Paper looks at the history and geography of Chandigarh in terms of its conceptualization, planning, designing,growth and development besides looking at the issues and options which the city has to overcome emerging problems. Paper is based on earlier papers loaded on Chandigarh
Aimed for a beautiful city based on traditional garden city and neighboorhood unit concept.
Flat site, created street layout avoiding geometric grid in favour of a loosely curving system.
Fan shaped plan
Created super blocks that accommodated nearly 1500 families.
3 superblocks forms a district.
After the death of Nowicki the work was haulted and the contract was handed over to Le Corbusier.
The city centre is the heart of Chandigarh’s activities.
It comprises the ISBT, parade ground, district courts etc.. On one hand and the vast commercial and shopping centre on the other side.
There are huge parking areas for the commercial zones so that the parking problems don’t create a havoc on the main roads.
There were ample seating spaces and public amenities (toilets, dustbins, etc) provided at regular intervals
The city centre is the heart of Chandigarh’s activities.
It comprises the ISBT, parade ground, district courts etc.. On one hand and the vast commercial and shopping centre on the other side.
There are huge parking areas for the commercial zones so that the parking problems don’t create a havoc on the main roads.
There were ample seating spaces and public amenities (toilets, dustbins, etc) provided at regular intervals
An entire zone has been designated as industrial area in the masterplan
Site for the industrial area was chosen according to the prevailing wind direction.
The wind blew away the smoke from the industries and it could never enter the city
Green belt provided along the industry area to maintain the air quality in the vicinity.
The leisure valley (8km) long is the green spaces extending North-East to South-West along a seasonal riverlet gradient and was conceived by Le Corbusier as the LUNGS OF THE CITY.
Apart from botanical gardens and parks these green belts also consist of fitness trails, amphitheatres and spaces for open air exhibitions.
Cahndigarh City & Housing
Chandigarh is one of the most significant urban planning experiments of the 20th century. It is the only one of the numerous urban planning schemes of Le Corbusier to have actually been executed. It is also the site of some of his greatest architectural creations. The city has had a far-reaching impact, ushering in a modern idiom of architecture and city planning all over India. It has become a symbol of planned urbanism. It is as famous for its landscaping as for its architectural ambience. Most of the buildings are in pure, cubical form, geometrically subdivided with emphasis on proportion, scale and detail. It was one of the early planned cities in post-independent India and is internationally known for its architecture and urban design. The master plan of the city was prepared by Swiss-French architect Le Corbusier, which transformed from earlier plans created by the Polish architect Maciej Nowicki and the American planner Albert Mayer. Most of the government buildings and housing in the city, were designed by the Chandigarh Capital Project Team headed by Le Corbusier, Jane Drew and Maxwell Fry
PLANNING PRINCIPLES OF LE CORBUSIER – A CASE STUDY OF CHANDIGARH CITYYash Shah
The city has a pre-historic past. The gently sloping plains on which modern Chandigarh exists, was in the ancient past, a wide lake ringed by a marsh. The fossil remains found at the site indicate a large variety of aquatic and amphibian life, which was supported by that environment. About 8000 years ago the area was also known to be a home to the Harappans. Since the medieval through modern era, the area was part of the large and prosperous Punjab Province which was divided into East & West Punjab during partition of the country in 1947. The city was conceived not only to serve as the capital of East Punjab, but also to resettle thousands of refugees who had been uprooted from West Punjab. In March, 1948, the Government of Punjab, in consultation with the Government of India, approved the area of the foothills of the Shivaliks as the site for the new capital. The location of the city site was a part of the erstwhile Ambala district as per the 1892-93 gazetteer of District Ambala. The foundation stone of the city was laid in 1952. Subsequently, at the time of reorganization of the state on 01.11.1966 into Punjab, Haryana and Himachal Pardesh, the city assumed the unique distinction of being the capital city of both, Punjab and Haryana while it itself was declared as a Union Territory and under the direct control of the Central Government.
The Union Territory of Chandigarh is located in the foothills of the Shivalik hill ranges in the north, which form a part of the fragile Himalayan ecosystem. It is occupied by Kandi (Bhabhar) in the north east and Sirowal (Tarai) and alluvial plains in the remaining part. The subsurface formation comprises of beds of boulders, pebbles, gravel, sand, silt, clays and some kankar. The area is drained by two seasonal rivulets viz. Sukhna Choe in the east and Patiala-Ki-Rao Choe in the west. The central part forms a surface water divide and has two minor streams.
its a presentation on garden cities comparing the case of chandigarh and lutyens city delhi do noy copy all rights are taken....
if you need we make goo and more better ppts than this call on 9975432591 also can whatsapp on the same number
Making and Unmaking of Chandigarh - A City of Two Plans2-4-24.pptJIT KUMAR GUPTA
Presentation is a narrative of a
capital city- known for its innovative planning, designing, construction and management of a new capital . It briefs about the principles used in the planning and designing of city -by the first team of planners led by Albert Mayer and Mathew Nowicki-- followed by the second team led by Le- Corbusier, P Jenerette, Jane B Drew , Maxwell Fry. It also details about the various aspects of the city planning, planning of the sector as a neighbourhood, typologies of
various developmental controls used for regulating the construction of buildings. Innovations used for regulating the growth and development of periphery; redensification of city in case city exceeds its planned population of half a million, creating a narrative of city and periphery, innovative landscaping, defining an edict for the city to educate the future citizens of the capital city to safeguard the future growth and development besides lessons learnt from planning and designing the new cities.
