Presentation focuses on Chandigarh as a laboratory for urban planning and architecture, defining new ideas in the domain of city planning- which include, planning with nature and natural elements of Sun, Space and Greenery ; making cities people centric; minimising travel; promoting self-contained communities; defining a new pattern of urban travel; making people happy and healthy; promoting nature; creating valley of leisure; making landscaping integral part of city planning; preserving all existing flora and fauna; proving good urbanism makes good money and defining an edict to educate future generations of the city about its planning and designing to preserve the legacy.

1. IMPACT OF CHANDIGARH ON THE
INDIA URBAN PLANNING
&ARCHITECTURE
J.K.GUPTA, former Advisor( Town Planning) , PUDA

2. COBS
WORKINGLIVING
CIRCULATION
• The Radiant City
•An organism capable of housing the
works of man of machine-age society.
• placed under the masterful
government of natural conditions:
•Sun
•Space
•Greenery
•And its mission is the service of
mankind:
•To live
•To work
•To cultivate body and spirit
•To travel about
(in this order and obeying this
hierarchy)

4. locating the capital in an existing town overruled-
security,
centrality,
development and
the ambiance of a capital.
To select site for Capital, State Government
appointed a committee.
the team zeroed on site in 1948, located in
the sub-mountanus region, 260 kms North of
Delhi.
The site was found suitable due to:
 Central location .
 Proximity to the National Capital.
 Availability of sufficient water.
 Gentle gradient for natural drainage.
 Freedom from physical encumbrances
 mango groves and temples marked site.

7. City to be planned for a population of 0.5
million.
Chandigarh aspired to set an example in
providing:
- generous infrastructure and services,
- first Indian city where
- water,
- drainage and
- electricity
- would be available to even the “poorest
of the poor”.
- The vision was of a capital that would
serve
- as a model for the nation in city planning.

9. LE CORBUSIER WITH THE BLUE PRINT OF THE MASTER
PLAN OF CHANDIGARH

10. LE CORBUSIER PIERRE JEANNERET
JANE B(everly) DREWE(dwin) Maxwell Fry
English Rendering
Construction of a capital in
Punjab-Chandigarh.
Portrait of the Family which
is responsible for the
success of this undertaking
DRAWING AND INSCRIPTION BY LE CORBUSIER
French Original
Construction d’ une capitale
au Punjab Chandigarh
Portrait de famille des
responsables de la reussite
de l’ entreprise.
LE CORBUSIER’S TEAM

11. • Stage-II (S2) from Sector 31 to 47 covering 2428
hectares for 350000 population, high density
development of 144.15 persons per hectare (3.5
times of stage 1) with lesser order of
infrastructure and amenities. Land to be allotted
on lease hold basis
• Stage-III (S3)
• Re-densification of Stage-I (S1)- accommodate
population exceeding 0.5 million without
compromising with the quality of life.
LE CORBUSIER’S MASTER PLAN
•Le Corbusier considered Mayer-Nowicki’s Plan,
• made major changes in the shape and size of the city
• maintained position of capitol with slight change, city centre, university and
industrial area
•planned a Horizontal city on pattern of a garden city
•considering economy, socio-economic conditions and living habits of people
vertical planning ruled out .
•City planned for a population of 0.5 million to be realized in 3 stages.
•Stage-I (S1)
• from Sector 1 to 30 covering 3642 hectares for 150000 population,
• low density development of 41.12 persons per hectare with
•high order of infrastructure / amenities. Land to be allotted on free hold basis.
S2
S1&S3

13. LE CORBUSIER’S MASTER PLAN
Density of the sectors rising from north to south
 as social class of the inhabitant becomes lower,
 city becomes a social map .
 Arrangement explained by Verma ;
Le Corbusier wanted transition to more openness
towards capitol and
drainage system being more rational due to
natural fall south-wards.
 Dry bed of subsidiary monsoon water-course made
leisure valley meandering through town.
Jane Drew called Master Plan-- a poetic
significance, biological in context ,with
 Commanding head - Capitol
 Its heart -- commercial City Centre
 Its hand of productivity - Industrial area.
 Its hand of learning - University.
 Its brain and intellectual centers in Parkways
where are located the museums, library etc.
 Roads as Arteries - carriers of Blood in shape
of Traffic with
 Glass and Bricks as --Skin.

