The document discusses the history and development of various video tape recording formats. It begins with early reel-to-reel analog formats like VERA developed by BBC in 1952 and the influential 2-inch Quadruplex format introduced by Ampex in 1956. Subsequent sections describe the evolution of 1-inch Type A, B, and C professional reel-to-reel formats and early cassette/cartridge systems like U-matic. Later sections cover the introduction of digital videotape formats including D1, D2, D3, and consumer formats like VHS and Betamax.

1. Magnetic recording
Formats
By KRISHNALAL MB

2. HISTORY
• One of the first efforts at video recording was the
Vision Electronic Recording Apparatus, a high
speed multitrack machine developed by the BBC in
1952.
• This machine used a thin steel tape on a 21-inch
(53.5 cm) reel traveling at over 200 inches per
second.
• transverse-scan technology invented by Ampex
around1954, in which the recording heads are
mounted on a spinning drum and record tracks in
the transverse direction, across the tape

3. video tape recorder
A video tape recorder (VTR) is a tape recorder designed to record video
material on magnetic tape.
The first practical video tape recorder, using transverse tape head scanning,
was developed by Ampex Corporation in 1956
The early VTRs were reel to reel devices which recorded on individual
reels of 2 inch (5.08 cm) wide magnetic tape.
They were used in television studios, serving as a replacement for motion
picture film stock and making recording for television applications cheaper
and quicker.
Improved formats, in which the tape was contained inside a videocassette,
were introduced around 1969; the machines which play them are called
videocassette recorders.

4. AMPEX Quardplex VR-
1000A

5. Technology

6. Formats and products
.
Analog reel-to-reel
 VERA (BBC)
 2” Quadruplex (Ampex, RCA and Bosch's Fernseh)
 1” Type A (Ampex)
 1” Type B (Bosch's Fernseh - BTS Philips)
 1” Type C (Sony, Ampex, NEC and Hitachi)
 Ampex 2 inch helical VTR

7. Professional cassette and cartridge based systems
 U-matic (3/4”)
 Betacam (Sony)
 M-II (Panasonic)
Standard definition digital videotape formats
 D1 (Sony) and Broadcast Television Systems Inc.
 D2 (Sony and Ampex)
 D3 (Panasonic)
 D9 (Digital-S) (JVC)

8.  Digital Betacam (Sony)
 D-VHS (JVC and Panasonic)
 DVCAM (Sony)
 DVCPRO (Panasonic)
High definition digital video tape formats
 D5 HD
 D6 HDTV VTR (BTS - Philips - Thomson SA Grass Valley (company))
 DVCPROHD (Panasonic)
 HDCAM (Sony)
 HDCAM-SR (Sony)

9. Consumer format
 Betamax
 Digital8 (Sony)
 DV
 EIAJ Half inch open reel and cassette
 VHS
 VHS-C (JVC)
 S-VHS (JVC)
 MicroMV
 VX (videocassette format)
 Video 2000 (Philips)

10. VERA (BBC)
Vision Electronic Recording Apparatus (VERA) was
an early analog recording videotape format developed
from 1952 by the BBC under project manager Dr Peter
Axon.
VERA was capable of recording about 15 minutes
The frequencies used by video signals are so high that the
tape/head speed is on the order of several meters per second
(tens of feet per second), an order of magnitude faster
than professional analog audio tape recording.

11. 2’’Quadruplex videotape
2-inch quadruplex videotape (also called 2″ quad, or just quad, for short) was
the first practical and commercially successful analog recording videotape
format.It was developed and released for the broadcast television industry in
1956 by Ampex, an American company based in Redwood City, California.
This format revolutionized broadcast television operations and television
production

12. Type A videotape
1 inch type A (designated Type A by SMPTE) is a reel to reel helical scan
analog recording videotape format developed by Ampex in 1965, that was
one of the first standardized reel-to-reel magnetic tape formats in the 1 inch
(25 mm) width; most others of that size at that time were proprietary. It was
capable of 350 lines.
Type A was developed as mainly an industrial and institutional format,
where it saw the most success. It was not widely used for broadcast
television, since it did not meet Federal Communications Commission (FCC)
The Type A format received broad use by the White House Communications
Agency from 1966 to 1969. eg:VR-5000 (1965) B/W Record-player, very
popular,many made.