Making and Unmaking of Chandigarh - - making public spaces [Autosaved] - Copy...JIT KUMAR GUPTA
Chandigrah is known as a city of crisis. It was conceptulised, planned, designed, constructed in crisis.Even after 72 years of its launch, It continues to be in crisis. It faces crisis of population, development, prosperity, poverty, haphazard and unplanned development. It presents a crisis of travel and traffic. Despite all challenges, cities remains a role model of development, planning of town and cities. It has many messages for professionals. City remains a working lab for the professional architects, planners, engineers and urban managers. City needs to studies, evaluated and analysed as to how one can plan and design a neat , clean and sustainable city. Despite the fact Chandigarh remains a designed city, it holds all the values and principles of planned development. Chandigarh needs to be valued in terms of its role and importance in urban planning, architecture and development. Credit for all this goes to the first team of professionals led by American Architet Albert Mayer; Second team led by Le-Corbusier,P Jenneret; Maxwell Fry; Jane B Drew; Chief Engineer P L Verma; Project Chief Sh P N Thapar ICS; Planner Sh N S Lmba, Young Indian team of young architects including; Architects Prabhawalkar; Aditya Prakash; Jeet Malhotra; Bhanu Mathur.
Aimed for a beautiful city based on traditional garden city and neighboorhood unit concept.
Flat site, created street layout avoiding geometric grid in favour of a loosely curving system.
Fan shaped plan
Created super blocks that accommodated nearly 1500 families.
3 superblocks forms a district.
After the death of Nowicki the work was haulted and the contract was handed over to Le Corbusier.
The city centre is the heart of Chandigarh’s activities.
It comprises the ISBT, parade ground, district courts etc.. On one hand and the vast commercial and shopping centre on the other side.
There are huge parking areas for the commercial zones so that the parking problems don’t create a havoc on the main roads.
There were ample seating spaces and public amenities (toilets, dustbins, etc) provided at regular intervals
The city centre is the heart of Chandigarh’s activities.
It comprises the ISBT, parade ground, district courts etc.. On one hand and the vast commercial and shopping centre on the other side.
There are huge parking areas for the commercial zones so that the parking problems don’t create a havoc on the main roads.
There were ample seating spaces and public amenities (toilets, dustbins, etc) provided at regular intervals
An entire zone has been designated as industrial area in the masterplan
Site for the industrial area was chosen according to the prevailing wind direction.
The wind blew away the smoke from the industries and it could never enter the city
Green belt provided along the industry area to maintain the air quality in the vicinity.
The leisure valley (8km) long is the green spaces extending North-East to South-West along a seasonal riverlet gradient and was conceived by Le Corbusier as the LUNGS OF THE CITY.
Apart from botanical gardens and parks these green belts also consist of fitness trails, amphitheatres and spaces for open air exhibitions.
Cahndigarh City & Housing
Chandigarh is one of the most significant urban planning experiments of the 20th century. It is the only one of the numerous urban planning schemes of Le Corbusier to have actually been executed. It is also the site of some of his greatest architectural creations. The city has had a far-reaching impact, ushering in a modern idiom of architecture and city planning all over India. It has become a symbol of planned urbanism. It is as famous for its landscaping as for its architectural ambience. Most of the buildings are in pure, cubical form, geometrically subdivided with emphasis on proportion, scale and detail. It was one of the early planned cities in post-independent India and is internationally known for its architecture and urban design. The master plan of the city was prepared by Swiss-French architect Le Corbusier, which transformed from earlier plans created by the Polish architect Maciej Nowicki and the American planner Albert Mayer. Most of the government buildings and housing in the city, were designed by the Chandigarh Capital Project Team headed by Le Corbusier, Jane Drew and Maxwell Fry
PLANNING PRINCIPLES OF LE CORBUSIER – A CASE STUDY OF CHANDIGARH CITYYash Shah
The city has a pre-historic past. The gently sloping plains on which modern Chandigarh exists, was in the ancient past, a wide lake ringed by a marsh. The fossil remains found at the site indicate a large variety of aquatic and amphibian life, which was supported by that environment. About 8000 years ago the area was also known to be a home to the Harappans. Since the medieval through modern era, the area was part of the large and prosperous Punjab Province which was divided into East & West Punjab during partition of the country in 1947. The city was conceived not only to serve as the capital of East Punjab, but also to resettle thousands of refugees who had been uprooted from West Punjab. In March, 1948, the Government of Punjab, in consultation with the Government of India, approved the area of the foothills of the Shivaliks as the site for the new capital. The location of the city site was a part of the erstwhile Ambala district as per the 1892-93 gazetteer of District Ambala. The foundation stone of the city was laid in 1952. Subsequently, at the time of reorganization of the state on 01.11.1966 into Punjab, Haryana and Himachal Pardesh, the city assumed the unique distinction of being the capital city of both, Punjab and Haryana while it itself was declared as a Union Territory and under the direct control of the Central Government.
The Union Territory of Chandigarh is located in the foothills of the Shivalik hill ranges in the north, which form a part of the fragile Himalayan ecosystem. It is occupied by Kandi (Bhabhar) in the north east and Sirowal (Tarai) and alluvial plains in the remaining part. The subsurface formation comprises of beds of boulders, pebbles, gravel, sand, silt, clays and some kankar. The area is drained by two seasonal rivulets viz. Sukhna Choe in the east and Patiala-Ki-Rao Choe in the west. The central part forms a surface water divide and has two minor streams.
its a presentation on garden cities comparing the case of chandigarh and lutyens city delhi do noy copy all rights are taken....
if you need we make goo and more better ppts than this call on 9975432591 also can whatsapp on the same number
Making and Unmaking of Chandigarh - A City of Two Plans2-4-24.pptJIT KUMAR GUPTA
Presentation is a narrative of a
capital city- known for its innovative planning, designing, construction and management of a new capital . It briefs about the principles used in the planning and designing of city -by the first team of planners led by Albert Mayer and Mathew Nowicki-- followed by the second team led by Le- Corbusier, P Jenerette, Jane B Drew , Maxwell Fry. It also details about the various aspects of the city planning, planning of the sector as a neighbourhood, typologies of
various developmental controls used for regulating the construction of buildings. Innovations used for regulating the growth and development of periphery; redensification of city in case city exceeds its planned population of half a million, creating a narrative of city and periphery, innovative landscaping, defining an edict for the city to educate the future citizens of the capital city to safeguard the future growth and development besides lessons learnt from planning and designing the new cities.
