3. • Idea of Building a Capital for newly formed state of East Punjab was
conceived in 1947 after independence and partition of India.
• The new city was supposed to
– Create a centre for state governance
– Rehabilitate refugees
– Recreate the rich legacy of Lahore
– Create a symbol of the spirit and potential of independent India
– Established a city with a vision of future-unfettered by traditions of the part.
• Building a new capital was indeed a necessity without which state
could neither function nor be seen to function.
4. • Idea of locating the capital functions in an existing town was overruled for reasons
of security, centrality, development and the ambiance of a capital.
• Decision was to built a capital city on new site which was secure, had central
location in the state with high degree of accessibility.
• Adequate water supply, suitable climate and proximity to building material required
for construction were other factors considered critical for locating new capital
• To select the suitable site for the Capital, the State Government appointed a
committee.
• After considering various possibilities, the team zeroed on the present site,
located in the sub-mountanus region, 260 kms North of Delhi.
• The site was found suitable due to:
– Its central location in the State.
– Proximity to the National Capital.
– Availability of sufficient water.
– Gentle gradient for natural drainage.
– Free from physical encumbrances with mango groves and temples marking
site.
5. • Chandigarh derives its names from temple of the Hindu
Goddess Chandi located near the site.
• The original site comprised mainly of farm land, dotted with
mango groves encompassing 24 villages.
• Site is located at the base of Shivalik range of Himalyas with two
seasonal rivers of Patiali-ki-Rao and Sukhna Choe, 7 to 8 kms
apart with distance increasing towards south, defining its edges.
• It lies on the longitude 76o East 48’ and the latitude 30o North
50’.
• Its altitude varies between 304.8 metres and 365.76 metres
above sea level.
• The direction of the prevalent winds is from the SE to the NW in
summer and from the NW to SE in winter.
6. • City to be planned for a population of 0.5 million to be developed in two phases.
• City was supposed to be last word in beauty, simplicity and human comfort
• City was supposed to be cultural, commercial and industrial hub around which
entire growth and development of the state was to gravitate.
• City to provide a higher order of infrastructure and services.
• City was to offer basic amenities of life even to the poorest of the poor to lead a
dignified life.
• City was to serve as a role model in planning and Architecture for the nation.
• A city to established a new set of norms for living, working, culture of body & mind
and circulation
• The new capital was to be designed and conceived as “….the last word in beauty,
simplicity and in standards of such comfort as it is our duty to provide to every
human being”, “the world’s most charming capital” and … a capital which would be
a cultural, commercial and industrial center … from it would flow life and activity
throughout the Province.”
• Chandigarh aspired to set and example in providing a generous infrastructure and
social services, it would be first Indian city where water, drainage and electricity
would be available to even the “poorest of the poor”. The vision was of a capital that
would serve as a model in city planning for the nation, if not for the world, in city
planning.
7.
8.
9. Designing Chandigarh by Albert Mayer
• Near vacum of local design expertise prompted state to seek best of
western skill to realize to the dream of creating a beautiful city.
• Considering the financial other constraints and defined goals the
search was narrowed down to:
– A good modern architect capable of developing new concept having genesis in
exigencies of the project and suited to Indian climate, available materials and
the functions of the new capital.
• Task was assigned to American Planner Albert Mayer and his
associate Matthew Nowicki working out architectural details.
• Given the terrain-the great mountains to the north. The two rivers
flowing approximately south. 7-8 kilometers apart and diverging,
the position of the existing railway and the directive against high
buildings, the overall fan shape of the layout has a large element of
common sense about it. The neighborhood unit, super block and
sector had all been used in a number of American projects, of which
Baldwin Hills (1941) by Clarence Stein.
10. Designing Chandigarh by Albert Mayer
• They prepared first master plan for the city, decided placing of the
major components of the city including
– capitol,
– university,
– city centre,
– industrial area,
– made super block as the basic unit of residential planning
– besides carrying out detailed study of residential component.
• Mayer defined Chandigarh in terms of:
– Fan shaped city.
– Curved and radial network of roads.
– Varying shapes of super blocks
– A network of parkways.
– Capital complex occupying the most prominent position
– City centre in the center of the city and industrial area occupying the south-east
position with rail network define in the southern edge.
11. CHANDIGARH PLAN AS DESIGNED BY ALBERT MAYER
• Designed for a
Population of
500,000.