13. Type B videotape
1 inch type B VTR (designated Type B by SMPTE) is a reel-to-reel analog
recording video tape format developed by the Bosch Fernseh division of Bosch
in Germany in 1976. The magnetic tape format became the broadcasting
standard in continental Europe, but adoption was limited in the United States
and United Kingdom.
Recording 52 video lines per head segment. Video is recorded on an FM signal
with a bandwidth of 5.5 MHz. Three longitudinal audio tracks are recorded on
the tape as well
BCN 50 VTRswere used at the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow

14. Type B video Scanner
Head
Type B VTR, BCN 20 Tape Desk and
video Scanner

15. Type C videotape
1 inch Type C (designated Type C by SMPTE) is a professional reel-to-reel
analog recording helical scan videotape format co-developed and introduced
by Ampex and Sony in 1976. It became the replacement in the professional
video and broadcast television industries for the then-incumbent 2 inch
Quadruplex videotape (2 inch Quad for short) open-reel format, due to the
smaller size, comparative ease of operation (vs. 2 inch) and slightly higher
video quality of 1 inch type C video tape recorder (VTR).
1 inch type C required less maintenance downtime than Quadruplex
videotape, and did not require digital time base correction to produce a stable
video signal
1 inch Type C is capable of “trick-play” functions such as still, shuttle, and
variable-speed playback, including slow motion

16. Sony BVH-500 portable VTR
1976 Hitachi portable VTR, for Sony 1” type C

17. Ampex 2 inch helical VTR
From 1963 to 1970, Ampex manufactured several models of VTR 2 inch
helical VTRs, capable of recording and playing back analog black & white
video. Recording employed non-segmented helical scanning, with one
wrap of the tape around the video head drum being a little more than 180
degrees, using two video heads..The units had two audio tracks recorded on
the top edge of the tape, with a control track recorded on the tape’s bottom
edge. The 2” wide video tape used was one mil (0.001in or 0.0254mm) thick.
The VTRs were mostly used by industrial companies, educational
institutions, and a few for in-flight entertainment
The capstan tape speed is 3.7 inches per second, which provided a long
record time of up to 5 five hours on large reels
The Ampex 2 inch helical VTRs were popular, as they were priced much less
that the 2 inch quadruplex videotape recorders used in the broadcast
television industry at the time.

18. U-matic
U-matic is an analog recording videocassette format first
shown by Sony in prototype in October 1969, and introduced
to the market in September 1971. It was among the first video formats to contain
the videotape inside a cassette, as opposed to the various reel-to-reel or open-
reel formats of the time.
The videotape was 3⁄4 in (1.9 cm) wide, so the formatis often known as 'three-
quarter-inch' or simply 'threequarter',
comparing to other open reel videotape formatsof the same vintage, such as 1 in
(2.5 cm) type C videotape and 2 in (5.1 cm) quadruplex videotape

19. U MATIC CASSETTE

20. Betacam (Sony)
videocassette products developed by Sony in 1982. In colloquial use,
“Betacam” singly is often used to refer to a Betacam camcorder, a Betacam
tape, a Betacam video recorder or the format itself.
The cassettes are available in two sizes: S and L. The Betacam camcorder can
only load S magnetic tapes, while television studio sized video tape
recorders (VTR) designed for video editing can play both S and L tapes.
Beta cam L tape
Betacam S tape

21. Sony Betacam SP Camcorder
“Digital 1000”.
Sony Betacam SP PVW-2800
Editing VTR.

22. M-II (Panasonic)
MII was a professional analog recording videocassette format developed by
Panasonic in 1986 as their answer and competitive product to Sony's
Betacam SP format. It was technically similar to Betacam SP, using
metal-formulated tape loaded in the cassette, and utilizing component video
recording.
MII is sometimes incorrectly referred to as M2; the official name uses Roman
numerals, and is pronounced “em two”.
MII machines recorded six tracks: two by the moving heads and four by the
stationary head. Starting from the top of the tape, the first two were
stationary head audio channels two and one. Below these were the two
moving head tracks called C and Y, which are frequency modulated
parts of the video signal. The C track also contained audio channels three
and four, frequency modulated. Going further down the tape, the last two
stationary head tracks carried control and time code information,
respectively. The control signal was used to synchronize the moving heads.