Making and Unmaking of Chandigarh - - making public spaces [Autosaved] - Copy...JIT KUMAR GUPTA
Chandigrah is known as a city of crisis. It was conceptulised, planned, designed, constructed in crisis.Even after 72 years of its launch, It continues to be in crisis. It faces crisis of population, development, prosperity, poverty, haphazard and unplanned development. It presents a crisis of travel and traffic. Despite all challenges, cities remains a role model of development, planning of town and cities. It has many messages for professionals. City remains a working lab for the professional architects, planners, engineers and urban managers. City needs to studies, evaluated and analysed as to how one can plan and design a neat , clean and sustainable city. Despite the fact Chandigarh remains a designed city, it holds all the values and principles of planned development. Chandigarh needs to be valued in terms of its role and importance in urban planning, architecture and development. Credit for all this goes to the first team of professionals led by American Architet Albert Mayer; Second team led by Le-Corbusier,P Jenneret; Maxwell Fry; Jane B Drew; Chief Engineer P L Verma; Project Chief Sh P N Thapar ICS; Planner Sh N S Lmba, Young Indian team of young architects including; Architects Prabhawalkar; Aditya Prakash; Jeet Malhotra; Bhanu Mathur.
This is the presentation on Chandigarh planning.In this presentation,students have shown the planning and some views of the city CHANDIGARH-The City Beautiful.
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Paper tries to compare the intent, content, scope of two plans prepared by the two master for the capital city of Chandigarh and tries to showcase how the city destiny has been changed with the change in the new team to implement the master plan. Paper tries to map the impact of both plans on the growth and development of the capital city of Chandigarh
Making and unmaking of Chandigarh - making public spaces -JIT KUMAR GUPTA
Presentation tries to showcase in brief , what went into making and unmaking of Chandigarh in its historical perspective in terms of planning, architecture, principles adopted to make city a great experiment in urban planning and architecture. It also briefly goes over the challenge faced by the city and the options which can be exercised. It also briefly defines the wonderful public spaces, city has developed over a period of time.
Chandigarh remains grossly misunderstood and appreciated with entire credit of city planning and development given to Le- Corbusier and his team. In the process, enormous work done by the first team of Architects ( led by Albert Mayer and Ar. Methew Nowiscki ) engaged for the planning and development of Chandigarh, remains unknown, unrecognised, diluted and marginalised. Basic concept of city planning, besides defining the framework for locating the four major components of the city- Capitol, City Centre, University and Industrial areas was all done by the first team including preparing the master plan super-block, city centre, capitol etc. Second plan prepared by Corbusier is primarily and essentially was based on the first master plans because second plan was prepared merely in 96 hours by Le- Corbusier. First plans had its positivity and uniqueness, which would have made Chandigarh a different city from what it is today. It makes a interesting study to compare two master plans to visualise the shape and function of the city had the first master plan was implemented. Looking at the present context, Could you ever think of city beautiful Chandigarh, being a leaf shaped city, with all curved and radial roads, planned as a traditional Indian city with bustling bazaars, without wonderful Sukhna lake, having no sector, without ceremonial Jan Marg, without bustling Madhya Marg and without vibrant shopping streets V4 with Sukhna choe lost in the haze and glory of Capitol complex. This would have been a distinct reality, had the first master plan prepared by Albert Mayer would have been implemented to make the capital city a reality. Historically looking, Chandigarh remains the product and synthesis of two distinct but diametrically different master plans (in thought, approach, intent, content, planning and architecture), prepared for the city by the American and French architects. First plan shows clearly the influence of principles and pattern of American planning with basic residential unit defined by Superblock, whereas Corbu plan has genesis in French approach to city planning based on the ideology of CIAM.
Impact of Chandigarh on the India Urban Planning & ArchitectureJIT KUMAR GUPTA
Presentation focuses on Chandigarh as a laboratory for urban planning and architecture, defining new ideas in the domain of city planning- which include, planning with nature and natural elements of Sun, Space and Greenery ; making cities people centric; minimising travel; promoting self-contained communities; defining a new pattern of urban travel; making people happy and healthy; promoting nature; creating valley of leisure; making landscaping integral part of city planning; preserving all existing flora and fauna; proving good urbanism makes good money and defining an edict to educate future generations of the city about its planning and designing to preserve the legacy.
Urban morphology approaches human settlements as generally unconscious products that
emerge over long periods, through the accrual of successive generations of building activity.
This leaves traces that serve to structure subsequent building activity and provide
opportunities and constraints for city-building processes, such as land subdivision,
infrastructure development, or building construction. Articulating and analysing the logic of
these traces is the central question of urban morphology. Urban morphology is not generally
object-centered, in that it emphasizes the relationships between components of the city. We
will be discussing in detail about the urban morphology of the Chennai metropolitan.
Bridging gap between resources and responsibilities at Local level.JIT KUMAR GUPTA
Text refers to need, role, relevance and importance of empowering urban local bodies by bridging gap between resources available and responsibilities bestowed, for enabling ULBs to operate and function as institutions of local governance more effectively and efficiently.
Construction Industry Through Artificial Intelligence -.docxJIT KUMAR GUPTA
Considering the role, relevance and importance of construction sector in promoting economy, generating employment and creating wealth besides providing infrastructures and amenities, there is need to make the sector more effective, efficient, productive and sustainable. Driven manually, construction sector remains in the slow lane of creating quality built environment which are cost-effective, energy efficient, least consumers of resources and generators of waste. Artificial intelligence can help and empower the construction to make it more valuable, productive and qualitative besides supportive of environment and ecology. However, construction sector must be ready to co-operate and collaborate with IT industry to look for options and opportunities to make construction sector more qualitative and productive. Majority of urban ills and climate related issues can be resolved if Artificial intelligence can be embedded as integral part of the construction industry right prom planning, designing, construction, operation and management of the built environment and infrastructures. Communities and nations will save lot of valuable non-renewable resources if the construction sector is transformed from human led to technology led by the induction of Artificial intelligence. However, Construction industry has to search the areas where Artificial intelligence can be used effectively and intelligently.