16. Sector Defined
Sector-Container of basic human needs of:
Living
Working
Care of Body and Spirits (COBS).
Population varying between 5000-25000
Size 800mx1200m- fixed keeping human
scale in mind with 10 minutes walk to reach
any activity/corner
Sector planning based on principles of:
 Self-contained / Self-sufficient Neighborhood unit.
 Safety from traffic
 planning based on Introvert character with
 no house opening on fast carrier of traffic
 bounded by fast traffic roads running on all four
sides.
 With four entries, one from each side.

17. CIRCULATION SYSTEM - RULE OF 7Vs

18. JAN MARG DURING THE DAY

19. Chandigarh Traffic Rotaries

20. Housing
The focus of housing was:
 The Oxonian program comprised 13 categories
of government housing
 Type 1 for Chief Minister to Type 13 for peons.
 Type 14 with minimum accommodation designed
for the poor- 2 rooms, a space for kitchen,
bathroom and rear open space
 Three lowest categories of government housing
subsidized to maintain minimum standards of
amenities.
 Economy, Technology and Climate governed
the design /construction of houses.
 Architects bound to follow the state directives
regarding cost /type of accommodation.
 Type 7 designed as semi-detached
--higher types fully detached with
-- lower categories designed as terraced housing.

22. 1
2
3
3
3
4
4
5
6
7
8
9

23. Care of Body & Spirit (cobs)
Caring for physical /meta physical health of
city/residents.
Medical care ; Education--College of Arch.
PEC, Punjab UniversityColleges of men &
women, Home Science, Polytechnic.
Culture--College of Arts, museum, art gallery,
Centre of performing arts, Tagore theatre,
Leisure --Valley of leisure- transforming 6
meter deep seasonal rivulet-- width ranging
from 100 to 300 meters depression-- into
drainage channel for rainwater -- a linear park
running full length of city vertically with
undulating landscape, water features, host of
trees, sports studio unifying sectors of
different densities/characters.
- seasonal river on eastern side dammed to
create an artificial lake-Sukhna, lake club,
golf club, Chandigarh club Rajindra park,
Rose garden, Japanese Garden Golf course
and golf clubClubs,Sports complexes and
sports stadiums .
COBS
WORKINGLIVING
CIRCULATION

25. • Designed by Le Corbusier.
• with Courtyard in the middle.
• Simple structure.
• Single-storyed bldg. sunk 3-M below road level so that structure does not
dominate

26. • Conceived by Le Corbusier.
• As a gift to city
• modulating the micro- climate
• Recharging Ground Water
• providing dramatic vistas of Capitol and Mountains.
• 3-km long 14m high earthen dam created.
• No vehicular movement permitted
• Planned as Pedestrian Paradise
• WHERE PEACE and TRANQUALITY ALWAYS PREVAILS

27. SUKHNA LAKE

28. COLONIAL ARCHITECTURE
VICTORIA HALL KOLKATA
• CHANIGARH MUSEUM---SQUARE SPIRAL PLAN

29. COLONIAL ARCHITECTURE
VICTORIA HALL KOLKATA
COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE
FRONT FAÇADE ADORNED WITH DEEP SCREEN OF PRE-
CAST CONCRETE, A SORT OF MINIATURE brise-soleil

30. WORKING

31. PLAN OF CAPITOL COMPLEX

32. COLONIAL ARCHITECTURE
VICTORIA HALL KOLKATA
SECRETARIAT

33. COLONIAL ARCHITECTURE
VICTORIA HALL KOLKATA
ASSEMBLY HALL
PARABOLIC AND TRIANGULAR ROOF

34. VIEW OF PLAZA, SECTOR 17 AT NIGHT

35. COLONIAL ARCHITECTURE
VICTORIA HALL KOLKATA
INTERIOR- STATE ASSEMBLY

36. TOWER OF SHADOWS

37. SECTOR 17 PLAZA

38. Chandigarh Landscaping
Chandigarh carefully planned, designed and planted
city of India
With sun, space & verdure as basic forces of town
planning and Architecture -Chandigarh landscaping
guided by:
 Marrying buildings with trees for harmony and linking
man with nature.
 Linking mass of buildings and enhancing their
architectural quality through textures, colours and
contrast.
 Providing individuality to each element of city design.
Bio-aesthetic planning based on selecting trees
having regards to colours, foliage, shape of crown,
utilities aesthetic , architectural appeal and contrast
Plan evolved as a corollary of the planning principles
adopted for the city i.e. living, working , cobs and
circulation.