• Based on a
system of low
density
neighbourhoods
defined by a grid
of slightly curved
roads.
• Two natural
valleys which run
across the site
were proposed to
be developed as
park strips.
16. Re-designing Chandigarh by Le-Corbusier
• Sudden death of Nowicki in air crash in August 1950 changed the design concept
and destiny of Chandigarh.
• State Govt. approached Corbusier for taking up the onus of completing city.
• The Corbusier wrote in preparation of his first meeting with Mr. Thapar & Verma:
– It is the hour that I have been waiting for:
India the humane and profound civilization.
To construct a Capital.
Urbanism is the activity of a society
A capital is the spirit of a nation
A set of tools
It is a conjunction ….Le Corbusier is an optimist.
His name is not mentioned but in 20 years of urbanism. L-C is in all the projects.
• It was indeed the hour Corbu was waiting for: After 24 years of frustrated efforts
and collapsed hopes
– From the debacle of the Palace of the League of Nations competition in 1927
– To his exclusion from the final design of the United Nations Head Quarters in 1947
– With shelved Master Plans for half a dozen cities in between
The sudden arrival in the summer of 1950 of the two men from India was the climax of the
entire area of Le Corbusier’s career.
17. Re-designing Chandigarh by Le-Corbusier
• Through his work in India Corbu was able to realize three of his
continuing preoccupations
– the city,
– the govt. complex and
– the cultural complex
– and had his Museum of Knowledge been built at the Capitol he would
even have achieved his desire for the fusion of the last two.
• Le-Corbusier was appointed as Architectural Advisor (two
yearly visit of one month each) with Pierrie Jeanneret, Maxwell
Fry and Jane B Drew as other members of the team ( As
Resident Senior Architects for three years).
• All four were members of the CIAM-The Congress
Internationaux d’ Architecture Moderne-the ideology which
played key role in designing the new city.
18. Re-designing Chandigarh by Le-Corbusier
• Critical to the success of the project was Le-Corbusier’s:
– Grand vision
– Vivid imagery
– Lofty ideals
• Agreement with the second team included acceptance of the Mayer’s
Plan, designing the capitol complex including buildings forming part
of capitol, Museum and other buildings in the city and implementing
the master plan but Corbusier had other ideas.
• Corbusier told Fry and Drew:
– We will rectify the Master Plan after our trip to India. We must begin from the
beginning.
• In four days of inspired activity in February 1951 in the rest house of
what is now Chandi Mandir, he and his colleagues had redesigned the
city. There was just sufficient overlap between the two master plan for
Mayer to sign the new one as co-author.
• The master plan of Chandigarh belongs to the high tradition of
modern architecture as represented by the scientism of CIAM. The
city, as Norma Evenson has said, was ‘designed rather than planned’.
19. Design Approach
• Critical factors impacting the architecture and urban form of
Chandigarh were
– Low budget earmarked for the city
– Strict adherence to stringent budget and its pre-conceived structure
– The detailed estimates prepared on the basis of Mayer’s Plan and accepted by
Le-Corbusier team.
– Large range of social services contained in the city’s manifesto.
• Which made Chandigarh
– A low density and
– A low rise city with
– Simple traffic system and
– sector layouts dictated by need to restrict cost of roads, service & infrastructures.
• Consideration of economy also dictated.
– The choice of locally made brick as the chief material for construction
– with boulders/pebbles from the rivers beds used in random patterns creating a
rich variety of surface texture.
20. Design Approach
– Minimizing the size of windows and glass due to cost of wood
work/glazing being seven times more than a wall.
– Standardizing doors, window, sanitary fittings, ironmongery and
– Using the system of pre-cost roof battens to save on time and
labour during construction.
– Economy was achieved by using manpower and not machinery.
Despite numerous constraints Corbusier promised a unique life
to the future inhabitants of the city in terms of:
Safe from fast traffic in easy reach of all needs of material, mental
and moral sustenance and growth, surrounded by nature, in an
intimate community and yet part of the real city: this was the life
dreamed of for the inhabitants of Chandigarh.
21. LE CORBUSIER’S MASTER PLAN
• Le Corbusier considered Mayer-Nowicki’s Plan, made major changes
in the shape and size of the city but maintained the position of capitol
with slight change, city centre, university and industrial area
• It was planned as a Horizontal city, on the pattern of a garden city
considering the economy, socio-economic conditions and living
habits of people which ruled out vertical planning.