23. D-1 (Sony)
D-1 or 4:2:2 Component Digital is a SMPTE digital recording video standard,
introduced in 1986 through efforts by SMPTE engineering committees. It started
as a Sony and Bosch - BTS product and was the first major professional digital
video format. SMPTE standardized the format within ITU-R 601 (orig. CCIR-
601), also known as Rec. 601, which was derived from SMPTE 125M and EBU
3246-E standards.
The uncompressed component video used enormous bandwidth, 173 Mbit/sec
(bit rate), for its time. The maximum record time on a D-1 tape is 94 minutes
D-1 was most popular in high-end graphic and animation production
D-1 resolution is 720 (horizontal) × 486 (vertical) for NTSC systems and 720 × 576
for PAL systems; these resolutions come from Rec. 601.

24. BTS D1 VTR DCR500

25. D-2 (Sony and Ampex)
Format name: D2 digital
o SMPTE type: D2
o Format type: digital composite
o Scanning system: multi head segmented helical
o Year introduced: 1989
o Developer: Ampex /Sony
Physical Data
o Tape width: 19 mm
o Tape speed(s): 5.19 ips
o Tape thickness: .55 mils
o Playing time(s): 32, 94, 208 minutes (Small, Medium, Large cassette sizes)
o Head wheel diameter: 2.95”1
o Speed: 5400 rpm
o Head-to-tape writing speed: 1078 in/sec.
o Sampling rate: 4fsc
o Data rate: 60.1 MB/sec
Audio:
o No. of digital channels: 4
o Sampling rate: 48 kHz

26. D-3
D-3 is an uncompressed composite digital videovideocassette format invented
at NHK, and introducedcommercially by Panasonic in 1991 to compete with
Ampex's D-2. It uses half-inch metal particle tape at83.88 mm/s
Four channels of 48 kHz 16-20 bit PCM audio
The aggregate net (error corrected) bitrate of the format is 143 Mbit/s,
Maximum D-3 runtimes are 50, 126, and 248 minutes respectively.

27. Panasonic AJ-D350 D3 VCR

28. D9 (Digital-S) (JVC)
D-9 or Digital-S as it was originally known, is a professional digital video
videocassette format created by JVC in 1995. It is a direct competitor to Digital
Betacam.
Its name was changed to D-9 in 1999 by the SMPTE.
It is used mostly inside Europe and Asia, though has seen some use in the US,
most notably by the FOX news channel
D-9 uses a tape shell of the VHS formfactor, but the tape itself uses a much
higher quality metal particle formulation.
The recording system is digital and for video usesDV compression at a 50
Mbit/s bitrate. Video is recordedin 4:2:2 component format at a variety of
standard definitionresolutions, in either 4:3 or 16:9 aspect ratios. Audio
is recorded as 16bit/48 kHz pcm with up to 4 separate
channels

29. Digital Betacam
Digital Betacam (commonly referred to as DigiBeta, DBeta,DBC or simply Digi)
was launched in 1993. It supersedes both Betacam and Betacam SP, while
costingsignificantly less than the first, 100% uncompressed D1format.
S tapes are available with up to 40 minutes running time, and L tapes with up
to 124 minutes.
in NTSC (720×486) or PAL(720×576) resolutions at a bitrate of 90 Mbit/s plus
fourchannels of uncompressed 48 kHz / 20 bit PCM-encodeddigital audio.
It is a popular digital video cassette format for broadcast television use.

30. D-VHS
D-VHS is a digital recording format developed by JVC,in collaboration with
Hitachi, Matsushita, and Philips.
The “D” in D-VHS originally stood for Data VHS, but with the expansion of
the format from standard definitionto high definition capability, JVC renamed
it DigitalVHS and uses that designation on its website.
It uses thesame physical cassette format and recording mechanism
as S-VHS (but needs higher quality and more expensivetapes), and is capable
of recording and displaying bothstandard definition and high definition
content.
The contentdata format is in MPEG transport stream, the samedata format
used for most digital television applications.The format was introduced in
1998.
D-VHS VCRs come with multiple speeds. “HS” is “High Speed”, “STD” is
“Standard” and “LS” is “Low Speed"