41. Development Controls
Developmental Controls
Two sets of controls applicable
 Within city
 Outside city
 Entire City subjected to Developmental Controls
 City Zoned -- used/developed for specific purpose.
Built Environment under strict control comprising of :
 defining edges of buildings
 setbacks
 maximum height
 use of materials and
 Openings
Different set of controls applicable to different area
depending upon importance.
All commercial areas under architectural control.

42. Development Controls
Within City
 Zoning control
 Full architectural control
 System of construction &
architectural treatment.
 Design control.
 Architectural controls
 Frame control.
 Gates and Boundary walls.
 Advertisement control.
 Tree preservation order.
Outside city
 Periphery control

44. SEWER MANHOLE

45. ISSUES

46. Populationinitial fear of ever reaching its population
target- city achieved its planned
population of 0.5m in 1991 within four
decades.
Chandigarh UT recorded a population of
10,54,686 in 2011--9,00,635 in 2001.
Chandigarh UT ow a conglomerate of 2
urban centres and 22 urban villages.
High population density of 9252 in2011 as
against 7900 persons per sq. km in 2001.
Rural areas witnessing faster growth rate
indicating pressure on rural settlements.
By 202i, Chandigarh projected population
--1.35-1.45 million &1.5-1.6 m in 2031
Urgent need to address dimension of
demography in future planning related to:
Housing, Services, Traffic and
Employment to ensure retention of its
basic character.

47. Slums

52. CHANGING CONTEXT OF PERIPHERY

53. STRATEGIES
Chandigarh needs to be defined in the
regional context with regional approach
adopted for growth and development
An integrated approach for providing basic
infrastructure needs adoption.
Mass transportation needs to be planned
and provided on priority.
Coordinated approach for solving the
problem of slums would be critical.
Legal framework for the defining, preparing
and implementation of regional plan would
be essential
Existing policy framework for housing,
commercial and traffic & transportation
would need critical review in order to
minimise damage to the basic fabric of the
city.

55. EDICT OF CHANDIGARH
The object of this edict is to
 Enlighten the present and future citizens of
Chandigarh
 about the basic concepts of planning of the city
 so that they become its guardians and
 save it from whims of individuals.
This edict sets out the following basic ideas
underlying the planning of the city.
Human scale
 The city of Chandigarh is planned to human scale.
 It puts us in touch with the infinite cosmos and nature.
 It provides us with places and buildings for all human
activities by which the citizens can live a full and
harmonious life.
 Here the radiance of nature and heart are within our
reach.

56. EDICT OF CHANDIGARH
Sectors
 This city is composed of sectors.
 Each sector is 800 meters by 1,200 meters,
 enclosed by roads allocated to fast mechanised
transport and
 sealed to direct access from the houses.
 Each sector caters to the daily needs of its inhabitants,
 which vary from 5,000 to 25,000 and
 has a green strip oriented longitudinally stretching
centrally along the sector in the direction of the
mountains.
 The green strip should stay uninterrupted and
 accommodate schools, sports fields, walkways and
recreational facilities for the sector
Vehicular traffic is completely forbidden in the green strips,
 where tranquility shall reign and
 the curse of noise shall not penetrate.

57. EDICT OF CHANDIGARH
ROADS:
 The roads of the city are classified
 into seven categories,
 known as the system of 7 Vs,
 V-1 -- Fast roads connecting Chandigarh to other towns;
 V-2 -- arterial roads;
 V-3 -- Fast vehicular roads;
 V-4 -- Meandering shopping streets;
 V-5 -- Sector circulation roads;
 V-6 Access roads to houses;
 V-7 -- footpaths and cycle tracks
Buses will ply only on V-1, V-2, V-3 and V-4 roads.
A wall shall seal the V-3 roads from the sectors.
Areas of Special Architectural Interest
 Certain areas of Chandigarh are of special architectural
interest.
 Where harmonized and unified construction of buildings is
aimed at,
 absolute architectural and zoning control should remain
operative.