• City was planned for a population of 0.5 million to be realized in 3
stages.
• Stage-I (S1) from Sector 1 to 30 covering 3642 hectares for 150000
population, a low density development of 41.12 persons per hectare
with high order of infrastructure and amenities. Land to be allotted
on free hold basis.
• Stage-II (S2) from Sector 31 to 47 covering 2428 hectares for 350000
population, a high density development of 144.15 persons per
hectare (3.5 times of stage 1) with lesser order of infrastructure and
amenities. Land to be allotted on lease hold.
• Stage-III (S3) Re-densification of Stage-I (S1) to accommodate
additional population of city when it exceeds 0.5 million without
compromising with the quality of life.
22. LE CORBUSIER’S MASTER PLAN
• The city plan was based on the concept of four basic functions of human living:
- Living - Working - Circulation - Care of Body & Spirit
• Beginning with practical necessity of re-siting capitol and reducing area to be
acquired for the city, the entire urban structure was modified.
• Mayers concept of fan shaped city with curved network of roads, super blocks and
overall form that springs from an almost anti-urban aesthetic was changed by
adopting the grid iron pattern of straight roads because:
– Circulation of traffic demands a straight line
The curve is ruinous, difficult and dangerous;
it is a paralyzing thing.
The straight line enters into all human history,
into all human aim,
into every human act.
• Present urban form of Chandigarh is derived from:
– Grid iron pattern with straight roads
– Neighborhood units-sector.
– The circulation pattern based on theory of 7vs (les sept voies)
– Regular grid of the fast traffic V3 roads defining edges of sector.
23. LE CORBUSIER’S MASTER PLAN
• which played critical role in influencing the
– distribution of functions
– Establishing the hierarchy of roads.
– Giving the city its ultimate civic form
• Connecting the major nodes of the city were the 3V2s of which
– One was designed as the ceremonial approach (Jan Marg- people avenue)
running along the city park/leisure valleys.
– The second V2 (Madhya Marg-middle avenue) cuts across the city connecting
railway station/industrial area with university and
– Third (Dakshin Marg-South Avenue) defined the edge of first stage of the city.
• A plan which could be placed on any flat piece of land anywhere.
What distinguishes Chandigarh are the attributes of its site.
– The natural edges formed by the hills and two rivers
– Gently sloping plain with groves of mango trees.
– A stream bed meandering across its length
– An existing road and rail line
24. LE CORBUSIER’S MASTER PLAN
• However, with density of the sectors rising from the north to the south
– as the social class of the inhabitant becomes lower,
– the city becomes a kind of a social map itself.
– This disquieting arrangement has been explained by Varma as the result of Le
Corbusier wanting a transition to more openness towards the capitol and of the
drainage system being more rational with this arrangement due to natural fall
south-wards.
– The dry bed of a subsidiary monsoon water-course, to which the main exis is
adjacent, is made into a leisure valley meandering through the town.
– The geometrically irregular sectors against the dammed river to the east, the
industrial area.
• Jane Drew called Master Plan of a poetic significance, biological in text with its
– Commanding head - the capitol complex.
– Its heart-the city commercial centre
– Its hand of productivity - industrial area.
– Its hand of learning - university.
– Its brain and intellectual centre in the parkways where are located the museums,
library etc.
– Roads as the arteries - carriers of blood in the shape of traffic with
– Glass and bricks as the skin.
25. PLAN OF CHANDIGARH BY LE CORBUSIER
1. Capitol Complex
2. MLA’s hostels/flats
3. Raj Bhawan
4. Post Graduate Medical
Institute
5. Panjab University
6. City Centre
7. Railway Station
8. Industrial Area
9. Airport
10. Sub-City Centre
26. LAND USE ALLOCTAION
Chandigarh City: Land use Allocation
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Landuse %age to
total area allocated
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
i. Residential 28.09
ii. Commercial & Offices 5.41
iii. Public, Semi-public 2.60
iv. Educational 7.20
v. Industrial 4.80
vi. Recreational, Cultural 0.51
vii. Open spaces 18.00
viii. Circulation 23.70
ix. Reserved 9.60
Total 100.00
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
• Source: Chandigarh Informograph (1977),
• For Living around one third area was used (28.1%).
