Malaria, its pathology, epidemiology and clinical manifestationsAiswarya Thomas
discussed about what is malaria, what are the causetive organisms of malaria, what are the reasons for malaria, what are the symptoms of malaria, how can it be diagnosed, what are the risk factors, how can it be prevented etc. also dicusses about the life cycle of malaria
Malaria, its pathology, epidemiology and clinical manifestationsAiswarya Thomas
discussed about what is malaria, what are the causetive organisms of malaria, what are the reasons for malaria, what are the symptoms of malaria, how can it be diagnosed, what are the risk factors, how can it be prevented etc. also dicusses about the life cycle of malaria
Malaria is a life-threatening disease caused by parasites that are transmitted to people through the bites of infected female Anopheles mosquitoes. It is preventable and curable.
this lecture has focus on definition,history of malaria,causative agents,life cycle,mode of transmission,epidemeolog,susceptibility,incubation period ,prevention and control
Malaria is a life-threatening disease caused by parasites that are transmitted to people through the bites of infected female Anopheles mosquitoes. It is preventable and curable.
this lecture has focus on definition,history of malaria,causative agents,life cycle,mode of transmission,epidemeolog,susceptibility,incubation period ,prevention and control
The nucleotide structure ,consists of
the nitrogenous base ,attached to the 1’ carbon of deoxyribose
,
the phosphate group attached to the 5’ carbon of deoxyribose
,
a free hydroxyl group (-OH) ,at the 3’ carbon of deoxyribose,1. DNA HELICASES,
to separate the strand,
2. GYRASE (Topoisomerases),
unwind the supercoil,
3. Single strand binding protein (SSBP)
, activity of helicase,
keep two strand separate,
protect DNA from nuclease degradation,
release after replication,
Actual base excess is the concentration of titratable base when the blood is titrated with a strong base or acid to a plasma pH of 7.40 at a pCO2 of 40 mmHg (5.3 kPa) and 37 °C at the actual oxygen saturation.
“ Base excess” is the absolute deviation (in mmol/L) of the buffer base amount from the normal level in blood.
“Buffer base” , represents the , blood’s total buffer capacity, comprising the bicarbonate, hemoglobin, plasma protein, and ,phosphate buffer systems ,normal buffer base level
,Infectious disease , involving mainly the , inflammation of , leptomeninges (aracnoid-piamater)
If , infection spread to brain parenchyma , it is meningoencephalitis ,
It may be caused by bacteria, virus, fungi, parasites
Pyrexia,
Headache,
Meningism,
Photophobia,
Kernig’s sign ,
Brudunski’s sign ,,
Lactate dehydrogenase: ,
the sensitivity and specificity 70-85% depending on the cutoff value. As with ,lactate LD activity ,is also significantly higher in ,bacterial meningitis ,than in ,aseptic meningitis.,
CSF lysozyme, activity is significantly increased in patients with both bacterial and , tuberculous meningitis.
Hypersensitivity, or allergy,
* An immune response results in exaggerated reactions harmful to the host ,
* There are four types of hypersensitivity reactions ,
Type I, Type II, Type III, Type IV ,
* Types I, II and III are antibody mediated ,
* Type IV is cell mediated,
An antigen reacts with cell fixed antibody , (Ig E) ,
leading to release of soluble molecules,
An antigen (allergen) ,
soluble molecules (mediators) ,
* Soluble molecules cause the manifestation of disease,
* Systemic life threatening, anaphylactic shock ,
* Local atopic allergies , bronchial asthma,
and food allergies
cerebrovascular disease , denotes any abnormality of the brain caused by a, pathologic process, involving , blood vessels.
The three basic processes are
thrombotic occlusion of vessels,
(2) embolic occlusion of vessels,
(3) vascular rupture.
Cerebrovascular diseases include the three major categories:
1.Thrombosis, 2.Embolism, and 3.Hemorrhage.
. Vasculitis, major cause of thrombosis
APOPTOSIS , DESCRIPTION, CELL INJURY,
Cell injury that damage DNA ,
loss of growth factors. ,
Direct action of cytokines (e.g., tumor necrosis factor) ,
Immune system action (e.g., natural killer cells or cytotoxic T lymphocytes).