31. In 1996 Sony responded with its own professional version of DV called
DVCAM.Like DVCPRO, DVCAM uses locked audio, which prevents
audio synchronization drift that may happen on DV if several generations of
copies are made.
When recorded to tape, DVCAM uses 15 μm track pitch,which is 50% wider
compared to baseline. Accordingly ,tape is transported 50% faster, which
reduces recording time by one third compared to DV. Because of the wider
track and track pitch, DVCAM has the ability to do a frame accurate insert
tape edit, while DV may vary by a few frames on each edit compared to the
preview

32. DVCPRO Progressive was introduced by Panasonic for news gathering,
sports journalism and digital cinema.
It offered 480 or 576 lines of progressive scan recordingwith 4:2:0 chroma
subsampling and four 16-bit 48 kHzPCM audio channels.
The format offered six modes for recording and playback:
16:9 progressive (50 Mbit/s), 4:3 progressive (50 Mbit/s),
16:9 interlaced (50 Mbit/s), 4:3 interlaced (50 Mbit/s),
16:9 interlaced (25 Mbit/s), 4:3 interlaced (25 Mbit/s).[

33. D5 HD (Panasonic)

34. D6 HDTV VTR
o The VTR was a joint project between Philips Digital Video Systems of
Germany and Toshiba in Japan.
o Tape format D-6 ,19 mm tape cassette housing,SMPTE 277/278M
o The tape cassette housing looks like a D1 or D2 cassette,but these would be
rejected by the VTR.
o Tape is a Metal Particle tape,
o Scanner diameter 96 mm, a Helical scan
o Track pitch: 22 um
o D6 Tape thickness 11 um
o Head to tape speed ~46 m/s
o Tape speed ~497 mm/s
o Records and playback of 1 Gbit/s uncompresseddata.
o Uses cassette sizes L – M – S
o Small type 8 minutes
o Med. type 28 minutes
o Large type 64 minutes

35. DVCPRO HD, also known as DVCPRO100 is a highdefinition
video format that can be thought of as four DV codecs that work in
parallel. Video data rate depends on frame rate and can be as low as 40
Mbit/s for 24 frame/s mode and as high as 100 Mbit/s for 50/60 frame/s
modes.Like DVCPRO50, DVCPRO HD employs 4:2:2 color sampling
The main competitor to DVCPRO HD is HDCAM, offered by Sony. It uses
a similar compression scheme but at higher bitrate

36. HDCAM
HDCAM, introduced in 1997, is a high-definition video digital recording
videocassette version of digital Betacam, using an 8-bit discrete cosine
transform (DCT) compressed 3:1:1 recording
1920×1080 on playback
The recorded video bit rate is 144 Mbit/s. Audio is also similar, with four
channels ofAES3 20-bit, 48 kHz digital audio
The main competitor to HDCAM is the DVCPRO HD format offered by
Panasonic

37. HDCAM SR
HDCAM SR was introduced in 2003 and standardised in SMPTE 409M􀀀2005.
It uses a higher particle density Tape and is capable of recording in 10 bits 4:2:2
or 4:4:4 RGB with a video bit rate of 440 Mbit/s, and a total data rate of
approximately 600 Mbit/s.
The increased bit rate (over HDCAM) allows HDCAM SR to capture much
more of the full bandwidth of the HDSDI signal (1920×1080).
HDCAM SR is used commonly for HDTV television production.
As of 2007, many prime-time network television shows use HDCAM SR as a
master recording medium.

38. HDCAM SR tape

39. Betamax
Betamax (also called Beta, and referred to as such in the logo) is a consumer-level
analog videocassette magnetic tape recording format developed by Sony,
released in Japan on May 10, 1975.
The cassettes contain .50 in (12.7 mm)-wide videotape in a design similar to the
earlier, professional .75 in (19 mm) wide, U-matic format
Three Sony Betamax VCRs built for the
American market. Top to
bottom: SL-2000 portable with TT-2000
tuner/timer “Base Station”
(1982); SL-HF 300 Betamax HiFi unit
(1984); SL-HF 360
SuperBeta HiFi unit (1988).