Making Urban India a Role Model of Planned Urban Growth a.docxJIT KUMAR GUPTA
Known for productivity, promoting economy, employment and innovations cities, when properly planned, rationally developed and professionally managed, have been labelled and recognized as engines of economic growth. Prosperity and urbanisation are known to have positive co-relation with rational urbanisation, leveraging growth and development of any community, city, state and region. In majority of developing countries, where urbanisation remains unregulated, forced largely by rural push and less by urban pull, cities invariably remain in crisis, crisis of population, crisis of poverty, crisis of development and management. Cities need to be cared ,incentivized, empowered and made more productive, effective, efficient and humane.
Redefining Globalization, urbanisation and LocalisationJIT KUMAR GUPTA
If cities are to made more livable, humane and productive, it is time that intent, contents and scope of globalization must be revisited and reviewed, both critically and objectively. Globalisation would need redefinition for promoting universality and inclusiveness among people and nations to have basic amenities and quality of life for all its residents , including poorest of the poor to lead a dignified life. Failure to redefine globalization, rationalise urbanisation, restore localization empowering poor and promoting universalisation and inclusivity; will invariably lead to making SDGs merely a paper exercise. In addition, making the world, cities and communities sustainable, livable, safe and inclusive, would remain merely a dream and a mirage, for future generations and communities, making planet earth as their preferred place of residence.
Knowing, Understanding and Planning Cities- Role and Relevance Physical Plan...JIT KUMAR GUPTA
Cities are known for its complexities and operational inefficiencies. cities remain dynamic ,ever evolving, ever devolving, never static and never finite.
All cities remain different, distinct, unique and universal. No two cities are similar. Each city has its own strength, weaknesses, opportunities and threats. Accordingly, problem faced by any city cannot be viewed, dissected, analyzed and enumerated, while sitting within the four walls of the air-conditioned rooms and by the so called intellectual sitting in the so called offices determining the future of cities and towns. Neither the cities can be made more rational by limited knowledge agencies providing consultancy to cities , states and nations.
For realistically and rationally understanding, analyzing the cities and having simple, cost-effective and quality solutions to the problems and challenges faced , Cities have to be walked through and concerns of the various communities have to be properly understood and appreciated.
Prime reason for inability and lack of capacity on the part of majority of physical planners, engaged in the art and science of planning, designing and developing the cities, to address the issues and challenges faced by cities , realistically and rationally, has genesis in the lack of understanding of the origin, growth and development of cities.
Lack of capacity in majority of town planners, has roots in the quality of education imparted and seriousness and commitment on the part of both teachers and taught involved. As it stands today, majority of institutions involved in imparting education in planning are being run on an ad-hoc manner and by proxy. Only few institutions have regular teachers and regular students. Majority of planning institutions are being run on proxy with proxy students and proxy teachers. Education system including curricula used for teaching, needs, review, revision and redefinition to make it more relevant to rational for addressing the issues and challenges faced by the cities and towns.
Land as a Resource for urban finanace- 24-1-23.pptJIT KUMAR GUPTA
PPt tries to brief Land, as a gift of nature, is being grossly misused, abused , manipulated Land is globally used for providing platform for all human driven activities, based on living, working, culture of body/ mind and travel.
Limited availability, coupled with large number of human beings trying to source land, has invariably created large demand for land resource for human consumption. Land, in urban context, is required for meeting the specific needs of urban dwellers for residential, commercial, institutional, recreational, travel& traffic purposes besides providing space for infrastructures , amenities, services, trade and commerce etc. Land in urban context remains under large demand and command high price due to concentration of large population in small physical area, with stakeholders making competing claims.Rapid and uncontrolled growth in population experienced by urban areas has adversely impacted and generated considerable pressure on land resource in cities and towns , leading to large scale conversion, sub-division and illegal occupation of urban land. Unregulated and regulated pressure on land has largely been met by means of both formal/informal sub-division and development of land. Growth of the urban settlements and entire mechanism of urban planning and development remains land based/ land focused. In order to make optimum use of land resource on 24x7x365; making city planning, growth, development and management ,both rational. realistic, orderly and promoter of quality living, it will be critical and essential, that all ULBs are made to focus on eliminating culture and practices promoting un-authorized/ illegal sub-division of land for ushering an environment and era of planned urban development in the cities. Land needs to be effectively leveraged to generate resources for ULBs to make cities vibrant.
COST-EFFETIVE and Energy Efficient BUILDINGS ptxJIT KUMAR GUPTA
Built environment is known for its capacity, capability, role, relevance and importance to change the quality of life of the occupants and communities. Presentation focuses on options which need to be leveraged to make buildings sustainable, cost-effective, energy efficient, resource efficient, qualitative over its entire life-cycle through designing, construction, operation. It calls for making buildings green and sustainable.
Making Buildings cost-effective , Energy Efficient ptxJIT KUMAR GUPTA
Presentation focuses on options which need to be leveraged to make buildings sustainable, cost-effective, energy efficient, resource efficient, qualitative over its entire life-cycle
Ppt briefs about role, relevance, importance of the rating systems applicable in India, criteria used in assessing
greeness, weightage allocated, , brief of how these rating systems are applied, parameters involved; weightage granted, levels of rating granted , incentives given by states for green rated buildings and brief of suggestions, how to make rating system more effective, efficient, objective and transparent.
The phenomenon of global warming remains more pronounced in the urban areas, for the reason cities house large concentration of people and activities in a small/compact urban space.Densely-built downtown areas tend to be warmer than suburban residential areas or rural areas.. UHI not only raises urban temperatures but also increases ozone concentrations because ozone is a greenhouse gas whose formation will accelerate with the temperature. Tokyo, an example of an urban heat island. Normal temperatures of Tokyo go up higher than those of the surrounding area. However, it needs to be understood and appreciated that climate change is not the cause of urban heat islands but it is causing more frequent and more intense heat waves which in turn amplify the urban heat island effect in cities. Major reasons for ever growing global warming and climate change can be attributed to the; Nature and natural; Human-Driven; population; Rapid Urbanisation; Irrational Urban planning; High Density; Inefficient Transportation ;Large generation/consumption of fossil fuel based Energy; Unsustainable Buildings; Polluting Industry & Manufacturing; Unsustainable Agriculture; Irrational Development; Large scale Deforestation; Lack of open spaces and individual life-choices;
Planning and Designing Green buildings-.issues, options and strategiesJIT KUMAR GUPTA
Affordability and sustainable development are considered anti-thesis across the world. Generally there exists conflict between the approach to sustainable built environment and affordable buildings. Sustainable development is considered more expensive. According to Middleton, ‘Sustainability and affordability aren’t mutually exclusive goals. It’s not about adding extra, but thinking more carefully about the design of buildings and incorporating technologies that can offset the rising costs of energy, water and other services. Affordability and sustainability are known to fit together perfectly’.
