Malaria remains a major global health problem, infecting hundreds of millions each year. It is caused by Plasmodium parasites transmitted via mosquito bites. The malaria lifecycle involves both sexual reproduction in mosquitoes and asexual reproduction in humans. In humans, parasites first develop in the liver before infecting and multiplying in red blood cells. Left untreated, malaria can cause severe complications like cerebral malaria, respiratory distress, or low blood sugar. Diagnosis involves examining blood smears under a microscope or using rapid antigen tests. Prevention focuses on avoiding mosquito bites through clothing, bed nets, and repellents.
Please find the power point on Enteric fever and its management. I tried to present it on understandable way and all the contents are reviewed by experts and from very reliable references. Thank you
Please find the power point on Enteric fever and its management. I tried to present it on understandable way and all the contents are reviewed by experts and from very reliable references. Thank you
Dengue virus: A global human threat:
you'll get full details of dengue fever, like an introduction, etiopathogenesis, classification, orofacial features etc.
Malaria is a life-threatening disease caused by parasites that are transmitted to people through the bites of infected female Anopheles mosquitoes. It is preventable and curable.
The genus Shigella exclusively infects human intestine.
Shigella dysenteriae is the causative agent of bacillary dysentery or shigellosis in humans.
It is a diarrheal illness which is characterized by frequent passage of blood stained mucopurulent stools.
The four important species of the genus Shigella are:
Shigella dysenteriae
Shigella flexneri
Shigella sonnei
Shigella boydii.
Echinococcus granulosus, also called hydatid worm belongs to class Cestoda
It causes cystic echinococcosis in livestock and humans being intermediate hosts and parasitize the small intestines of adult canids
It is a zoonotic disease
Definitive hosts are carnivorous predators like dogs, wolves, foxes and lions. While sheep, goat, cattle, pigs and rodents are intermediate hosts. Birds and arthropods act as mechanical vectors
Dengue virus: A global human threat:
you'll get full details of dengue fever, like an introduction, etiopathogenesis, classification, orofacial features etc.
Malaria is a life-threatening disease caused by parasites that are transmitted to people through the bites of infected female Anopheles mosquitoes. It is preventable and curable.
The genus Shigella exclusively infects human intestine.
Shigella dysenteriae is the causative agent of bacillary dysentery or shigellosis in humans.
It is a diarrheal illness which is characterized by frequent passage of blood stained mucopurulent stools.
The four important species of the genus Shigella are:
Shigella dysenteriae
Shigella flexneri
Shigella sonnei
Shigella boydii.
Echinococcus granulosus, also called hydatid worm belongs to class Cestoda
It causes cystic echinococcosis in livestock and humans being intermediate hosts and parasitize the small intestines of adult canids
It is a zoonotic disease
Definitive hosts are carnivorous predators like dogs, wolves, foxes and lions. While sheep, goat, cattle, pigs and rodents are intermediate hosts. Birds and arthropods act as mechanical vectors
Protozoan parasites characterized by the production of spore-like oocysts containing sporozoites were known as sporozoa.
They live intracellularly, at least during part of their life cycle
"Unveiling Malaria: Understanding, Prevention, and Treatment"MMariSelvam4
"Malaria: A Persistent Global Health Challenge"
Malaria, a mosquito-borne disease caused by the Plasmodium parasite, continues to be a major public health concern worldwide. This presentation sheds light on the multifaceted nature of malaria, addressing its prevalence, transmission, impact on global health, and ongoing efforts towards prevention and treatment.
Despite significant progress in recent years, malaria remains prevalent in many parts of the world, especially in sub-Saharan Africa, where it disproportionately affects vulnerable populations such as children and pregnant women. The disease is transmitted through the bite of infected Anopheles mosquitoes, making vector control a crucial aspect of malaria prevention.
Efforts to combat malaria encompass a range of strategies, including the distribution of insecticide-treated bed nets, indoor residual spraying, and the development of effective antimalarial drugs. Additionally, ongoing research focuses on innovative approaches such as genetic modification of mosquitoes and the development of vaccines to further advance malaria control efforts.
The burden of malaria extends beyond its immediate health impact, affecting socioeconomic development in endemic regions and exacerbating health disparities. Achieving malaria eradication requires a concerted effort involving governments, international organizations, healthcare providers, researchers, and communities.
By raising awareness, advocating for increased funding and resources, and implementing evidence-based interventions, we can work towards the ultimate goal of eradicating malaria and ensuring health equity for all. Together, we can make significant strides in reducing the global burden of this preventable and treatable disease.