40. Digital8 (Sony)
Digital8 (or D8) is a consumer digital recording videocassette for camcorders
based on the 8 mm video format developed by Sony, and introduced in 1999.
The Digital8 format is a combination of the older Hi8 tape transport with the
DV codec.
Digital8 equipment uses the same videocassettes as analog recording Hi8
equipment, but differs in that the signal is not analog audio/analog video, but
is encoded digitally
Hitachi Digital8
Camcorder

41. DV
DV is a format for storing digital video. It was launched in 1995 with joint
efforts of leading producers of video camera recorders.

42. EIAJ Half inch open reel
and cassette
EIAJ-1, developed by the Electronic Industries Association of Japan (in
conjunction with several Japanese electronics manufacturers) in 1969, was the
first standardized format for industrial/non-broadcast video tape recorders
(VTRs).
EIAJ-1 did away with all of this, giving those manufacturers a standardized
format interchangeable with almost all the VTRs that they manufactured.
The EIAJ-1 standard paved the way for consumer oriented non-professional
analog video recording technology to become more affordable and
widespread, with many businesses, schools, government agencies, hospitals,
and even some consumers to immediately adopt the format in the early 1970s.
Some of the first public-access television stations that went on the air in that
same era also used EIAJ-1 extensively, due to its portability, low cost, and
versatility

43. Panasonic 1/2 inch VTR,
Model NY3130 at DC
Video,

44. VHS
The Video Home System (better known by its abbreviation VHS) is a
consumer-level analog recording videotape-based cassette standard developed
by Victor Company of Japan (JVC).
o The player must be compatible with any ordinary
television set.
o Picture quality must be similar to a normal off-air
broadcast.
o The tape must have at least a two-hour recording capacity.
o Tapes must be interchangeable between players.
o The overall system should be versatile, meaning it can be scaled and
xpanded, such as connecting a video camera, or dub between two players.
o Players should be affordable, easy to operate and have low maintenance
costs. Players must be capable of being produced in high volume, their parts
must be interchangeable, and they must be easy to service.

45. This illustration demonstrates the helical wrap of the tape
around the head drum, and shows the points where the
video, audio and control tracks are recorded.

46. A typical VHS head drum containing two tape heads. (1) is the
upper head, (2) is the tape heads, and (3) is the head amplifier.

47. VHS-C (JVC)
Another variant is VHS-Compact (VHS-C), originally developed for portable
VCRs in 1982, but ultimately finding success in palm-sized camcorders. The
longest tape available for NTSC holds 60 minutes in SP mode and 180
minutes in EP mode. Since VHS-C tapes are based on the same magnetic tape
as full-size tapes, they can be played back in standard VHS players using a
mechanical adapter, without the need of any kind of signal conversion
VHS-C adapter

48. Victor S-VHS (left) and S-VHS-C (right).

49. MicroMV
MicroMV was a proprietary videotape format introduced in 2001 by Sony. This
videocassette is physically smaller than a Digital8 or DV cassette. In fact,
MicroMV is the smallest videotape format — 70% smaller than MiniDV
or about the size of two US quarter coins. Each cassette
can hold up to 60 minutes of video
MicroMV camcorder and tape (top) compared
to miniDV and Hi8 tapes

50. VX (videocassette format)
VX was a short-lived and unsuccessful consumer analog recording
videocassette format developed by Panasonic and launched in 1975 in Japan. In
the US it was sold using the Quasar brand and marketed under the name
"The Great Time Machine" to exhibit its time-shifting capabilities, since VX
machines had a companion electromechanical clock timer for timed recording
of television programs. In Japan, the VX-100 model was launched in
1975, with the VX-2000 following in 1976. The first and only model sold in
North America was the Quasar VR- 1000 (based on the Panasonic VX-2000),
with the VT-100 timer

51. Video 2000 (Philips)
Video 2000 (or V2000; also known as Video Compact Cassette, or VCC) is a
consumer videocassette system and analog recording standard developed
by Philips and Grundig to compete with JVC's VHS and Sony's Betamax
video technologies. Distribution of Video 2000 products began in 1979 and
ended in 1988; they were marketed exclusively in Europe, Brazil, and
Argentina.
Philips named the videotape standard Video Compact Cassette (VCC) to
complement their landmark Audio Compact Cassette format introduced in
1963, but the format itself was marketed under the trademark Video
2000.
The Philips VR2020 was the first mass-
marketed model of the Video 2000
format sold in the UK.

52. THANKS