• For Working including area under commercial and offices/public and semi-public
area/education/industry allotted one fifth of the area (20.5%).
• Recreation/leisure occupies one fifth area (18.5%).
• Circulation being a priority was earmarked one forth (24%) area of the city.
30. Sector Defined
Sector-Container of basic human needs of:
• Living, Working & Care of Body and Spirits (COBS).
– Basic planning unit of the city.
– City plan aggregate of the Sectors connected with system of 7 Vs.
– Sector dimensions 800 m X 1200 m (0.96 sq. k)
• Population varying between 3000-25000 depending upon:
– Size of Plots
– Topography and
– Location.
– Dimensions of Sector derived from a modular conception.
• Sector planning based on the principle of:
– Self-contained and Self-sufficient Neighbourhood unit.
– With safety from traffic being the governing factor, Sector planning has Introvert
character.
– Sector is bounded by fast traffic roads running on all four sides.
– Sector has four entries, one from each side.
31. Sector Defined
– For linking with Greater Himalayas, a
continuous green belt stretching N-E to
S-W provided in the centre of Sector.
– Green belt to house Education, Cultural,
Religious and Community Buildings.
– Most of the houses grouped around a
central open space.
– All houses have setback in front and rear.
– Though plans of different Sectors not
identical but they follow the same
planning principles.
– Each Sector has a central green bisected
by (V4).
– A loop road distributes the traffic in the
interior (V5) Individual houses derive
approach from roads (V6) & (V7)
branching out of the loop road.
– Grouping of houses derived on the basis
of income.
– High income Sectors have low density
detached houses.
32. Sector Defined
• For achieving higher densities, low income
groups are provided with terrace housing.
• a curved road to slow down traffic with
shops on one side (South-West) and a
verandah to provide shade to shoppers .
– Market linked with adjoining Sectors,
forming a continuous ribbon.
– Variety of shops ranging from smaller
booths to larger Shop-Cum-. flats
– Larger shops designed as three storyed
buildings with shops on the ground floor
and residence for owners on upper
floors, as per the preference of the shop
owners.
– Continuous verandahs running in front
of shops to protect shoppers.
• Sector constitutes an attempt to create city
within a city which would provide for the
day to day material and social meets of the
citizens in easy reach of the home, but at the
same time linked to the larger scale of the
city in terms of transport and services as
well as architectural meaning.
35. CIRCULATION SYSTEM
• System of roads is based on the
system of 7Vs ( les sept voies)
evolved as the mechanism for
tackling the problems of urban
traffic by the CIAM.
• System symbolizes the structure and
discipline of a tree.
• It also described hierarchy of road.
• It also indicates hierarchy of
importance and speed.
• It meets the need of fastest traffic
and slowest traffic of
bicycles/pedestrians.
V1: Arterial inter-state roads which
brings traffic from outside to the
city.
V2: Major Avenue – the most important
streets in the town forming major
axes of the city and connecting
important nodes.
V3:Sector-definers – reserved
exclusively for fast moving traffic
with no door opening on V3 .only
one entry permitted from each side.
36. CIRCULATION SYSTEM
V4: Shopping streets, the
most colourfull and
active street in the city
running horizontally
ensures continuity and
neighbourliness
V5: The distribution road
meandering through a
sector in a form of figure
8.providing access to the
residential areas.
V6:smallest road leading
to individual houses
V7 :The exclusive pedestrian
pathways running through
the open space of a sector.
V8bc:The bicycle tracks
running contiguous through
the green belt with the
pedestrian pathways.
38. A VIEW OF THE SHIVALIK HILLS AND JAN MARG LEADING
TOWARDS CAPITOL COMPLEX
39.
40.
41. -CITY CENTRE – Sector 17
-SUB-CITY CENTRE – Sector 34, 43
-REGIONAL CENTRES - Sector 9,
8, 7, 26, 22, 35
-SECTOR LEVEL SHOPPING- V 4
-CONVENIENT SHOPPING- Sub-
Sector Level (V5)
-INFORMAL SHOPPING- Mobile
rehris, wayside service providers,
unauthorized shops
-REHABILITATION MARKETS
-BULK MATERIAL/MARKETS-
G.M, F&U
-WEEKLY FRUIT & VEGETABLE
MARKETS
-MARKETS WITHIN VILLAGES.