This presentation includes definition, epidemiology, etiology, pathophysiology (life cycle), diagnosis, clinical features of uncomplicated & severe malaria and treatment of malaria.
This presentation gives a brief information on malaria, epidemiology, its causative agent, life cycle, diagnosis, prevention, treatment and vaccines available.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
How to Split Bills in the Odoo 17 POS ModuleCeline George
Bills have a main role in point of sale procedure. It will help to track sales, handling payments and giving receipts to customers. Bill splitting also has an important role in POS. For example, If some friends come together for dinner and if they want to divide the bill then it is possible by POS bill splitting. This slide will show how to split bills in odoo 17 POS.
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve ThomasonSteve Thomason
What is the purpose of the Sabbath Law in the Torah. It is interesting to compare how the context of the law shifts from Exodus to Deuteronomy. Who gets to rest, and why?
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
5. Malaria remains the world's most devastating
human parasitic infection. Malaria affects over
40% of the world's population. WHO,
estimates that there are 350 - 500 million
cases of malaria worldwide. In the
Philippines there were 3,157 cases in
2022.
6.
7. The malaria life cycle is a complex system with both sexual and asexual aspects.
There is an exogenous sexual phase in the mosquito called sporogony during
which the parasite multiplies. There is also an endogenous asexual phase that
takes place in the vertebrate or human host that is called schizogeny.
9. Human Cycle
1 Pre erythrocytic
schizogony
2 Erythrocytic
Schizogony
3 Gametogony
4 Exoerythrocytic
schizogony
10. Events in Humans start
with Bite of Mosquito
Man – Intermediate
host.
Mosquito – Definitive
host
– Sporozoites are
infective forms
Present in the salivary
gland of female
anopheles mosquito
After bite of infected
mosquito sporozoites are
introduced into blood
circulation.
11. Pre erythrocytic
cycle
Sprozoites undergo
developmental phase in
the liver cell
Multiple nuclear divisions
develop to Schizonts
A Schizont contains
20,000 – 50,000
merozoites.
12. Period of Pre erythrocytic
cycle
1 P. vivax 8 days
2 P. falciparum – 6 days
3 P. malariae - 13 – 16 days,
4 P. ovale 9 days
On maturation, liver cells rupture to liberate
Merozoites into the blood stream
13. Erythrocyte
cycle
Merozoites released invade red cells
P. vivax infects young erythrocytes
P. malariae Infects old erythrocytes
P. falciparum infects RBC of all ages
The Merozoites are pear shaped and has 1-5
microns in length
The receptors for Merozoites are on the red
cells glycoprotein
15. Exo-erythrocytic (tissue) phase
P. malariae or P. falciparum sporozoites
do not form hypnozoites, develop
directly into pre-erythrocytic schizonts in
the liver
Schizonts rupture, releasing merozoites
which invade red blood cells (RBC) in liver
16. Gametogony
Merozoites differentiate into Male and female
gametocytes
They develop in the red cells
Found in the peripheral blood smears
Microgametocyte of all species are similar in
size
Macro gametocytes are larger in size.
17. Mosquito cycle
Sexual cycle
Sexual cycle will be initiated in the Humans by
the formation of Gametocytes
Develop further in the femaleAnopheles
Mosquito
Fertilization occurs when a Microgametocyte
penetrate into Macrogametocyte
ZYGOTE is formed matures into OOKINETE
OOKINETE to OOCYST
OOCYST matures with large number of
Sporozoites ( A few hundred to thousands)
21. Early symptoms
The common first symptoms –
fever, headache, chills and
vomiting – usually appear 10 to 15
days after a person is infected. If
not treated promptly with effective
medicines, malaria can cause
severe illness and is often fatal.
22. Clinical Presentation
Stage 1(cold stage)
Chills for 15 mins to 1 hour
Cause is due to rupture from the host red
cells escaping into Blood
Preset with nausea, vomiting, headache
Stage 2 (hot stage)
Fever may reach up to 400c may last for
several hours.
23. Clinical
Malaria
Stage 3(sweating stage)
Patient starts sweating, concludes the
episode
Cycles are frequentlyAsynchronous
Paroxysms occur every 48 – 72 hours
In P. malariae pyrexia may last for 8 hours
or more and temperature my exceed 410c
25. More commonly, the patient presents with a
combination of the following symptoms
Fever
Chills
Sweats
Headaches
Nausea and vomiting
Body aches
General malaise.
