1. GARDEN CITIES
-SIR EBENEZER HOWARD
PRESENTED BY -
318106101020– T. SAI KRISHNA
318106101029- H.DURGA BHAVANI
3/5 B.ARCH
A.U.C.E
2. SIR EBENEZER HOWARD
(29th January 1850-1st May 1928)
Sir Ebenezer Howard born as the son of a shopkeeper in the city
of London on 29 January 1850.
After schooling, he took on a number of clerical posts.
In 1871,he emigrated to the frontier country of America to
become a Farmer.
He subsequently spent four years living in Chicago , witnessing
it’s rebuilding following the
great fire.
It was during this time ,he began to contemplate ways to
improve cities.
He was the English founder of the GARDEN CITY MOVEMENT , is
known for his
publication To-Morrow: A Peaceful Path To Real Reform (1898),
the description of a
utopian city in which people live harmoniously together with
nature.
3. GARDEN CITY MOVEMENT:THE
ORIGIN
Howard was heavily influenced by the utopian visions of
Edward Bellamy and his publication Looking Backward
(1888).
The ideas put forth in To-morrow were a synthesis of his
personal experiences and the works of others.
The publication resulted in the founding of the garden
city movement , that realized several Garden Cities in
Great Britain at the beginning of the 20th century.
The first garden cities proposed were Letchworth and
Welwyn in 1903 and 1920 respectively.
Core Garden City Principles
Strong community
Ordered development
Environmental quality
4. GARDEN CITIES OF
TOMORROW:THE BOOK
This book offered a vision of towns free of
slums and enjoying the benefits of both
town(such as opportunity, amusement and
good wages) and country (such as beauty ,
fresh air and low rents).
He illustrated the idea with his famous
Three Magnets diagram which addressed
the question ‘Where will the people go?’, the
choices being ‘Town’, ‘Country’ or ‘Town-
Country’.
It proposed the creation of new suburban
towns of limited size, planned in advance ,
and surrounded by a permanent belt of
agriculture land.
5. These Garden cities were used as the
model for many suburbs.
Howard believed that such Garden Cities
were the perfect blend of city and nature.
The towns would be largely independent,
managed by the citizens who had an
economic interest in them, and financed by
ground rents on the Georgist model.
The land on which they were to be built was
to be owned by a group of trustees and
leased to the citizens .
GARDEN CITIES OF
TOMORROW:THE BOOK
6. THE CURE- Sir
Ebenezer Howard
It is important to understand the contest to which
Howard’s work was a reaction.
London (and other cities ) in the 19th century were
in the throws of industrialization , and the cities
were exerting massive forces on the labour
markets of the time.
Massive immigration from the countryside to the
cities was taking place with London.
This situation was unsustainable and political
commentators of all parties sought “how best to
provide the proper antidote against the greatest
danger of modern existence”( st .James Gazette,
1892).
To how THE CURE was simple- to reintegrate
people with the countryside.
7. In trying to understand and represent the attraction of the city he compared
each city to a magnet with individuals represented as needles drawn to the city.
He set about comparing the ‘town and the country magnets’ but decided that
neither were suitable atrractors for his utopian vision.
Instead he believed that “ Human society and the beauty of nature are meant to
be enjoyed together” – hence giving his solution “the two magnets must be made
one”
“Town and Country must be united, and out his joyous union, will spring a new
hope, a new life , a new civilization.
8. THE THREE MAGNETS-THE PEOPLE
TOWN
POSITIVE ASPECTS
Social
opportunity.
Isolation of
crowds.
Places of
amusement.
Chances of
employment.
High money
wages.
Well-lit streets.
COUNTRY
POSITIVE ASPECTS
Beauty of
nature.
Land lying idle.
Wood , meadow,
forest.
Fresh air.
Low rents.
Abundance of
water.
Bright sunshine.
The three magnets diagram (below) makes three points:
-TOWN life has good and bad characteristics
-COUNTRY life has good and bad characteristics
-TOWN-COUNTRY life can have all the good things about life in towns and life in the country-
without any of the bad things.
NEGATIVE ASPECTS
Lack of society.
Hands out of work.
Trespassers beware.
Low wages.
Lack of drainage.
Lack of amusement.
No public spirit.
Need for reform.
NEGATIVE ASPECTS
Closing out of
nature.
High rents &
prices.
Foul air and
murky sky.
Slums & gin
palaces.
Costly drainage.
9. TOWN-COUNTRY
COMBINATION OF BOTH ASPECTS
Beauty of nature- peace all-over the
places.
Social opportunity- cumulative
growth.
Fields and parks of easy access-
equal chances.
Low rents- high wages.
Low rates- plenty to do.
Low prices- no sweating.
Field for enterprise-flow of
capital.
Pure air and water- good
drainage.