Through excellent design, buildings can be made more sustainable and affordable. Smaller the footprint of buildings, lower will be the upfront costs and embodied energy and lower shall be the running costs of buildings. Looking at the entire context of health, rising cost of amenities/services; Sustainable/Green designs are now being increasingly adopted, to make built environment more cost-effective and affordable. Considering the enormous amount of built environment to be created, India will have no option but to tread the path of sustainability and sustainable development in the built environment. Sustainable built environment would also help in and go a long way in achieving the majority of the 17 Sustainable Development Goals for the reason, built environment is known to be the largest consumer of energy, avoid wasteful use of resources and minimise generation of waste. Global sustainability will be largely contingent upon how effectively and efficiently we can make our buildings sustainable and qualitative through innovative/green design solutions based on local climate and culture, valuing site planning, embedding orientation, cross ventilation, using renewable/waste materials and involving state of the art building technologies.
_Neighborhood Planning in Capital City of Chandigarh- An Appraisal (2) - Copy...JIT KUMAR GUPTA
Neighborhood as an idea, concept, option and strategy has been extensively used locally and globally by the Urban Planners to plan and decentralize cities, create cities within cities, promote self-contained communities and to make cities more humane, safe and socially vibrant. Neighborhood has also been used recently to define the city in terms of travel time - making 10/15 minutes city
Accordingly, large typologies of NH ,in terms of planning and designing , with varying shapes, sizes and contents have emerged in the urban context. Americans have used superblock and French using Sector for defining the neighborhood. Despite distinct advantages, holding high degree of relevance in urban and local area planning , NH planning has not been able to deliver the envisioned objectives of safety and social vibrancy. Cities in the process have been socially, economically and physically fragmented, leading to clear division of cities into different communities with little economical and social connectivity. Variance of planning and designing norms followed at NH and sub-neighborhood levels have promoted more dichotomy and contradictions with varying quality of life inducted at local level. Differential population and infrastructures have divided the city into the categories of high/low end NH units. Fabric and morphology of cities, in large cases, has been distorted with urban settlement emerging as a distinct social map of communities graded economically and socially,on the basis of area/location . In the process, the way NH planning concept has been used, neighborhood planning has emerged as an instrument of social and economic segregation/division. In fact in number of cases, concept has been used, misused, abused in intent and content to divide the cities into distinct social and economic layers. Instead of unifying , concept has led to division of cities.
Genesis of modern application of NH can be found in the planning and designing of Chandigarh where entire city fabric of capital city was woven around Sector as the basic unit of planning, concptulasied as self-contained and self-sustaining unit at the local level. However, the way sectors have been planned, it has led to dividing the cities into different and distinct communities. Individual status in Chandigarh can be judged from his/her residence. Concept of Sector has done more damage than good to the fabric of the city. Chandigarh is likely to face considerable problem in making city socially and economically cohesive/vibrant,. Sectors in Chandigarh remain anti-thesis to the basic concept of NH planning of safety, involving walkability, vehicular movement, putting commercial space in the centre. Considering role, relevance, importance and usability , NH needs to be planned, designed with care and caution, in order to make cities socially and economically vibrant, inclusive. NH planning deserves a new definition and approach to make it relevant and rational.
Reviewing, Revising and Redefining Master Plans and Development Plans to Ma...JIT KUMAR GUPTA
Looking at its efficacy and efficiency, it can be seen and observed that Master Plans/ Development Plans have done more damage than good for the planned growth and development of the cities to which they have been made applicable. These plans have been violated with impunity both by the people, communities, cities and parastatal agencies; for the betterment/welfare of which these plans were prepared. These plans have been visualized as controller of development rather than promoters of development. Instead of planned development , these plans have been usherers of the unplanned development. These plans are known to be responsible for promoting large number of slums besides making quality of life poor for majority of the urban inhabitants. Cities under Master Plans are also known to promote exclusion rather than inclusion. Master Plans/Development Plans are known to promote prosperity for few and marginalize the large proportions of the local community by making them poor. Instead of catering to urban dynamism, Master Plans/Development Plans try to freeze the city, for next two decades, to which it is made to serve. Accordingly, these plans need to be reviewed , rationalised, revised and redefined to make them better Master Plans/Development Plans
Rationalizing the Planned Growth of Urban India- paper.docxJIT KUMAR GUPTA
Rapid and uncontrolled growth in population experienced by urban areas has adversely impacted and generated considerable pressure on land resource in cities and towns , leading to large scale conversion, sub-division and illegal occupation of urban land. Unregulated and regulated pressure on land has largely been met by means of both formal/informal sub-division and development of land. Growth of the urban settlements and entire mechanism of urban planning and development remains land based/ land focused, based on a strategy of sub-division of the land, dictated by the economic forces prevailing in the market. Irrational and ineffective public policies of urban planning and land sub-division, devoid of prevailing ground realities, have turned out to be incompatible with the demands of urban expansion, leading to large scale un-authorized and illegal sub-division of land. In the process, valuable land resources, gift of nature, has been misused, abused and mutilated in this race of uncontrolled and irrational urbanisation. In order to make optimum use of land resource; making city planning, growth, development and management ,both rational. realistic, orderly and promoter of quality living, it will be critical and essential, that all urban centres are made to focus on eliminating the culture and practices promoting un-authorized/illegal sub-division of land for ushering an environment and era of planned urban development in the country.