26. Periodicity can be clue in Diagnosis
and species relation
Malaria tertiana:
48h between fevers
(P. vivax and P.
ovale)
Malaria quartana:
72h between fevers
(P. malariae)
Malaria tropica:
irregular high fever
(P. falciparum)
27. SEVERE COMPLICATED MALARIA
Confusion, or drowsiness with extreme weakness
(prostration).
In addition, the following may develop:
Alteration in the level of consciousness (ranging from drowsiness to deep coma)
Cerebral malaria (unrousable coma not attributable to any other cause in a
patient with falciparum malaria)
Respiratory distress
Multiple generalized convulsions (2 or more episodes within a 24 hour period)
Shock (circulatory collapse, septicemia)
Pulmonary edema
Abnormal bleeding (Disseminated Intravascular coagulopathy)
Jaundice
Hemoglobinuria (black water fever)
Acute renal failure - presenting as oliguria or anuria
Severe anaemia (Hemoglobin < 5g/dl or Hematocrit < 15%)
High fever
Hypoglycemia (blood glucose level < 2.2.mmol/l)
defined as the detection of P. falciparum in the peripheral blood
29. Why Falciparum Infections
are Dangerous
Can produce fatal complications,
1.Cerebral malaria
2.Malarial hyperpyrexia
3. Gastrointestinal disorders.
4. Algid malaria (SHOCK)
5. Black water fever can lead to death
30. Pernicious Malaria
Is a life threatening complication in acute
falciparum malaria
It is due to heavy parasitization
Manifested with
1. Cerebral malaria – it presents with
hyperpyrexia, coma and paralysis. Brain is
congested
2. Algid malaria – presents with clammy
skin leading to peripheral circulatory failure.
31. Cerebral Malaria
Malignant malaria can
affect the brain and
the rest of the central
nervous system. It is
characterized by
changes in the level
of consciousness,
convulsions and
paralysis.
32. Cerebral Malaria
Present with
Hyperpyrexia
Can lead to Coma
Paralysis and other
complications.
Brain appears
congested
33. Black Water Fever
In malignant malaria a large
number of the red blood
cells are destroyed.
Hemoglobin from the blood
cells are excreted in the
urine, which therefore is dark
and almost the color of cola
34. How long Malaria infection
can lost in Man
Without treatment P. falciparum will terminate
in less than 1 year.
But in P. vivax and P. ovale persist as
hypnozoites after the parasites have disppeared
from blood.
Can produce periodic relapses upto 5 years
In P. malariae may last for 40 years
( Called as recrudescence X relapse )
38. Microscopy
Malaria parasites can be identified by
examining under the microscope a drop of the
patient's blood, spread out as a "blood smear"
on a microscope slide. Prior to examination, the
specimen is stained (most often with the
Giemsa stain) to give to the parasites a
distinctive appearance. This technique remains
the gold standard for laboratory confirmation of
malaria.
39.
40. QBC system has evolved as
rapid and precise method in
Diagnosis
The QBC Malaria method is the simplest and
most sensitive method for diagnosing the
following diseases.
🞑 Malaria
🞑 Babesiosis
🞑 Trypanosomiasis (Chagas disease, Sleeping
Sickness)
🞑 Filariasis (Elephantiasis, Loa-Loa)
🞑 Relapsing Fever (Borreliosis)
42. Antigen Detection Methods
are Rapid and Precise
Antigen Detection
Various test kits are available to detect antigens
derived from malaria parasites and provide results in
2-15 minutes. These "Rapid Diagnostic Tests"
(RDTs). Rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) are
immunochromatographic tests based on detection of
specific parasite antigens. Tests which detect
histidine-rich protein 2 (HRP2) are specific for P.
falciparum while those that detect parasite
lactate dehydrogenase (pLDH)-OptiMAL
or aldolase have the ability to differentiate between
P.falciparum and non-P.falciparum malaria
43. Newer Diagnostic methods
Molecular Diagnosis
Parasite nucleic acids are detected using
polymerase chain reaction (PCR). This technique
is more accurate than microscopy. However, it is
expensive, and requires a specialized laboratory
(even though technical advances will likely result in
field-operated PCR machines).
44. Malaria Relapses
In P.vivax and P.ovale infections, patients
having recovered from the first episode of illness
may suffer several additional attacks
("relapses") after months or even years without
symptoms. Relapses occur because P. vivax
and P.ovale have dormant liver stage parasites
("hypnozoites") that may reactivate.