Pathogenesis of filariasis
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The document summarizes the pathogenesis and clinical manifestations of filariasis caused by Wuchereria bancrofti. It describes two main types: classical filariasis caused by blockage of lymph vessels by adult worms, leading to lymph stasis and elephantiasis; and occult filariasis caused by hypersensitivity to microfilarial antigens without lymphatic involvement, presenting with eosinophilia and pulmonary symptoms. Classical filariasis presents as asymptomatic microfilaremia, acute adenolymphangitis, lymphedema or elephantiasis of limbs. Occult filariasis manifests as tropical pulmonary eosinophilia.
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THIS ppt contains information about Trypanosoma and leishmania
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DVT is caused by Virchow's triad of endothelial injury, hypercoagulability, and stasis of blood flow. Passengers on long flights are at risk due to immobility. Symptoms may include calf pain and swelling. Preventive measures include leg stretching. DVT can lead to pulmonary embolism and be asymptomatic. Treatment involves anticoagulation drugs and surgery in severe cases.
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Cryptorchidism is the failure of one or both testes to descend into the scrotum. It occurs in about 1% of males and can lead to testicular atrophy and increased risk of testicular cancer. Undescended testes may be due to hormonal abnormalities, testicular abnormalities, or mechanical problems. Orchiopexy, or surgical placement of undescended testes into the scrotum, may help prevent atrophy but not necessarily decrease cancer risk. Testicular atrophy is a regressive change seen as the end stage of various conditions like inflammation, irradiation, malnutrition, and cryptorchidism. It is characterized microscopically by tubular hyalinization and interstitial fibrosis
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1. Tuberculosis of the larynx commonly affects the posterior larynx, causing submucosal tubercles that can ulcerate, forming undermined ulcers. Symptoms include throat pain, hoarseness, and dysphagia. Diagnosis involves chest X-ray, sputum examination, laryngoscopy, and biopsy. Treatment consists of anti-tubercular drugs, vocal rest, and nutrition supplements.
2. Scleroma of the larynx is caused by Klebsiella rhinoscleromatis and commonly involves the subglottic region, presenting as a smooth red swelling. Diagnosis involves biopsy and culture. Treatment includes antibiotics, steroids, and surgery for stenosis
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This document discusses the structure and functions of skin. It provides details on the layers of the epidermis and dermis. Various skin appendages like hair follicles and sebaceous glands are also mentioned. The document then discusses several common dermatological conditions like psoriasis, lichen planus, bacterial and fungal infections, blistering disorders, and tumors of the skin. Macroscopic and microscopic features of these conditions are described along with their pathogenesis and clinical presentation. Common benign tumors of the skin like seborrheic keratosis and premalignant lesions like actinic keratosis are also summarized.
Mucormycosis
Mucormycosis is a rare but aggressive fungal infection caused by fungi of the class Zygomycetes, including Rhizopus, Mucor, and Absidia. It mainly affects immunocompromised patients or those with uncontrolled diabetes. The fungi thrive in high glucose, acidic conditions. Common forms include rhinocerebral affecting the sinuses and orbit, pulmonary, gastrointestinal, cutaneous from skin injuries, and disseminated infection of multiple organs. Diagnosis involves tissue biopsy and culture. Treatment requires intravenous amphotericin B antifungal therapy and surgical debridement of infected tissues.
L15 amebiasis
1. Amebiasis is caused by Entamoeba histolytica and is transmitted through contaminated food, water, or direct person-to-person contact. It commonly involves the cecum and ascending colon, causing dysentery and liver abscesses. Metronidazole is the treatment.
2. Tuberculosis of the intestines is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis ingestion. It causes chronic inflammation and granuloma formation in the terminal ileum and lymph nodes. Morphology shows ulceration, granulomas, and fibrosis.
3. Typhoid fever is caused by Salmonella typhi or paratyphi. It primarily involves the terminal ileum, causing
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2. Tuberculosis of the intestines is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis ingestion. It causes chronic inflammation and granuloma formation in the terminal ileum and lymph nodes. Morphology shows ulceration, granulomas, and fibrosis.
