The document discusses the telemetry, tracking, command and monitoring (TTC&M) system for satellites. The TTC&M system provides essential communication between the spacecraft and ground stations. It includes subsystems for telemetry, tracking, command, and monitoring. Telemetry transmits sensor data from the satellite. Tracking determines the satellite's position and orbit. Command controls satellite functions. Monitoring collects and analyzes sensor data to check satellite health. The TTC&M system enables ground stations to observe and control the satellite.

1. TELEMETRY, TRACKING
COMMAND & MONITORING
Presented by:
Alpana A. Ingale
Roll no 8108

2. CONTENT
1. INTRODUCTION
2. TTC & M BLOCK DIAGRAM
3. TTC & M FUNCTIONS
4. TTC & M BACKUP SYSTEM
5. TELEMETRY SYSTEM
6. MONITORING SYSTEM
7. TRACKING SYSTEM
8. COMMAND SYSTEM
9. COMMANDS USED
10. REFERENCES
TELEMETRY, TRACKING COMMAND
& MONITORING

3. INTRODUCTION
 The TTC & M system provides various essential communication to & from
the spacecraft.
 TTC & M is the only way to observe and to control the satellite’s functions
& condition from the ground.
TELEMETRY, TRACKING COMMAND
& MONITORING

4. TTC & M BLOCK DIAGRAM
 TTC & M is a narrowband link –
allows for high sensitivity reception.
 At the earth station measured data is
processed & commands are issued to
the satellite.
TELEMETRY, TRACKING COMMAND
& MONITORING

5. TTC & M FUNCTIONS
1. Reporting spacecraft health.
2. Control the orbit and attitude of the satellite.
3. Monitoring command actions.
4. Monitor the status of all sensors and subsystems on the
satellite.
5. Switch on or off sections of the communication system.
6. Control of payload (communications, etc.).
TELEMETRY, TRACKING COMMAND
& MONITORING

6. TTC & M BACKUP SYSTEM
 The main system can be used only after the correct attitude of the
satellite is achieved, i.e. it is inoperable.
 The backup system provides controls to important sections which can be
used to bring the main system in operation
 In case, the main TTC & M system fails, the backup system is used to
keep the satellite on station. It is also used to eject the satellite from
geostationary orbit.
TELEMETRY, TRACKING COMMAND
& MONITORING

7. TELEMETRY SYSTEM
 Telemetry : The telemetry system sends data received from sensors on the
satellite to monitor the satellite’s health, via telemetry link to the
controlling earth station.
 Telemetry data are usually digitized and transmitted as phase shift keying
of a low-power telemetry carrier using time division techniques.
 A low data rate (downlink bit rates up to 8 Mbps) is normally used to
allow the receiver at the earth station to have a narrow BW & thus maintain
a high carrier to noise ratio.
 The sensor data and the status of each subsystem, can be reported back to
the earth by the telemetry system.
TELEMETRY, TRACKING COMMAND
& MONITORING

8. MONITORING SYSTEM
 The monitoring system collects data from many sensors within the satellite
& analyze these data to the controlling earth station.
 Monitoring parameters :pressure, temperature, voltage, current.
 The evaluation of each component in the ground station is a very crucial
process so as to maintain optimal level in the performance of each of
the components.
 Alarms can also be sounded if any vital parameter goes outside
allowable limits.
TELEMETRY, TRACKING COMMAND
& MONITORING

9. MONITORING SYSTEM - CONT’D
 Attitude maintenance sighting devices are monitored via telemetry link.
 In failure case the satellite points in the wrong direction. The faulty unit
must then be disconnected and a spare brought in, via the command
system, or some other means of controlling attitude devised.
 These comparisons are done to take corrective or preventive action
whenever required to prevent failure or delays in the mission timelines.
 Parameters measured: AGC & BER [2]
AGC: It is the plot between time and power. It helps us to determine the
satellite anomalies.
BER: The figure of merit for a digital radio link is its Bit Error Rate
TELEMETRY, TRACKING COMMAND
& MONITORING

10. TRACKING SYSTEM
 Tracking : The tracking system at the earth station provides information
on the range, elevation, and azimuth of the satellite needed in computing
orbital elements.
 Ranging measurements Ranging tones.
 The earth station controlling the satellite can observe the Doppler shift of
the telemetry carrier or beacon transmitter carrier to determine the rate at
which range is changing.
TELEMETRY, TRACKING COMMAND
& MONITORING

11. TRACKING SYSTEM – CONT’D
 One of the technique to determine the current position of an orbit is
by integrating the data obtained by velocity and acceleration sensors.
 Triangulation method is used to determine the position of a satellite
when a sufficient number of earth stations with adequate separation are
observing it.
TELEMETRY, TRACKING COMMAND
& MONITORING

12. COMMAND SYSTEM
 During launch sequence
 Switch on power
 Deploy antennas and solar panels
 Point antennas to desired location
 In orbit
 Maintain spacecraft thermal balance
 Control payload, thrusters, etc.
 Encryption of commands and responses is used to provide security in the
command system, so that the risk of satellite malfunction due to erroneous
commands is minimized.
 The command and telemetry links can operate in the same frequency band (6
& 4GHz) but they are usually separated from the communication system.
TELEMETRY, TRACKING COMMAND
& MONITORING

13. COMMANDS USED
UNIX:
 The monitor supplies commands for managing satellite files ( cat, cd,
chmod, chsize, cp, create, df, ls, mv, pwd, rm, quit ).
 For communicating with the host ( hcu ), and for executing application
programs ( exec ).
 An additional command ( help ) gives a synopsis of all the satellite
commands.
 Satellite utility programs include makefsys, diskcp, garead, and boot.
TELEMETRY, TRACKING COMMAND
& MONITORING

14. COMMANDS USED – CONT’D
Useful Commands for Satellite CCRMA:
 https://ccrma.stanford.edu/wiki/Useful_Commands_for_Satellite_CCRMA
Useful Commands for Satellite Nv:
 https://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/td/docs/routers/asr9000/software/asr9k_r4-
3/interfaces/command/reference/b_interfaces_cr43xasr9k/b_interfaces_cr43
xasr9k_chapter_01110.pdf
TELEMETRY, TRACKING COMMAND
& MONITORING

15. REFERENCES
[1] Satellite communication by T Pratt, C.Bostian & J.Allnutt, Wiley.
[2] Chaithra. N, Akhil.V “Telemetry, Tracking, Command and Monitoring
on Ground Station Parameters for Satellites” by, IJAEEE Journal, vol
no.5, issue no.6, 2016.
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& MONITORING

16. TELEMETRY, TRACKING COMMAND
& MONITORING