58. EDICT OF CHANDIGARH
Along V-2 central, dual carriageways, Madhya
Marg and Uttar Marg, where
 skyline,
 heights,
 character and
 architecture of buildings as planned
 shall not be altered.
Along V-2 beyond dual carriageway areas are
 reserved for cultural institutions only and
 shall never have any residential buildings
No building shall be constructed north of the
Capitol Complex
CITY CENTRE
The central plaza in Sector 17 was designed
 as "Pedestrian's Paradise".
 No vehicular traffic will be permitted in the plaza.

59. EDICT OF CHANDIGARH
Industrial area
 Only such industry as
 is powered by electricity
 would be permitted in the Industrial Area,
 so that atmosphere is saved from pollution.
The Lake
 The Lake is a gift
 of the creators of Chandigarh
 to the citizens
 to be at one with the lake and its
environments and
 its tranquility shall be guaranteed by banning
noises.

60. EDICT OF CHANDIGARH
LANDSCAPING
 The landscaping of this city is based on
 careful observation of the vegetation of India.
 Selected ornamental trees, shrubs and
climbers have been planted
 according to colour schemes to beautify it.
 In future planting and replacements, these
principles must be kept in view.
 There should be no haphazard replacements,
 so that the avenues retain their harmony and
beauty.
 The Leisure Valley, the Rajendra Park and
other parks shall be developed as parks only
and
 no building other than already planned shall
be permitted.

61. EDICT OF CHANDIGARH
No Personal Statues Shall Be Erected
 The age of personal statues is gone.
 No personal statues shall be erected in the city or
 parks of Chandigarh.
 The city is planned to breathe
 the new sublimated spirit of art.
 Commemoration of persons shall be confined to
suitably placed bronze plaques.
Truthfulness of Building Materials To Be
Maintained:
 The truthfulness of
 materials of constructions,
 concrete, bricks and stone,
 shall be maintained in all buildings constructed or
 to be constructed.
The seed of Chandigarh is well sown.
It is for the citizens to see that the tree
flourishes.

62. LESSONS FROM CHANDIGARH
Chandigarh remains a designed city ; not planned city--City
framework prepared in 96 hours--Zoning Plan leveraged
Planned development
Chandigarh established-City could be developed without
a master plan
Chandigarh - first Indian city where
- water, --drainage and electricity
- would be available to even the “poorest of the poor”.
- Chandigarh to Serve as a model for the nation in city
planning and architecture
- Chandigarh remains only city offering piped water supply
to all residents
- Chandigarh set a minimum standard of two rooms for EWS
Housing
- - Grid- Iron Plan – Simple, cost-effective, efficient
- Sector- NH– Concept provided by city
- Sukhna Lake – a manmade lake- not natural lake-using low
lying area of the Sukhna Choe

63. LESSONS FROM CHANDIGARH
Appropriate site, initial team selected to plan, design- construct
and manage the city, Political support- most vital for success of
the project
Bulk Acquisition of land- way to rational planning, designing and
making provision of basic infrastructure/services in the city
Planning with nature- best option to design a sustainable city –
Sun , Space , Greenery
Preserving existing flora/fauna, bio- diversity vital for creating a
sustainable city
Designing buildings with sun, climate ,culture , orientation- vital to
make sustainable buildings
Bureaucratic model of city management proved its efficacy by
Chandigarh
Roads named after the destination/direction- not after individual
No Statue permitted on the public place-Traffic round about crate

64. LESSONS FROM CHANDIGARH
Using local material in natural form offer best option for
creating sustainable buildings
Concept of Development Control- best option for promoting
architectural vocabulary of city
Concept of City &Periphery - Regional Planning- made
applicable in Chandigarh
Chandigarh provides simplest address- using house
number/sector number
Chandigarh – only city to have an Edict- defining the basic
framework-and future options to preserve city
Chandigarh – first city to allow only architects to design
buildings
Landscaping made integral part of city planning /development
process
Efficacy/efficiency of Grid Iron Pattern established by city