HEIRARCHY OF COMMERCIAL SPACES
42. SECTOR 17
Location-
Heart of the city
Surrounded by 3V2S & 1V3
Northeastern side- Madhya
Marg (V2)
North West- Jan Marg (V2)
South East- Himalaya Marg
(V2b)
South West – Udyog path
(V3)
Size- 2950’ X 4370’ (296
Acs.)
- Larger by 310’ from a
normal sector (265 Acs.) to
compensate for wider side
Roads.
NE Sec. 9
SE
Sec.
18
SW Sec. 22
NW
Sec.
16
43.
44. -To be planned as Capitol of City
-To be developed as Civic-Cum-Commercial Centre
-To provide a high degree of Urbanity to area
-To meet specialized needs of Trade & Commerce,
leisure, entertainment, shopping etc.
-To provide for city level civic amenities
-To provide joy of shopping
-To create series of Piazzas following Indian pattern of
shopping (Bazaars)
-Follow basic principles of Sector Planning
-Minimize conflict between pedestrians and vehicles
-Provide adequate space for vehicular parking
-Link major spaces of the sector to the Shivalik Hills
-Strictly regulate the architectural features, material,
pattern of construction, shape & size, height, balconies,
projections, public accesses.
45.
46. Sec. 9
Sec.
18
Sec. 22
Sec.
16
-Sector divided into two
distinct parts
-North Eastern part planned
as primary Commercial zone.
-South Western Part- planned
as civic zone
-V4 integrates the two areas
-Urbanity defined through 2
rows of high rise building (7
storeyed) blocks on North-
West & South-East sides
47. Sec. 9
Sec.
18
Sec. 22
Sec.
16
-All roads intersecting the
pedestrian piazzas raised to first
floor level to provide interrupted
movement.
-11 storeyed tower in commercial
area to be in focus of Central
commercial Piazza
-Rows of 4/5 storeyed blocks
planned on cross-axial basis to
define the central spaces.
-Unbroken continuity of central
core
-Variation in size and positioning
of blocks to create interplay in
spaces and promenades
48. Sec. 9
Sec.
18
Sec. 22
Sec.
16
-Buildings in commercial Centre
designed on a space module of 17’.3”
-Shops dividing commercial and civic
zones planned on a module of 11’-0”
-The Commercial zone includes:-
-Shop-cum-offices-cum residences
-5 cinemas
-Central Library
-Town hall
-Post & Telegraph Office
-Bank Square
-2 Petrol Pumps
-Police Headquarter
-Hotels
-Office spaces
-Eleven Storeyed block
49. Sec. 9
Sec.
18
Sec. 22
Sec.
16
-The Civic Area includes:-
-Interstate Bus Terminus
-Fire Station
-Exhibition ground
-Parade Ground
-District Courts
-Treasury Office
-Central Police Station
-Police Housing
-Football Stadium
50. Sec. 9
Sec.
18
Sec. 22
Sec.
16
-Pattern of V7 modified to provide
efficient circulation
- Access through a slow traffic road
with large area set aside for parking,
making inner complex free from traffic/
noise.
-Pattern of one entry modified to
provide more entries by extending V5
-Major loop of V5 supplemented by
subsidiary loops to provide access to
various part
-Majority of parking contained on
surface, supplemented.
-Area occupied by Civic zone less as
compared to commercial part.
-Civic zone does not follow the pattern of
commercial area planning
51. NE Sec. 9
SE
Sec.
18
SW Sec. 22
NW
Sec.
16
1 1
2
3
4
5
6
6
7
7 7
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
Sector 17
52.
