baltimoresun.com

10. Florida Everglades
townsofusa.com
All other pictures: Jessica Huffman

11. ● The Central and Southern Florida (C&SF) Project
● Everglades drainage/ channelization
● Performed its authorized functions well.
● Unintended adverse effects on the unique and diverse environment
Florida Everglades
Source (Following the Flow:
An Everglades Journey, n.d.)

12. Florida EvergladesEffects of Channelization
● Degraded ecosystem
● Poor water quality
● Diminished flow
● Increased peat loss/ soil erosion
● Decreased storm protection
● Less SLR counteraction
Source (Agronomy.org)
www.ecouterre.com
www.forestsandrangelands.govsofia.usgs.gov
fas.org

13. Florida EvergladesEffects of Channelization
Decreased
counteraction to SLR
● Compounds negative effects of
the already degraded Everglades
ecosystem
● Rapid habitat conversions
● Not sufficient adaptation time
● Rapid salt water intrusion
www.miami.edu
www.miami.edu

14. SLR Mitigation Strategy Needed
Two types of strategies………..
1) Reactive Barrier Protection
2) Proactive Mitigation

15. ● consist of man-made structures
● must be updated with any additional sea level rise
● short term solutions to long term environmental issues
● potential to become very costly to taxpayers
Reactive Barrier Protection
Source (Tideflex)

16. Reactive barriers that address saltwater intrusion can be replaced or
substituted by proactive mitigation
1. Rapid Infiltration Basin System (RIBS)
2. Bioswale
3. Injection-Extraction Wells
Reactive barriers that address freshwater and saltwater urban flooding
are still necessary with proactive mitigation
1. One-way Tidal Valves
2. Seawall-slurry Wall System
Two Categories of Reactive Barriers
Inundation vs Saltwater Intrusion

17. Rapid Infiltration Basin System
● Consists of reclamation plant, pumping station, pipes, RIB
● Provides water for agriculture and slows saltwater intrusion
● High initial and O&M costs, extensive land use
Source (Water Conserv II, n.d.)

18. Bioswale
● A gravity-fed ditch with vegetation and permeable bottom
● Ease demands on drainage canals and recharges aquifer
● Low cost but must be properly constructed and maintained
Source (NRCS, 2007)
Portland, Oregon - Hawthorn Ridge bioswale
Source (Oregon DEQ,
2003)

19. Injection-Extraction Wells
● Well pair pulls water near coast & injects freshwater inland
● Slows saltwater intrusion & prolongs groundwater wellfield
● Temporary fix that must constantly be replaced with SLR
Hallandale Beach

20. Urban Flooding and Coastal Protection
Source (New York Times, 2013)
Source (Florida Trend, 2013)

21. One-way Tidal Valves
●Rubber “duck bill” structure that controls flow rate and prevents
backflow
●Prevents urban flooding
●Short-term solution
Source (Tideflex)
Riviera Isles, FL - 17 valves

22. Coastal Protection
●Concrete seawall
●Protect coastlines against seawater flooding
●Require maintenance and frequent repair
●SLR will render these ineffective as subsurface water moves further
inland on the land side of the wall
● Cement-bentonite slurry wall
●Subsurface barrier to prevent seepage of seawater
●Constructed trench that is filled with the slurry mixture
Source (New York Times, 2006) Source (U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, 2006)

23. SLR Mitigation Strategy Needed
Two types of strategies………..
1) Reactive Barrier Protection
2) Proactive Mitigation

24. Proactive Mitigation Strategies
● Long term solutions
● Minimize cost to the public
● Increase ecological resilience: ability of
a system to withstand/ adapt to change
Examples:
1) Updating coastal infrastructure
2) Everglades Restoration (CERP/CEPP)

25. Proactive Mitigation Strategies
Updating Bridge
Permitting
Requirements
● The potential for bridges to
become obstacles
● The potential for
previously non-navigable
waters to become
navigable.
Photo courtesy of the U.S. Coast Guard.

26. Bridge Permitting
● 1972 Waterway Safety Act
● The problem – Administrative Bridge Manual
●“Potential Sea Level Rise”
Photo courtesy of the U.S. Coast Guard.

27. Bridge Permitting
●Sunshine Skyway Bridge
●$1 billion per year in lost revenue for Port
of Tampa Bay
●The Mathews Bridge, Jacksonville, FL
●$30 million
Scanlan, 2013

28. Data Source ( FIU-IHRC Lidar; SFWMD, 2009)

29. Bridge Permitting
● The United States Coast Guard Bridge Permit
Program needs to be updated to account for
projected sea level rise.
● Save money in the long run
●Bridges would not have to be raised with each
additional rise in sea level.

