“Decarbonization” of cities ,as an issue ,as an option and as a strategy , has been gaining currency in the parlance of; making planet earth livable and sustainable. “Decarbonization has been globally valued for keeping the global temperature below 1.5C, and achieving the agenda and goals defined in the 17 Sustainable Development Goals, defined by UN for achieving universal sustainability. Despite distinct role and relevance, criticality and importance of decarbonization of cities has neither been properly understood and appreciated nor made integral part of the architectural practice and art and science of designing and construction of buildings. Consuming one -third of global energy (33%) and generating 39% of greenhouse gas emissions buildings have been considered as the major player in the domain of climate change and global warming. Since Architects and Architecture are actively involved in the making and unmaking of buildings, accordingly it becomes important that planners and architects must play a significant role in making cities and buildings least consumers of energy and generators of the minimum greenhouse gas emissions. This objective can be achieved if decarbonizing cities/buildings is made a distinct reality . Issue of decarbonizing the cities/buildings assumes importance for the reason, that world’s building floorspace is likely to be become double by the year 2060, with the addition of large number of newcities/ buildings due to rapid urbanization, population growth and economic development ; required for catering to to the needs of additional population opting for urban living.

1. Options for Making
Cities and Built
Environment -Climate
Responsive
Ar. J.K.GUPTA,
Email---- jit.kumar1944@gmail.com, Mob- 90410-26414

2. Cities and Climate
• Cities – Marked by concentration of population/
activities, institution
• -Cities- creator of best/ worst living
• Cities- remain manmade , mechanical habitat
• Cities- destroy natural habitat
• Cities- anti-thesis to bio-diversity
Cities – large consumers of resources/energy
Cities- Responsible for Climate Change,
• Crisis-- remain in crisis- population, poverty,
pollution,
• Cities – ever evolving and devolving, never static
and never finite

3. Cities and Climate
• Cities- face acute shortage of green spaces
• Cities- Prone to disasters- natural /
manmade
• Create large heat island- temperature rising
2-4 degree during day & up to 10 C at night
• Perpetually suffering from- over population,
overcrowding , traffic & transportation;
• Cities remain large consumers of;
• -- energy / resources
• - polluter of environment
• -- destroyer of bio-diversity
• -- creating large carbon footprints
• --responsible for global warming& climate
change/rising temperature/Heat Wave

5. Global Context of Cities

6. Global Share of Buildings- Energy
/ Emissions

7. Cities and Climate
• Cities - consume 60 % of world’s energy
• Cities- Produce more than 70 % of greenhouse gas
emissions.
• Cities- major contributors to climate change
• - Cities-- impact poor/poverty on large scale
• Cities- Responsible for Rising global/city temperatures –
• Cities--causing sea levels to rise,
• -Cities- increase extreme weather events ;
• -- Causing Numerous disasters-
• - floods, droughts , storms, cyclones ; Heat waves
• --spread of tropical diseases.
• - Adversely impacting basic services, infrastructure
including
• - housing, human livelihoods , health.,

8. Factors
Causing
Climate
Change

9. Factors causing Climate Change
• Climate Change due to;- Increasing level of GHG
• 1. Rapid Growth of Population;
• 2. Rapid and Massive Urbanization- Creating heat island
• 3. Generation of Electricity- - burning fossil fuels, coal,
petroleum ; using gases--CO2 ; Methane, NO2
• 4 Construction of Buildings/Increasing footprints of buildings
• 5. Agriculture – using fertilizers on large scale --nitrous oxide,
• 6. Deforestation-Large scale destruction of flora –fauna
• 7. Traffic and Transportation-Large concentration of vehicles
on urban Roads- increase travel demand/trip Length
• 8. Industry and Manufacturing- using electricity, fuel,
generating waste etc.,
• 9.Inadequate Green Spaces -Low count of Trees /capita
• 10. Oil& Gas Development
• 11 Life Style Choices- needs, choices, priorities, travel, eating

10. Increasing level of Greenhouse Gasses-

11. Rapidly Increasing Population

12. Massive Urbanisation

13. Factors causing Climate Change-

14. Electricity-Black Energy- Thermal Plant-

15. Buildings – Large Built Area

16. Agriculture- Generating GHG

17. Deforestation

18. Low Tree Count- Reducing GHG Sink

19. Large Induction of Vehicles/Congestion

20. Large Vehicular Pollution- GHG

21. Buildings/Metaling of Pavement/
 Thermal imaging photograph shows high surface temperatures of
asphalt roads and buildings--lower temperatures in shade