Viral infection (eg HIV, Hepatitis)
, Sublethal damage to the cells , by ionizing radiation, hyperthermia, toxins
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
2. An ancient disease : substantial toll of human life and
sufferings
Originated from Italian word Mala (bad) and ayia(air)
Latin word : Marshy
So
, malaria : disease caused by heat humidity and marshy areas
1st discovered : Alphonse Laveran : 1880 in RBC of patient
(Algeria)
3. Transmitted by female Anopheles mosquito
Common insect borne infection
Most deadly vector borne disease in the world
Life threatening parasitic problem : global problem worldwide
40% of world’s population : (2.4) billion risk
400-900 million people are affected
6. P.vivax and P.falciparum : account 95% of infection
Some estimate : P.vivax : accounts 80% of infections : widely
distributed in tropics, subtropics and temperate zones
11. 1.Pre-erythrocytic Schizogony
1st stage of human cycle
Sporozoites : doesn’t directly enter into RBC : so k/as PES
occurs : inside parenchyma of cells
Fully developed schizont measures 42µm : contains large no of
merozoites
Smaller micromerozoites : enter into circulation : to start ES
Larger macromerozoites : Re-enter liver cells : to start Exo ES
Some sporozoites : remain dormant in liver : Hypnozoites : cause relapse
12. Duration of this phase :
P.falciparum : 6 days
P.vivax : 8 days
P.ovale : 9days
P. malariae :13-16days
13. 2. Erythrocytic schizogony
Infected liver ruptures : merozoites release : invade RBC’s
Parasite reside the RBC and passes through :
RBC Trophozoite Schizont Merozoite
P.vivax : greater tendency for younger erythrocytes and
reticulocytes
P.falciparum : any age
P.malariae : old
P.ovale : Young
14. Parasitised red cells : enlarged : cells mature with parasites :
show stippling(formation of small dot)
P.vivax : Schuffner’s dot
P.falciparum : Maurer’s dot (large red spots)
P.malariae : Ziemann’s dot (few tiny dots)
P.ovale : Schuffner’s dot
15. Trophozoite : Have active amoeboid
2 forms :
1. Ring form (early trophozoite)
Nucleus : thinner side of ring
2. Amoeboid form (late trophozoite)
Presence of pseudopodia
Contains malarial pigment
16. Schizont
Appears after a period of 36-40 hours
Full grown trophozoite : ready to divide
Round in shape
Lost all amoeboid activities
Nucleus is large and lie at periphery
2 form :
Immature schizont (Nucleus not divided)
Mature schizont : Nucleus divided
17. 3.Gametogony
After ES : some merozoites : give rise to gametocytes : sexual function
after leaving man host
Occurs inside capillaries of bone marrow and spleen
Mature gametocytes : appears in peripheral blood
Microgametocyte (male) : boarder, shorter with blunt ends
Macrogametocyte (female): longer, narrower, pointed ends
Changes in infected RBC’s (increase in size, pallor and different dots )
18. 4.Exo-erythrocytic Schizogony
Resembles PE form in morphology
Maintained upto 3 yrs and independent of ES
Short term and long term relapses (deteriorate after a period of
improvement)
Sporozoite PES Development of hypnozoites
ES EES
primary malaria Relapses
19. Relapse :
in case of P.vivax and P.ovale
due to the presence of hypnozoites
Recrudescence :
situation : RBC infection is not eliminated by the immune
system or by therapy
No of RBCs begin to increase again with subsequent clinical
symptoms
All species may cause
20. Sexual cycle of malarial parasite
Starts in human body : formation of gametocytes
Mosquito : blood meal : ingests both sexual and asexual forms
Asexual forms : digested
Sexual forms (gametocyte) : undergo further development
Blood of human carrier : must contain 12 gametocytes/mm3
21. No of female gametocytes more than male gametocytes
1st phase : mid-gut of stomach
Nucleus of each male gametocyte : 8 long flagellates(microgamete)
: highly motile
Process : observed : outside mosquito : thick film: exflagellation