53. -Sector comprises of individual shops/
blocks governed by strict architectural
controls
-Based on facade controls buildings in
the Sector 17 can be divided into:-
-Exposed brick face buildings containing
SCOF along V4
-Shop-cum-Office and other public
Buildings in exposed concrete
-Multi-storeyed blocks on North-West &
SE sides
-Cinemas
-Eleven Storeyed block
54. Exposed Brick faced Buildings
-4 storeyed structures
-Each shop- 3 bays 33’X 78’-6”
-Planned on a grid of 11’X11’
-11 feet deep verandah before each shop
-frontage on only one side with service road
provided at back
-Ground floor for shop, 1st & 2nd floor for
shop/offices & 4th Floor for residence of essential
staff
-Height 48’-9”
-No basement but provision of a mezzanine floor
-Straight façade with exposed brick work &
rectangular column
-Upper floors to have recessed balconies to create
play of solids & voids
-½ thick groove provided vertically to separate each
shop
-No provision for advertisement on external façade
55. Shop-cum-Offices in Exposed
Concrete
-4/5 storeyes structures
-Shops 2/3 bays in width and 6 bays in
depth
-Planned on a grid of 17’-3” X 17’-3”
(5.25m X 5.25m)
-3.65m deep verandah at GF level on
both sides
-Height 57’-7” with (17.6m) floor
height of 12’-0 (3.5m)
-6’-9” deep balconies compulsory at
1st/2nd/3rd floors to ---provide shade
from summer se / rain
-Shuttering pattern guided by steel
plates of 4’X8” (1.25 X 2.5m)
56. -Concrete to be used for
construction
-External facades of unfinished
concrete
-Harshness of concrete diluted
with large glass windows
-Interesting combination of
opaque (exposed concrete) &
transparent (glass) material
-Circular concrete columns,
beams, parapets, deep verandahs, -
undulatory glazing are the features
which governed architectural
vocabulary of city centre in terms
of Aesthetics & function.
Shop-cum-Offices in Exposed
Concrete
57. Multistoreyed blocks on NW/SE side
-Planned on a grid of 5.25m X 7m
-7 storeyed buildings with single
storeyed block
-Basement permitted
-Height 85’-6” (26 meters)
-Planned to cater to diverse needs of
people/Govt.
-Buildings measure 80mX22m
-Exposed unfinished cement concrete --
facades with balconies
-Buildings oriented to achieve N-S
orientation and to create panoramic
street picture
-Balconies provided on all floors
60. OPERATION OF PLAN
-Two zones representing two distinct
pictures in terms of design, aesthetics,
planning in the absence of proper
integration
-Similarity of character of spaces,
building facades do lend disciplined
expression but fails to give distinct
identity to vistas
-Problem of establishing land marks
-Absence of identity of areas
-Difficulties in positioning.
-Joy of shopping missing during summer
months when it is uncomfortable to walk
on sun baked concrete pavements
-Visual effectiveness vitiated by broad
approaches
-Visual pollution caused by large surface
parking
61. OPERATION OF PLAN
-Unbuilt second overbridge does not allow unobstructed flow of
pedestrian traffic
-Focus of attention limited to few areas
-Defining specific areas for banking has diluted the overall
ambience of city centre.
-Irrationals land use defined in city centre hampers its proper
operation and functioning.
-Police Station
-Police Housing
-Football Stadium
-Inter State Bus Terminus
-District Courts
62. OPERATION OF PLAN
-District Court & ISBT create traffic
bottlenecks
-Major areas lying undeveloped
-Limited Use of landscaping in
creating balance between built and
open spaces
-Smaller shops not suitable for city
centre
-Large scale violation of Architectural
Control
-Large scale conversion of land uses
particularly in case of cinemas being
converted into multiplexes
-Lack of proper integration of spaces
within the sector.
-problems due to architectural
controls
-problems posed by concrete facades
due to degradation of concrete.
63.
64. LOOKING FORWARD
The entire plan of sector 17 needs
relook in terms of
-Rationalization of land uses
-Circulation
-Parking
-Land Utilization
-Architectural Controls
-Landscaping
-Possibility of creating large
commercial/office spaces
-Surface parking areas to be shifted
on the periphery with more
underground parking created
-Harshness of the hard surface to be
diluted by creating large open spaces.
- more highrise building to be created
to give a feeling of urbanism.
65. LOOKING FORWARD
-Planning of two zones to be reviewed
and integrated into a composite unit
-Certain uses like District Courts,
police housing, ISBT occupying large
area should be shifted to more
appropriate places
-Concept of city forests need to be
considered for the open spaces to
change the micro-climate of the area.
-Urban design solution of the various
spaces needs to be considered for
improving the scale and functioning of
central spaces
-Detailed landscape scheme needs to
be evolved for the city centre.
-Creating a number of landmarks
-All squares to be redefined to give a
distinct identity to different areas
66. A VIEW OF THE SHOPPING ARCADE IN THE CITY CENTRE