22. Industrial Pollution

23. Lack of Open Spaces

24. Oil and Gas Exploration

25. - Heat from Solid Waste mis- management

26. India and
Disasters

27. Disaster Susceptibility of India
• India - known as nation of disaster- ranks high among
disaster-prone countries.
--According to National Disaster Management Authority;
-- around 12% land -- exposed to floods,
-- 68% land-- vulnerable to droughts, landslides/ avalanches,
-- 58.6% landmass -- earthquake-prone
--5,700 / 7,516-km coastline-vulnerable to Tsunamis / cyclones
• During 20 years (2000-2019)
• - India recorded large number of natural disasters
• -- floods (52 per cent),
• -- cyclones (30 per cent),
• -- drought (3 per cent)
• ,-- earthquakes (5 per cent),
• -landslides (10 per cent).

28. Why Safe Cities Are Important
• 35% of the India’s population lives in cities -
• 423 million – will join urban areas in next 3 decades.
• Cities make large Contribution to economy,
employment, environment , prosperity, Provide-
infrastructures, services
• Need to promote urban safety
• -- manage environment, ecology, resources; GH gas
emissions ; minimize energy use;
• Safe and Sustainable cities allow ;-
• -- using smart technologies to manage assets
/resources
• --Provide high quality of life to residents
• --generate economic growth.
• -- delivering services with reduced infrastructure costs.
• -Mitigate harsh impact of heat on people/poor

29. Options for
Combating
Climate Change-
SDGs

30. Promoting Decarbonization
 CO2/ methane emissions -warming planet –caused by powe
generation, industry, transport, building, agriculture,land
 These Sectors must be transformed
 Carbonization-involves GHG emissions by combustion of
fossil fuels.
 Decarbonization- achieved using- zero-carbon renewable
energy - wind, solar, hydropower, geothermal /biomass( 33%
of capacity)
 electrifying as many sectors as possible.
 Promoting Energy efficiency -- reduces demand for energy,
 Reducing use of fuel & Increasing electrification
 2050- demand for power 2X- what it is today.
 Decarbonization requires
 -- absorbing carbon by capturing emissions
 --enhancing carbon storage in agricultural lands /forests.

31. SDG 11- Make cities and human settlements
inclusive ,safe, resilient and sustainable

33. Options for
Combating
Climate Change-
Rationalising
Urban Planning

34. ptions for Combating Climate Change
• Making climate integral Part of City planning,
development and management Process- Make Cities
Compact
• Create water bodies-Plant Large number of trees/City
Forests
• Make Buildings Green- Reduce Heat Island Impact
• Make Streets Green- Replace Roads with Streets
• Go for Green Roof, White Roof, Green Walls
• Make Buildings absorb less heat- Make Buildings/
Roads reflective
• Minimize Traffic/transportation related gas emissions
• Make Neighborhood green-Check on vulnerable
communities / neighbors.

35. Making cities net-zero carbon

37. Combating Heat Waves—Making Heat
Management Part of City Planning- Chandigarh

38. Options for Combating Climate Change-
Rationalising- Urban Planning

39. -Rationalising Neighbourhood Planning

40. Options for
Combating
Climate Change-
Rationalising Built
Environment

41. Factors causing Climate Change - BUILDINGS
•Built environment impact environment / consumption of
resources:
16% of world’s fresh water withdrawal.
25% of wood harvested.
30% of consumption of raw material.
40% of global energy consumption.
35% of world's CO2 emission
40% of Municipal Solid Waste.
50% of Ozone depleting CFC’s still in use.
30% of residents having sick building syndrome
– ( Roodman and Lenssen, 1995)
•70% global warming--outcome of buildings / transportation
•Existing buildings--low concern for energy conservation.
•Considering annual addition of- 700-900msqmts-
•-- energy/ environment implications will be critical.
•Buildings need to be;
•- designed /constructed / operated /maintained
•--with utmost care /considerations for
•-- energy/ sustainability/resources/reducing heat island