Suggestion and Options for integrating villages. within the framework of the...JIT KUMAR GUPTA
Preparing Master Plans/Development Plans for any urban settlements, basically and essentially, involves declaring a planning area for which the said long term plans are prepared. Planning area invariably includes and involves, number of rural settlements, which comprise of the planning area besides the urban settlement. It has been observed that in majority of cases, while detailed studies and analysis are carried out of the urban settlements but villages in the study and analysis remain marginalized, diluted and muted. Despite the fact, villages have critical role in the rational development of the urban settlement, but in preparing Master Plans their role and relevance is not made part of the said plan. Accordingly, this text tries to bring out the typologies of villages falling in the planning area and the suggested framework to develop these villages in making Master Plans, better Master Plan. In order to improve Master Plan qualitatively, quantitively, both in intent, contents and scope, It will be appropriate that all the villages falling in the planning area must be studied , analyzed and made integral part of the final outcome of the proposals of Master Plan. In-fact one Chapter must be exclusively dedicated to detail out the issues faced by the Villages and options which can be leveraged to promote the rational growth of villages ,as an integral part of the long term development of the urban settlement , for which the Master Plan is being prepared. This will help not only in integrating the urban- rural settlements falling in the planning area, but would also go a long way in promoting and ensuring rational growth and development of the urban settlement, for which the Master Plan is being prepared.
Making cities Climate Responsive and SustainableJIT KUMAR GUPTA
“Decarbonization” of cities ,as an issue ,as an option and as a strategy , has been gaining currency in the parlance of; making planet earth livable and sustainable. “Decarbonization has been globally valued for keeping the global temperature below 1.5C, and achieving the agenda and goals defined in the 17 Sustainable Development Goals, defined by UN for achieving universal sustainability. Despite distinct role and relevance, criticality and importance of decarbonization of cities has neither been properly understood and appreciated nor made integral part of the architectural practice and art and science of designing and construction of buildings. Consuming one -third of global energy (33%) and generating 39% of greenhouse gas emissions buildings have been considered as the major player in the domain of climate change and global warming. Since Architects and Architecture are
actively involved in the making and unmaking of buildings, accordingly it becomes important that planners and architects must play a significant role in making
cities and buildings least consumers of energy and generators of the minimum greenhouse gas emissions. This objective can be achieved if decarbonizing cities/buildings is made a distinct reality . Issue of decarbonizing the cities/buildings assumes importance for the reason, that world’s building floorspace is likely to be become double by the year 2060, with the addition of large number of newcities/ buildings due to rapid urbanization, population growth and economic development ; required for catering to
to the needs of additional population opting for urban living.
Managing Planning and Development of Citie- 26-2-24.docxJIT KUMAR GUPTA
Cities in India are known to be in perpetual crisis; facing numerous crises in terms of; crisis of rational growth, crisis of orderly and planned development; crisis of effective and efficient urban management; crisis of making provision of basic infrastructure and services; crisis of climate change; crisis of global warming; crisis of poverty, pollution and population and crisis of making human living and prevailing environment qualitative. These urban crises have genesis in the fact that cities in India, lack ownership, command, authority and lack of willingness to run and manage cities professionally and objectively. In majority of cases, cities in India are run by proxy. In terms of physical growth and development; large cities are marked by multiplicity of agencies claiming right/ownership of development over the urban areas, whereas smaller cities face absence of such ownership and are made to run, operate and function like orphans
Agenda, Approach and Options for Rationalising and Redefining Future Indian ...JIT KUMAR GUPTA
Government of India/state policies, programs, mission and agenda must move providing basic essentials to all its citizens through an efficient, objective and transparent system of governance. For making cities livable and empowering people; right to basics/essential of human living including; Right to shelter, food, clothing universal access to healthcare, education, employment , infrastructures, amenities and mobility; should be made integral part of Indian Constitution by embedding it as Fundamental Rights/Directive Principles of state policy besides making them integral part of planning, development and management/governance process of all human settlements.
-Redefining and Rationalising Development Controls - Copy.docxJIT KUMAR GUPTA
Globally recognised as engines of physical, social , economic growth and development, cities have been valued to be the future of humanity and communities. Housing major proportion of population, generating large employment; making major contribution to the economy; and providing quality infrastructure besides supporting and innovating state of art technologies, cities remain relevant and important for defining the agenda for growth and development of any state and communities. However, despite having large number of positivities; cities are also known for its dualities, contradictions, positivities and negativities. If cities have been promoting prosperity, they have also been at the forefront of promoting poverty, pollution, unplanned, haphazard, sub-standard development, climate change and global warming. Looking holistically, problems related to climate change , global warming and rising carbon footprints, environment and bio-diversity, can be largely attributed to the manner in which cities are being planned , manage and governed and buildings are being designed, constructed and operated. In the process, cities, as manmade entities, are fast emerging as embodiment of unplanned , haphazard and sub-standard development.
Globally ,it has been recognised that majority of urban ills have genesis in the typologies of Development Controls , made applicable at the local level for regulating the sub-division of land, determining land uses ; planning of the cities and designing, construction and operation of the built environment. In order to promote planned development, cities have been trying to experiment, invent, revise, review and rationalise the Development Controls periodically.
Capital cities like Chandigarh have clearly demonstrated the role and relevance of Development Controls in ushering an era of state of art urban development and creating quality-built environment. Chandigarh has also showcased that if Development Controls are not reviewed and revised periodically, they can prove to counter- productive and become a perpetual liability for the city and its development.
Considering the role , relevance and importance of Development Controls in making urban development rational and sustainable, there is an urgent tp look critically, objectively and holistically, at the context, genesis, intent and contents of different Development Controls made applicable in the urban settings in general and Capital city of Chandigarh in particular.
Providing a rational, realistic, effective and efficient framework for making Development Controls, more transparent, objective, community focussed, effective , efficient, rational and productive will remain critical to promote planned development and make cities more sustainable and better place to live and work.