Bright homes & gardens- no
smoke, no slums.
Freedom- Co-operation.
11. GARDEN CITY PRINCIPLE
Assumed data-
A total of 6000 acre estate .
1000 acres, purely for the central garden
city as a home for 30000 people.
Surrounding the central city 5000 acres
of land is retained for agriculture and
home for 2000 people ,with cow pastures,
farmlands and welfare services.
GARDEN CITY DATAS
Central city :
Area:12000 acres.
Population: 58000 people.
Agglomeration Cities:
Area:9000 acres
Population:32000 people.
Distance between central main city and
the agglomeration:~10km.
12. CONCEPTUAL LAYOUT
Circular city growing in a radial manner or pattern .
Divided into six equal wards , by six main Boulevards that
radiated from the central park/garden.
Civic institutions ( Town Hall, Library, Hospital, Theatre,
Museum etc .) are placed around the central garden.
The central park enclosed by a crystal palace acts as arcade
for indoor shops and winter gardens .
The streets for houses are formed by a series of concentric
ringed tree lined avenues.
Distance between each ring vary between 3-5km.
A 420 feet wide ,3 mile long , Grand avenue which run in the
center of concentric rings, houses the schools and churches
and acts as a continuous public park.
All the industries , factories and warehouses were placed at
the peripheral ring of the city.
The municipal railway was placed in another ring closer to
the industrial ring , so that the pressure of excess transport
on the city is connected to the rest of the nation.
13. GARDEN CITY PRINCIPLE IN PRACTICE
The first Garden City evolved out
of Howard’s principles is
Letchworth Garden City designed
by Raymond Unwin and Barry
Parker in 1903.
The second one to evolve was
Welwyn Garden City designed by
Louis de Soissons and Frederic
Osborn in 1920.
Another example was Radburn
City designed by Clarence
Stein and Henry Wright in
1928.
14. LETCHWORTH
Letchworth , officially Letchworth Garden City, is a
town in Hertfordshire ,England , with a population
of 33,600.
It was designed by Raymond Unwin and Barry
Parker.
Letchworth is 35 miles from London.
Analysis:
Land of 3822 acres.
Reserved Green belt-1300
acres.
Designed for a maximum of
35000 population.
In 30 years it was developed
with 15000 population &150
shops , industries.
Letchworth Garden City- Arrangement from top
16. WELWYN
Welwyn Garden City is a town within the Borough
of Welwyn Hatfield in Hertfordshire, England.
It is located approximately 19 miles from Kings
Cross and 24 miles from London.
On 29 April 1920 a company, Welwyn Garden City
Limited , was formed to plan and build the garden
city, chaired by Sir Theodore Chambers. Louis de
Soissons was appointed as architect and town
planner and Frederic Osborn as secretary.
Analysis :
Land of 2378 acres .
Designed for a maximum of 40000
population.
In 15 years it is developed with
10000 population & 50 shops,
industries.
Arrangement of Welwyn Garden City from top
17. Streets are designed
so as to give the
concept of a
Neighbourhood unit.
Separation of the
pedestrian walk ways
from the main roads
gives a sense of natural
beauty.
Open and green
spaces are given on
a large scale.
Personalization of
Homes in Welwyn with
varying roofline ,
texture and
composition for each
house.
18. RADBURN , NEW JERSEY
Radburn was planned by architects Clarence Stein and Henry Wright in 1928.
It is America’s first garden community , serving as a world wide example of the harmonious
blending of private space and open area.
Radburn provided a prototype for the new towns to meet the requirements for contemporary
good living.
Radburn was designed to occupy one square mile of land and house some 25000 residents.
However , the great depression limited the development to only 149 acres .
Radburn created a unique alternative to the conventional suburban development through
the use of cul-de-sacs, interior parklands , and cluster housing.
Although Radburn is smaller than planned , it still plays a very important role in the history
of urban planning.
The Regional planning Association of America (RPAA) used Radburn as a garden city
experiment.
19. RADBURN CONSISTS OF-
Residential acres
149 acres of interior parks,
Walkways,
2 swimming pools,
4 tennis courts,
2 playgrounds ,
Archery plaza and a school,
2 outdoor basketball courts
A community center , which
houses administrative offices,
library, gymnasium , club room and
service and maintenance areas
21. CONCLUSION :
Ebenezer Howard’s Garden City concept shows us a place where
genuine urban activities are carried at human scale .
The garden city introduced the use of greenbelts that have served many
uses including the presence of agricultural and rural life, nature and
heritage conservation, recreation , pollution minimization , and growth
management.
Garden city tradition endowed urban planning with a social and
community dimensions.
The garden city idea however , showed how both industrial estates and
collective retailing spaces could be used within a comprehensive
planning approach to serve public purposes.
