Malaria is caused by Plasmodium parasites transmitted via the bites of infected Anopheles mosquitoes. The most common species that cause malaria in humans are Plasmodium falciparum, P. vivax, P. ovale, and P. malariae. Symptoms include fever, chills, and flu-like illness that typically occur in cycles. Malaria is prevalent in tropical and subtropical regions worldwide and is a major public health problem, with young children and pregnant women especially at risk. Management involves early diagnosis and treatment with antimalarial medications as well as mosquito control measures.

1. NAME : SAKTHIVEL A
CLASS : lll B.SC BIOTECHNOLOGY
TOPIC : MOSQUITO

2.  Malaria is a Mosquito-Borne febrile Disease caused by
Malaria Parasites
 Malaria ( Mala means Bad and Aria means Air ) is a
Protozoal Infection
 A disease caused by members of the protozoan genus
Plasmodium, a wide spread group of sporozoans that
Parasites affect the human liver and red blood cells.
 Humans are infected with Plasmodium protozoa when
bitten by an infective female Anopheles mosquito
vector.
 Symptoms may appear within weeks to months or even
years.

3. There are 4 species of Malaria Parasites :
1. Plasmodium Falciparum
2. Plasmodium Vivax
3. Plasmodium ovale
4. Plasmodium Malariae
5. Malaria Found in about 100 Countries in the
World
6. Maximum Prevalence of Malaria is found in Warm
& Humid Environment and Mostly seen in July to
November in India
7. Optimal Temp & Humidity for the Development of
Parasite is 20 to 30 F and about 60% Humidity.

4. MALARIA PARASITE NAME INCUBATION PERIOD
P.falciparum 9 to 14 Days
P. vivax 8-17 Days
P.ovale 16-18 Days
P.malariae 18-40 Days

5.  Transmission of malaria Principal mode of spread of
malaria is by the bites of female Anopheles (=Gk.,
hurtful, harmful) mosquito.
 Other modes of transmission:
• Mother to the growing fetus (Congenital malaria)
• Transfusion Malaria
• Needle stick injury Anopheles Mosquito

7.  The WHO estimates that in 2010 there were 219 million
cases of malaria resulting in 660,000 deaths.
 Others have estimated the number of cases at between
350 and 550 million for falciparum malaria and deaths
in 2010 at 1.24 million up from 1.0 million deaths in
1990.
 The majority of cases (65%) occur in children under 15
years old.
 About 125 million pregnant women are at risk of
infection each year; in Sub-Saharan Africa, maternal
malaria is associated with up to 200,000 estimated
infant deaths yearly.

8.  P. vivax is the most common cause of malaria and is
found in subtropical and temperate areas of the
world.
 P. vivax and P. ovale causes relapsing malaria.
 P. falciparum is found in the tropical region and
causes the most severe and fatal disease.
 P. ovale is the least common malarial species and is
endemic in Africa.

10. • The lifecycle of malaria parasite consists of following
phases:
 sexual cycle: in female anopheles mosquito, definitive
host.
 Asexual cycle: in human, as intermediate host.
• Sporozoites are the sexual form of the parasite.
• When the infected female anopheles mosquito bites
the human then the sporozoites enter the human
along with the saliva of the mosquito.
• Within 30 min they enter the parenchymal cells of the
liver, where, during next 10-14 days, they undergo
pre-erythrocytic stage of development and
multipication

11.  Some of the sporozoites also, on entering into the
liver cells, do not undergo asexual multiplication but
enter into a resting phase called hypnozoite.
 The sexual cycle of malarial parasite actually starts
in the human host by the formation of gametocytes
which are then transferred to mosquito for further
development.
 In the midgut of the mosquito, one microgametocyte
develops into 4 to 8 thread like filamentous
structures named microgamates.
 From one macrogamate only one microgamate is
formed. The fertilization occurs, and the gamate is
known as zygote

12.  The zygotes matures into an ookinete and it further
develops into an oocyst.
 An oocyst mature and it increases in size and a
large number of sporozoites develop inside it.
 The oocyst rupture and releases sporozoites in the
body cavity of mosquito.
 The sporozoites are distributed to different organs
of the mosquito and they have a special predilection
for salivary glands.
 The mosquito is now capable of transmitting the
infection to man

13.  Management of Malaria includes Following
Measures..
 1. Early Detection & Early Treatment
 2. Mosquito Control Measures
 3. Community

14.  Early Detection of Fever Cases in the Community by
House to House Visit by the Health Workers in Every
15 Days
 Early Administration of Chloroquine(CHQ) to All
Fevers Collection of Blood Films(Thick & Thin)
from Fever Cases & Laboratory Examinations for
Malaria Parasite
 Administration of Medical Treatment to All Positive
Cases of Malaria

15.  Anti Adult Measure ( DDT Sprayiing)
 Anti Larval Measures ( Larvicidal Operations)
 Protection Against Mosquito Bites
 e.g.-Mosquito Nets , Repellent Creams etc
method of control -
 removing or poisoning the breeding grounds of the
mosquitoes or the aquatic habitats of the larva stages,
for example by filling or applying oil to places with
standing water
 spraying with DDT .

16.  early management and disease surveillance
 monitoring and evaluation
 drug and insecticide resistance monitoring
Symptoms of malaria:
Other symptoms of malaria are:
• Dry (nonproductive) cough.
• Muscle or back pain or both.
• Enlarged spleen
• In rare cases, malaria can lead to impaired
function of the brain or spinal cord, seizures, or
loss of consciousness

17. • Infection with the P. falciparum parasite is usually
more serious and may become life-threatening.
• Symptoms may appear in cycles. The time between
episodes of fever and other symptoms varies with
the specific parasite. Episodes of symptoms may
occur:
• Every 48 hours if you are infected with P. vivax or P.
ovale.
• Every 72 hours if you are infected with P. malariae.
Other common symptoms of malaria include:

18.  Laboratory - thin, thick smears, antigen capture
EIA, PCR etc.
 Clinical - platelets, regularly intermittent fever
 Other tests: –
 CBC
 Lukopenia, Thrombocytobenia, Esinophilia,
monocytosis, Quntitative buffy coat techniqe,
Urinalysis,Increase ESR

19.  Examine blood under microscope (geimsa stain)
 chest x-ray: helpful if respiratory symptoms are
present
 CT scan: to evaluate evidence of cerebral edema or
hemorrhage
 Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) . -determine the
species of plasmodium
 Dipstick test - not as effective when parasite levels
are below 100 parasites/mL of blood Blood
examination: Thick and thin blood film