Redefining and Rationalising Development Controls -Issues and OptionsJIT KUMAR GUPTA
ppt defines, details role, relevance, criticality, importance of Development Controls in the parlance of urban planning, development, governance, management. Text defines the typologies of development controls made applicable in urban context, their role and impact on cities and built environment. As definer of the personality of the city and considering their physical, social, economic and environmental implications on urban development and quality of built environment; development controls need to be defined with care and caution. They should be seen and framed as promoters of development rather than controllers of urban development. They should be framed with the goal of ushering an era of sustainability, livability, land conservation, resource conservation and making planet earth more livable and qualitative. development controls should remain resource led; sustainable led and led by optimisation of available resources for achieving the agenda defined in SDGs
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1. Making and Unmaking of Capital City of
Chandigarh
*Ar Jit Kumar Gupta
Introduction
Known as city of crisis, Chandigarh has its genesis in the partition of India in 1947,
when state of Punjab lost its capital city of Lahore, which went to newly created
Pakistan. With state looking for options to resettle millions of migrants from Pakistan
and capital shifting between Jalandhar and Shimla, search for a permanent capital
began soon thereafter. After detailed study, analysis and discussions, decision was
taken to create a new capital city instead of opting for upgrading an existing city.
Search for an appropriate site for locating the capital city was soon initiated. Tract of
land, measuring 114.59 sqkms falling in the erstwhile Ambala district with 59
villages, at the foothills of Shivaliks, flanked by two seasonal rivers on east and west
with mountains on the north, was approved as the site for the new capital in
March,1948. Located in the sub-mountainus region, 260 kms North of Delhi, site was
considered appropriate due to its centrality, proximity to the national capital,
availability of sufficient water gentle gradient for natural drainage and freedom from
physical encumbrances with mango groves and temples dotting the site.Chandigarh,
positioned under the shadow of nature, derives its name from the temple of Goddess
“Chandi”(the power) located in the area and a fort or “garh” lying beyond the temple.
Site of capital city of Chandigarh is known for its unique setting, character, location
and natural features.
Launched in 1951, for a population of 0.5 million, city was conceived not only to
serve as the capital of East Punjab and resettling thousands of refugees but also to
serve as the role model of urban planning and architecture to launch the region and
the nation on the path of state of art planned urbanisation. City was mandated to be
first large expression of creative genius flowering on newly earned freedom.
Chandigarh was supposed to be a planned paradise, symbolic of the freedom of
India, unfettered by the traditions of the past and expression of the nation’s faith in
the future.
.Planning of City
The Mayer Plan-Near vacuum of local design expertise led state to seek best of
western skill to realize the dream of creating a beautiful city. Considering the
financial, other constraints and defined goals, search was narrowed down to the
team lead by American Architect Albert Mayer and Mathew Nowicki, who conceived
the city as a fan shaped layout, set between the two seasonal streams, defining the
location and setting four major elements of the capital city with capitol complex
2. placed at the head, the civic centre in the
middle, the university campus on the western
edge and the light industrial area to the east,
adjacent to the Kalka-Ambala railway line.
The basic planning unit was conceived to be
the superblock. Three such blocks,
accommodating 3500 families, were to be
grouped together. The superblock covered an
area of 500m x 1000m, and was graded
according to population density, representing
three different income groups-low(75
persons/acre),medium (50 persons/acre) and
upper (25 persons/acre).Mixing of these
categories was also envisioned. The residential areas were placed at the edge of the
superblocks, while facilities and amenities (schools, parks, community centres etc.)
were located in the centre. The house design included an inner courtyard, a
characteristic feature of a traditional Indian house. A curvilinear network of main
roads was to surround the superblocks. Separate interior roads were planned for
pedestrians, cyclists and animal-drawn traffic. The plan provided for two large parks
extending east-west through the city. Series of dams on Sukhna Choe were
proposed to create a permanent water basin around the Capitol Complex. According
to Mayer, the proposed plan, based on 'humane ideals', was meant to create a
peaceful city, not one where complications are counteracted by other complications.
The Corbusier Plan ; Sudden demise of architect Mathew Nowicki in 1952, in an
air crash, changed the destiny of Chandigarh. Second team of architects lead by Le-
Corbusier, Pierre Jeanerette, Jane B Drew and Maxwell Fry took over. City reflects
the forceful personality of Le-Corbusier in many tangible ways’ using the urban
philosophy laid down by CIAM, creating modular, geometric and cubist idioms using
‘brute’ materials yet the sub- text was drawn from nature and incorporated the
essentials of site /climate/culture/tradition. Planned on a rigid rectangular grid iron
pattern of roads, half a mile apart in the east- west and three- quarter of a mile in the
north-south direction, the Chandigarh
promised basic amenities of life even to
the poorest of the poor of its citizens to
lead a dignified life. Safe from fast traffic,
in easy reach of all needs of material,
mental and moral sustenance and growth,
surrounded by nature in an intimate
community and yet part of a real city, this
was the life envisioned for the 5 lakh
inhabitants to be brought into the city in
two distinct phases of development. A
distinct quality of life was accordingly
3. assured to a distinct class of people to be housed in
this capital city to be established on a terrain with
great mountains to the north, and two rivers flowing
approximately 7-8 kms apart. Life in the city was
proposed to be compartmentalized and put into air-
tight containers of working, living, care of body and
spirit, known as SECTORS, each having human
contents varying between 5,000 & 25,000, separated
by fast moving traffic arteries known as V2 and V3
and connected with a central green flowing from
south to north in the direction of great mountains. The
Master Plan of the city re-drawn by Le-Corbusier in
four hectic days of inspired activity in February 1951,
was largely based on the well-advanced master plan
prepared by Albert Mayer. It changed the shape of the city from a leaf to a
rectangle, reducing considerably the size of the city. The basic unit of planning was
changed from a super-block to sector based on the neighbourhood concept i.e. city
within a city. Sector constituted an attempt to create space, which provided for day-
to-day material and social needs of the citizens in easy reach of home, but at the
same time linked to a larger scale of the city in terms of transport and services. The
entire network of sectors was woven around efficient system of traffic and
transportation governed by the rule of 7 Vs, changed by adding V8 to suit the
specific needs of the city. Sector planning was made introvert with no door opening
on to V2 & V3. The focus of life within the sector was V4 – the shopping street -
which was to contain amenities needed for catering to the material needs of the
residents. The size and shape of the sector was based on human scale, human
needs, aspirations and their welfare. The industrial area was placed on the south-
east of the city to eliminate heavy traffic entering the city. A 500 feet wide green belt
provided an organic green to seal the residential sectors from industrial fumes and
noise. Educational area occupied the north-west side with work centers concentrated
in the Capitol Complex, City Centre, Sub-city Centre and along the major axis. The
Master Plan envisaged a distinct pattern with density level much higher in the
second phase as compared to the first phase. An effective mechanism of controlling
and safeguarding the space around the new city, from the onslaught of haphazard
growth and development, was provided by declaring initially an area of 5 miles,
which was subsequently increased to 10 miles, as periphery area. Tree Preservation
Order and Advertisement Control Order were put into place to protect trees and to
regulate the display area. These in nut-shell were the planning and protective
mechanisms evolved to safeguard the quality of life in the capital city.