3. Typhoid fever is caused by Salmonella typhi or Salmonella paratyphi. It involves the terminal ileum,
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Pathogenesis of filariasis
- 1. PATHOGENESIS OF FILARIA PREPARED BY : - KAUSHIK GHOSH
- 2. INTRODUCTION • INFECTION CAUSED BY W. BANCROFTI IS TERMED AS WUCHERERIASIS • DISEASE PRESENT AS • CLASSICAL FILARIASIS • OCCULT FILARIASIS
- 3. CLASSICAL FILARIASIS Occurs due to blockage of lymph vessels and lymph nodes by the adult worm. Blockage could be due to mechanical factors/allergic inflammatory reaction to worm antigens and secretions Affected lymph nodes and vessels are infiltrated with macrophages , eosinophils, lymphocytes and plasma cells The vessel wall gets thickened and the lumen narrowed / occluded leading to lymph stasis and dilatation of lymph vessels Leads to granuloma formations with subsequent severity and even calcification
- 4. Inflammatory changes damage the valves in lymph vessels , further aggravating lymph stasis Increased permeability of lymph vessel wall lead to leakage of protein rich lymph into tissues leading to typical hard pitting / browny Edelman of filariasis Invading fibroblast lay down fibrous tissues , producing non pitting gross oedema of elephantiasis . Recurrent secondary bacterial infections cause further damage
- 5. CLINICAL MANIFESTATION • MOST COMMONLY MANIFESTATION • ASYMPTOMATIC (SUB CLINICAL),MICROFILAREMIA • ACUTE ADENOLYMPHANGITIS (ADL) • CHRONIC LYMPHATIC DISEASE . • ASYMPTOMATIC MICROFILAREMIA • PATIENTS APPEAR ASYMPTOMATIC BUT HAVE • SUBCLINICAL DISEASE • MICROSCOPIC HEMATURIA / PROTEINURIA • DIALATED LYMPHATICS • IN MEN WITH W.BANCROFTI INFECTION SCROTAL LYMPHANGIOVARIX
- 6. ACUTE ADENOLYMPHANGITIS • CHARACTERISED BY HIGH GRADE FEVER • SUDDEN IN ONSET • WITH RIGORS • LAST FOR 2/3DAYS • LYMPHATIC INFLAMMATION (LYMPHANGITIS AND LYMPHADENITIS) • TRANSIENT LOCAL EDEMA • LYMPHANGITIS IS INFLAMED LYMPH VESSELS SEEN • AS RED STREAKS UNDERNEATH THE SKIN • FREQUENTLY INVOLVED LYMPHATICS ARE THAT OF TESTES AND SPERMATIC CORD .MAY ALSO BE ASSOCIATED WITH STREPTOCOCCAL INFECTION
- 8. • LYMPHADENITIS • INFLAMMATION OF LYMPH NODES • MOST COMMON AFFECTED BEING INGUINAL NODES FOLLOWED BY AXILLARY NODES • LYMPH NODE BECOME ENLARGED ,PAINFUL AND TENDER. • LYMPH EDEMA • FOLLOWS SUCCESSIVE ATTACKS OF LYMPHANGITIS AND STARTS AS SWELLING AROUND THE ANKLE , SPREADING TO THE BACK OF FOOT AND LEG • MAY ALSO AFFECT THE ARMS, BREAST, SCROTUM, VULVA AND ANY OTHER PART OF BODY .
- 9. LYMPHANGIOVARIX • DILATATION OF LYMPH VESSELS COMMONLY OCCURS IN INGUINAL , SCROTAL TESTICULAR AND ABDOMINAL SITES • THE LYMPHANGITIS AND LYMPH ADENITIS CAN INVOLVE BOTH THE UPPER AND LOWER EXTREMITIES IN BOTH BANCROFTIAN AND BRUGIAN FILARIASIS BUT INVOLVEMENT OF GENITAL LYMPHATIC OCCURS EXCLUSIVELY WITH W. BANCROFTI INFECTION.
- 10. HYDROCELE • COMMON MANIFESTATION • ACCUMULATION OF FLUID OCCURS DUE TO OBSTRUCTION OF LYMPH VESSELS OF SPERMATIC CORD AND BY EXUDATION FROM INFLAMED TESTES AND EPIDIDYMIS. • FLUID IS USUALLY CLEAR OR STRAW COLOURED BUT MAY BE CLOUDY,MILKY / HEMORRHAGIC.
- 11. LYMPHORRHAGIA • RUPTURE OF LYMPH VARIES LEADING TO RELEASE OF LYMPH OR CHYLE RESULTING IN CHYLURIA ,CHYLOUS DIARRHOEA,CHYLOUS ASCITES AND CYCLOTHORAX DEPENDING ON THE INVOLVED SITE.
- 12. ELEPHANTIASIS • DELAYED SEQUEL TO REPEATED LYMPHANGITIS, OBSTRUCTION AND LYMPEDEMA. • THERE IS NON PITTING BROWNY EDEMA WITH GROWTH OF NEW ADVENTITIOUS TISSUE AND THICKENED SKIN, CRACKS AND FISSURES WITH SECONDARY BACTERIAL OR FUNGAL INFECTION.
- 13. OCCULT FILARIASIS • OCCURS AS A RESULT OF HYPERSENSITIVITY REACTION TO MICROFILARIAL ANTIGENS, NOT DIRECTLY DUE TO LYMPHATIC INVOLVEMENT • MICROFILARIAE ARE NOT FOUND IN BLOOD , AS THEY ARE DAMAGED BY THE ALLERGIC INFLAMMATION IN THE TISSUES .
- 14. CLINICAL MANIFESTATION • MASSIVE EOSINOPHILIA (30-80%) • HEPATOSPLENOMEGALY • PULMONARY SYMPTOMS LIKE NOCTURNAL COUGH , DYSPNOEA AND ASTHMATIC WHEEZING • ALSO HAS BEEN REPORTED TO CAUSE ARTHRITIS, GLOMERULONEPHRITIS , THROMBOPHLEBITIS, TENOSYNOVITIS ETC. • CLASSICAL FEATURES OF LYMPHATIC FILARIASIS ARE ABSENT • MEYERS KOUWENAAR SYNDROME IS A SYNONYM FOR OCCULT FILARIASIS
- 15. TROPICAL PULMONARY EOSINOPHILIA • MANIFESTATION OF OCCULT FILARIASIS PRESENTS WITH • LOW GRADE FEVER , • LOSS OF WEIGHT AND • PULMONARY SYMPTOMS SUCH AS DRY NOCTURNAL COUGH ,DYSPNNEA AND ASTHMATIC WHEEZING • THERE IS A MARKED INCREASE IN EOSINOPHIL COUNT , WHICH MAY GO UP TO 50,000/MORE • CHEST X-RAY SHOWS MOTTLED SHADOWS SIMILAR TO MILIARY TUBERCULOSIS • ASSOCIATED WITH A HIGH LEVEL OF SERUM IMMUNOGLOBULIN (IGE) AND FILARIAL ANTIBODIES • CHILDREN AND YOUNG ADULTS ARE MORE COMMONLY AFFECTED IN AREAS OF ENDEMIC FILARIASIS INCLUDING THE INDIAN SUB CONTINENT • CONDITIONS RESPONDS TO TREATMENT WITH DIETHYLCARBAMAZINE (DEC) WHICH ACTS ON MICRO FILARIAE.