Female gametocyte : don't divide : Macrogamete
Fertilizes : Zygote : motion less: later becomes motile : Ookinite
22. Ookinite : migrates to stomach wall : oocyst
Large no of sporozoites inside oocyst
When fully mature : oocyst ruptures : liberates sporozoites :
spread all parts : salivary gland
Ready to be transmitted : when it takes blood meal
23. MOT : bite of Anopheles mosquito
Extrinsic Incubation period :
different periods for the development of sexual cycle at given
temp
Varies : 8 to 21 days
Incubation period
P. falciparum : 12 days(9-14 days)
P. vivax : 14 days (8-17 days)
P. malariae : 28 days (18-40 days)
P. ovale :17 days (16-18days)
24. Main features : fever peaks followed by anemia and splenomegaly
Mild to severe and complicated :
According to species of parasite present
Patient’s state of immunity
Certain disease like : malnutrition and other disease
Severe in children and pregnancy
25. Main clinical features
1.Prodromal period
Malarial paroxysm :preceed by prodromal period
Non-specific symptoms : malaise, myalgia, headache and
fatigue
Some localized symptoms :chest pain, abdominal pain and
arthalgia
2. Malarial paroxysm
Classical manifestation of acute malaria
Characterised by fever chills and rigors
26. Primary fever
Typical attack 3 distinct stages: cold stage, hot stage and
sweating stage
a. Cold stage :
Onset with lassitude (lethargy), headache, nausea and chilly
sensations followed in an hour or so by rigors
b. Hot stage :
Patient feels hot and the skin is hot and dry to touch
Headache intense
Lasts for 30 min to 6 hrs
27. c. Sweating stage
Profuse sweating follows the hot stage
Continues for hour or so
Temp drops rapidly to normal
Skin is cool and moist
So, primary attack follows a febrile interval of 48-72hrs
28. 3.Anemia
Normocytic normochromic anemia
Severe in falciparum malaria
4. Hepatospleenomegaly
Spleen : palpable after 2nd weeks of fever
Severe in P.falciparum : so K/as malignat malaria
5. Malaria in pregnancy
Miscarriage or abortion
6.Malaria in children
More severe than as in adults
May develop convulsion (muscular contarction) during malarial
attack
Dehydration: as a result of vomiting and sweating.
30. 1.Black water fever
Repeated infection of P.falciparum: inadequately treated
with quinine
Massive hemolysis followed by fever and
haemoglobinuria(black coloured urine),hyperbilirubenemia
Complication : uraemia (blood poisoning), renal failure
,anemia, pigment calculi
31. 2.Pernicious anemia (Cerebral malaria or algid malaria)
May be different forms :
a. Pernicious malaria affecting nervous system : cerebral malaria
b. Pernicious malaria affecting GIT system (algid malaria)
c. Pernicious types affecting cardiovascular, respiratory and
genitourinary tract
32. Specimen :
Blood (before antimalarial drug)
Earlobe or finger in adults
Toe in infants
Collected : peak fever
More imp : frequently examination of blood smear
33. 1.Light microscopy
2. Fluorescence microscopy
3. Quantitative buffy coat
1.Light microscope
Blood smear
Gold standard method
Most commonly used
Depends upon : demonstration of parasite in stained PBS
Ring forms and gametocyte : commonly seen in PBS
34. 1.Thick smear
Smear preparation
Dehaemoglobinisation with d/w
Dried and stained with Romanowsky’s stain : Leishman stain.
Geimsa stain
Uses
To detect parasite
Demonstrating malarial pigment
35.
36. P. falciparum : (only ring and crescent form)
Many ring forms
Crescent forms gametocyte
Malarial pigments : inside the blood
P. vivax
Trophozoites, Schizont and Gametocytes can be seen in PBS
Ring form : nucleus more thicker
Gametocyte : spherical or globular
Schufnner’s dot
37.
38.
39.
40.
41. Thin smear
Rapidly dried
Fixed in alcohol and stained
Uses
Detecting parasites
Identify species
P. falciparum
Ring form alone or along with gametocytes
Multiple rings in individual RBC’s
Presence of Maurer’s dot
Banana shaped gametocytes