Impact of Chandigarh: During the short span of 67 years of its existence,
Chandigarh has emerged as the role model of urban development locally and
globally. It is known for its state of art planning and architecture. It has given a new
theme to urban living and quality of life. In addition, Chandigarh achieved number of
4. mile-stones ranging from achieving substantial degree of growth and development
as per the provisions of the Master Plan; achieving its projected and targeted
population of 5 lakh in the year 1991; making provisions of a sufficiently high order of
amenities and services; ensuring much better quality of life to the residents; setting
high norms and standards of planning and development; creating awareness about
the importance of planned growth and to prove good urbanism makes good money.
These mile-stones have been achieved despite tremendous population and
developmental pressures, unforeseen developments emerging out of changes in
geo-political situation in 1966, when state of Haryana was carved out and
Chandigarh became union territory besides capital of states of Punjab and Haryana.
Contributions of Chandigarh in the urban context can be enumerated as:.
Defining a new system of urban planning in the country.
Inducting a system of urban controls, zoning and architectural controls
Using Master Plan for promoting planned development
Promoting neighbourhood planning through Sector planning
Leveraging 7Vs as a strategy to rationalize traffic and transportation
Introducing concept of Periphery to promote Regional Planning
Safety from fast moving traffic through Introvert planning
Proving good urbanism makes good money.
Ushering a new era in urban planning through Sector planning.
Reinforcing efficacy of Linear Shopping in the shape of V4.
Naming roads on direction/purpose, served instead of individuals
Promoting Garden city concept in city planning.
Proving efficacy and efficiency of Grid Iron Planning.
Emphasizing role of Pure Land Use Planning.
Establishing the hierarchy of commercial areas.
Proving efficacy and efficiency of bureaucratic and professional dominated
model of city planning, development and management
Recognition of importance of Planners/Architects in the urban context.
Issues
Chandigarh, of today is passing through a crisis, which is threatening its basic fabric
and structure City in the recent past has started showing signs of enormous stress
due to ever increasing population and administrative pressure, rapidly transforming
urban form, fast changing class-structure, traffic and transportation, mushrooming of
slums, deficiency in basic services of water supply, energy, solid waste
management, ever rising carbon footprints, increasing pollution, lack of safety and
unplanned and haphazard development.City has failed to honour its commitment of
providing basic amenities of life to the poorest of poor, with more than 20% of
population living in slums. Informal sector has virtually taken over the city and has
overshadowed the formal development. Traffic and transportation network is reeling
under enormous pressure due to highest car -man ratio prevailing in the city. Majority
of city infrastructure is under pressure, including health and education, leading to fast
deterioration of quality of life. Land speculation has made shelter unaffordable for
majority of residents leaving them with no option but to tap illegal/grey markets. City
5. looks clearly stratified into North and South divide, with distinct variations in quality
of life, open spaces, basic services, amenities etc. Ruthless exploitation of urban
villages by speculators has created high degree of congestion and pollution.
Periphery, which was created primarily to protect the city, has emerged as the
greatest threat to the very fabric and existence to the city with large scale haphazard,
planned and unplanned urbanization taking place in the area. Creation of Mohali and
Panchkula, in close vicinity of the Chandigarh, has converted periphery into a large
urban mass. Chandigarh, as it stands today, has lost most of its administrative
relevance and is fast emerging a commercial city with large scale industrialization
taking place in and around the city. With option of granting permissions to allow
change of land use of industry into commercial use, basic principle of pure land use
planning stands diluted and violated. Allowing much higher FAR, on existing
residential plots is adversely impacting the growth and development of the city .
Tempering with the development controls, on large scale is fast changing the
vocabulary of Chandigarh Architecture.
Way Forward; Chandigarh has recently been mandated to be a Smart City,
accordingly it becomes critical that the entire process of growth and development of
Chandigarh is re-looked, reviewed and redefined in order to make it more rational.
Looking at the ground realities, growth of Chandigarh cannot be seen in isolation. It
needs to be looked in the Regional context with strategy focusing on preserving the
basic character of the city and diverting major growth and development to the
surrounding settlements. Chandigarh needs to redefine its basic character from a
government city to city of people, by changing the focus from administration to
people. City needs to create its ownership clearly detailing the role and function of
Chandigarh administration and Municipal Corporation. Option for travel in the city
must change from promoting accessibility rather than mobility, shifting emphasis
from planning for vehicles to planning for people. City should immediately put in
place a new agenda to promote green buildings; make Chandigarh smart,
sustainable and liveable; reviewing sector planning to create green communities;
making sectors self-reliant; doing away with policy of urban villages; rationalising
traffic and transportation; valuing periphery and managing slums. Adopting new
agenda will help remaking the city as Chandigarh in true meaning of the word.
* Author
h *Ar. Jit Kumar Gupta,
Founder Director,
College of Architecture, IET Bhaddal, Punjab,
#344, Sector40-A, Chandigarh-160036
Email-jit.kumar1944@gmail.com,