42. Global Share of Buildings- Energy
/ Emissions

43. Energy Efficiency
• Green buildings reduce energy consumption in two ways-
• i. Embodied energy- extract, process, transport and install building materials and
• Ii. Operating energy-- to provide services to make buildings operational-- such as
heating, lighting, air conditioning, ventilation and power for equipment.
• High-performance buildings use less operating energy,
• Embodied Energy importance – upto 15.7 % of total energy consumption.
• Use local materials/ materials which consume less energy for manufacturing
• --buildings made of wood have lower embodied energy than steel/concrete
• To reduce Operating energy –
• --reduce air leakage through building envelop
• --Specify high-performance windows
• --Provide extra insulation in walls, ceilings, and floors.
• -- use Passive solar building design
• -- Orient windows and walls rationally ,
• -- Use trees shade windows /roofs during summer for cutting sun- in hot areas/zones
• - while ensuring maximizing solar gain in winter- in cold areas
• -- effective window placement (day lighting)-- to provide more natural light /reduce need
for electric lighting during day.
• -- Solar water heating reduces energy costs.
• --Onsite generation of renewable energy through solar power wind power, hydro power
or biomass significantly reduce environmental impact Of building

44. Energy Efficiency

45. Energy efficiency- Embodied energy

46. Combating Climate Change- -
Making Buildings Green-

47. Advantages of Green Buildings

48. Combating Climate Change-
Buildings

49. Combating Climate Change- —
Making Buildings Green-
Singapore, seven 50-story housing towers
connected by 1,600-foot-recreational “sky garden.”
-- high-density development in compact city-state.

50. .
Combating Climate Change- —Making
Buildings Green-

51. Combating Climate Change- Green Buildings
Green

53. Dry Wall- Traditional Wall-Saving/1 m2

54. How to Decabonise Homes

55. Options for
Climate Change-
- Making Roof
/walls Green

56. Combating Climate Change- -Roof Garden-

57. Combating Climate Change- -Cool Roof -

58. Combating Climate Change- -Cool Roof
-

59. Combating Climate Change- -Green Walls

60. Options for
Combating
Climate Change- -
Green
Transportation

61. Combating Climate Change- -Green
Transport
• Sustainable Transport --
• -- sometimes known as Green Transport
• -- form of transport that does not use / rely
on dwindling natural resources.
• -- relies on renewable /regenerated energy
• -- rather than fossil fuels that have a finite life
expectancy

62. Climate Change- -Promoting Cycling

63. Combating Climate Change- —Making Cities
Green-World’s Cycling Captal - Amsterdam

64. ombating Climate Change- -Painting Roads whit

65. Combating Climate Change- —
Making Roads Green

66. Options for
Combating
Climate Change -
Making Cities
Green

67. Combating Climate Change —Making
Cities Green--Central Park NY

68. Combating Climate Change—Making
Cities Green- Hyde Park London-

69. Combating Climate Change —Making
Cities Green- PERTH- Australia

70. Combating Climate Change —Making Cities
Green-Curitiba boasts > 50 sq metres of green
space.

71. Combating Climate Change- Creating City
Forest

72. Combating Climate Change—Making
Cities Green- Leisure Valley Chandigarh

73. Combating Climate Change —Making Cities
Green-Stockholm- European First Green Capital

74. Options for Combating Heat Wave-
Creating water Bodies-- Chandigarh
Lake

75. Combating Climate Change - Plant Trees
Vegetation/greenery powerful tool to;
• --Decarbonizing Cities
• - Making Cities Energy Efficient
• - fight excessive city heat.
• -- provide shade,
• -- stimulate evapotranspiration,
• -- water evaporation from plants’
leaves – reduces air temperature
• -Promotes cooling,
• – absorbs pollutants from air,
• -- produce oxygen
• - Make People happy/healthy
• Create natural setting within
hyper-dense city.
• Making cites calm

76. Combating Climate Change - Plan Trees

78. Combating Heat Wave-Growing Trees

79. Combating Heat Wave-Growing Trees

80. Combating Heat Waves—Making Cities
Green- Super Trees
Singapore-- Super trees in 250-acre Gardens by Bay.
-- High-tech structures -- 80 to 160 feet
-- collect solar energy to power a night light show.
-- trunks -- vertical gardens, laced with more than 150,000 living plants.

81. Combating
Climate Change-
Global Road map

84. CREATING Safe/Sustainable/Cool Cities CITIES
POSES GREATEST CHALLENGE TO PLANNERS/
PROFESSIONALS