30. Proactive Mitigation Strategies
Everglades Restoration & CERP
●Recognizes the system’s natural ability to counteract sea level rise and the
other subsequent effects
●Has over 68 projects, will cost $19 billion will over 30+ years
●Goal: capture fresh water that now flows unused to the ocean & redirect it
south to recharge our drinking water aquifers and push back on saltwater
intrusion.

31. Everglades Restoration & SLR
Keeping the Wetlands Wet
● Sheet flow recharges freshwater aquifer and extends
freshwater head
●pushes back on saltwater head
●reduces saltwater intrusion
Source: USGS (2003)

32. Everglades Restoration & SLR
Keeping the Wetlands Wet
● Peat /muck, exposed to air oxidizes to release CO2, and
subsides (compacts).
● Since 1924 - 6ft subsidence
● Keeping water in the system
halts/slows peat subsidence,
keeping land HIGHER, keeping
saltwater from flowing in above.
Source: Agronomy.org
Source: http://floridastage.typepad.com/

33. ● Restored sheet flow maintains mangrove habitat at the coast.
● Mangroves protect shorelines from storm damage.
● Mangrove habitat is retreating north due to saltwater intrusion.
Source: National Geographic (2010).
Everglades Restoration & SLR
Keeping the Wetlands Wet

34. ● CERP reduces water sent to tide in North Florida
● 35,000 acres of Stormwater treatment areas clean the water
before we can send it south into our aquifers.
● Dual Benefit:
Maintaining endangered
habitat and $3.5* billion/year!
Taylor Creek STA
Everglades Restoration & SLR
Keeping the Wetlands Wet
*Adjusted for inflation. $3 bil, 2006.

35. [Long Term Mitigation]
● Everglades restoration plans (CERP) can counteract the
effects of SLR (salt water intrusion)
● Southeast Florida is still in danger of coastal damage due to
their current lack of natural barriers (e.g. sand dune systems,
marshes)
[Short Term Adaptation]
● Reactive barriers that protect against specific threats (e.g.
subsequent coastal damage due to erosion, tidal flooding,
and inundation to coastal infrastructure) are still needed.
Everglades Restoration & SLR
Keeping the Wetlands Wet

36. Everglades Restoration & SLR
Keeping the Wetlands Wet
Future flow
● Mather Economics shows that Everglades
restoration provides a four-to-one
economic benefit for every dollar invested
in restoration projects.
● A 4:1 ratio = $76 billion in benefits for $19
billion in cost.
●This cost effective, proactive mitigation strategy, should be used
in combination with necessary reactive strategies, to buy
technology time to adapt to increasing sea level rise.
FollowingtheFlow:AnEvergladesJourneyn.d.

37. Cost Analysis
Recall that Everglades Restoration...
Recall that Everglades Restoration provides $76 billion in value for a cost of $630
million per year over 30 years.

38. Cost Analysis

39. Cost Analysis

40. Recommendations
Sea level is rising and saltwater intrusion is a major issue,
therefore we recommend:
● Engage in proactive strategies, i.e. CERP and
updating infrastructure, instead of solely employing
reactive barriers.
● Increases cost efficiency
● Buys time for ecosystem and urban
adaptation
● Continue to use some reactive barriers that provide
protection against urban flooding and coastal
erosion.

41. Action Plan - Regional & Local
● Regional: Apply pressure on state government officials
and the U.S. Army Corp of Engineers to appropriate
and implement the remaining CERP projects
● Local: Support Everglades Restoration and CERP
through contacting and supporting legislative members.
● Both: Update infrastructure requirements to account for
the most likely scenario of sea level rise: 6.6 feet of SLR
by 2100.

43. Acknowledgments
● Arthur R. Marshall Foundation for the Everglades
(ARMF)
● U.S. Coast Guard (USCG)
● U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE)
● South Florida Water Management District (SFWMD)
● Mary Crider

44. Questions?
Source (www.huffingtonpost.com)
Arthur R Marshall Foundation for the Everglades 2014 Summer Interns:
Paul Boynton, Jessica Huffman, Janna Ellis Kepley, Cheng-Tung Liu, Morgan Mooney, Nigel Woodfork
SIP@artmarshall.org

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51. The following slides provide additional
information.
End Of Presentation

52. Overview

54. Polar Melt

55. Thermal expansion