The document discusses long-term and short-term food storage organs in plants. Long-term storage organs include underground stems modified into tubers, rhizomes, and corms. Underground storage leaves form bulbs, while above-ground stems can store food long-term as well, such as sugarcane. Special storage roots include tuberous roots and swollen taproots. Short-term storage organs provide food reserves until the next growing season and include leaves, stems, and roots. The document provides examples of different plant structures that serve as long-term and short-term food storage organs.
The document discusses food storage in the human body. Excess food from the diet, especially fat, is stored in various areas of the body. Glycogen is stored in the liver and muscles as animal starch. Fat is stored under the skin, around organs, and in other areas. Too much fat storage can lead to obesity and health issues like heart disease and diabetes. The document also addresses storage of vitamins, minerals, and toxins in the liver.
The document discusses the transport structures and processes in plants. It describes how xylem transports water and minerals upwards from the roots to the leaves, driven by transpiration pull. Phloem transports food substances manufactured in the leaves to all parts of the plant through sieve tubes and companion cells. Experiments using aphids, ringing, and radioisotopes demonstrate phloem transport.
This document discusses three artificial methods of vegetative plant propagation: layering, cutting, and grafting. Layering involves bending a stem or branch to the ground and burying part of it so roots develop. Cutting uses small stem, leaf, or root cuttings planted in soil to develop new plants. Grafting combines desirable traits of two plant varieties by cutting the stem of the stock plant and placing a scion cutting from another plant over it, allowing them to fuse together into one plant with qualities of both.
The document summarizes the key components and functions of xylem and phloem tissue in plants. Xylem tissue conducts water and minerals throughout the plant and is composed of tracheids and vessels. Phloem tissue conducts sugars and transports them from leaves to other plant parts. Phloem consists of sieve tubes made of elongated living cells called sieve elements connected end to end to form columns. Each sieve element has an associated companion cell that provides energy and nutrients to keep the sieve element alive via plasmodesmata.
This document discusses diffusion, osmosis, and active transport as methods for substances to cross cell membranes. It defines diffusion as the passive movement of molecules down a concentration gradient not requiring energy. Osmosis is defined as the diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane from a lower to higher water potential. Active transport moves substances against a concentration gradient and requires energy. The document describes the process and importance of diffusion, osmosis, and active transport and factors that affect their rates.
Asexual reproduction in plants allows for rapid colonization without variation, while sexual reproduction introduces variation but requires two parents and can result in harmful mutations. Asexual reproduction in plants occurs through stolons, runners, spores, tubers, bulbs, and grafts. Tubers like potatoes and bulbs like onions are modified plant structures that store nutrients, allow the plant to survive winter, and produce new genetically identical plants.
The document summarizes plant tissues and organs. It describes the main cell types in plants including parenchyma, collenchyma and sclerenchyma cells which provide structure and support. It also discusses vascular tissues like xylem and phloem which transport water and nutrients. Xylem transports water and minerals from roots to leaves while phloem transports carbohydrates. The document also outlines the three main tissue systems - vascular, dermal and ground tissues. Meristematic tissues contain stem cells that allow continuous growth. Leaves contain mesophyll and epidermal tissues for photosynthesis and gas exchange.
The four functions of stems are to support leaves, move water and minerals throughout the plant, produce food through photosynthesis, and store food. The tip of the external stem is called the terminal bud, which contains the apical meristem tissue responsible for increasing stem length. Leaves and buds attach to stems at nodes, and when they fall off they leave behind leaf scars. The three main internal tissues are xylem, which conducts water and minerals upward; phloem, which conducts food downward; and cambium, which increases stem thickness. Specialized stems include bulbs, corms, rhizomes, stolons, and tubers.
The document discusses food storage in the human body. Excess food from the diet, especially fat, is stored in various areas of the body. Glycogen is stored in the liver and muscles as animal starch. Fat is stored under the skin, around organs, and in other areas. Too much fat storage can lead to obesity and health issues like heart disease and diabetes. The document also addresses storage of vitamins, minerals, and toxins in the liver.
The document discusses the transport structures and processes in plants. It describes how xylem transports water and minerals upwards from the roots to the leaves, driven by transpiration pull. Phloem transports food substances manufactured in the leaves to all parts of the plant through sieve tubes and companion cells. Experiments using aphids, ringing, and radioisotopes demonstrate phloem transport.
This document discusses three artificial methods of vegetative plant propagation: layering, cutting, and grafting. Layering involves bending a stem or branch to the ground and burying part of it so roots develop. Cutting uses small stem, leaf, or root cuttings planted in soil to develop new plants. Grafting combines desirable traits of two plant varieties by cutting the stem of the stock plant and placing a scion cutting from another plant over it, allowing them to fuse together into one plant with qualities of both.
The document summarizes the key components and functions of xylem and phloem tissue in plants. Xylem tissue conducts water and minerals throughout the plant and is composed of tracheids and vessels. Phloem tissue conducts sugars and transports them from leaves to other plant parts. Phloem consists of sieve tubes made of elongated living cells called sieve elements connected end to end to form columns. Each sieve element has an associated companion cell that provides energy and nutrients to keep the sieve element alive via plasmodesmata.
This document discusses diffusion, osmosis, and active transport as methods for substances to cross cell membranes. It defines diffusion as the passive movement of molecules down a concentration gradient not requiring energy. Osmosis is defined as the diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane from a lower to higher water potential. Active transport moves substances against a concentration gradient and requires energy. The document describes the process and importance of diffusion, osmosis, and active transport and factors that affect their rates.
Asexual reproduction in plants allows for rapid colonization without variation, while sexual reproduction introduces variation but requires two parents and can result in harmful mutations. Asexual reproduction in plants occurs through stolons, runners, spores, tubers, bulbs, and grafts. Tubers like potatoes and bulbs like onions are modified plant structures that store nutrients, allow the plant to survive winter, and produce new genetically identical plants.
The document summarizes plant tissues and organs. It describes the main cell types in plants including parenchyma, collenchyma and sclerenchyma cells which provide structure and support. It also discusses vascular tissues like xylem and phloem which transport water and nutrients. Xylem transports water and minerals from roots to leaves while phloem transports carbohydrates. The document also outlines the three main tissue systems - vascular, dermal and ground tissues. Meristematic tissues contain stem cells that allow continuous growth. Leaves contain mesophyll and epidermal tissues for photosynthesis and gas exchange.
The four functions of stems are to support leaves, move water and minerals throughout the plant, produce food through photosynthesis, and store food. The tip of the external stem is called the terminal bud, which contains the apical meristem tissue responsible for increasing stem length. Leaves and buds attach to stems at nodes, and when they fall off they leave behind leaf scars. The three main internal tissues are xylem, which conducts water and minerals upward; phloem, which conducts food downward; and cambium, which increases stem thickness. Specialized stems include bulbs, corms, rhizomes, stolons, and tubers.
Plants have several major organ systems that allow them to survive and reproduce. These include roots that absorb water and minerals, stems that provide structure and transport nutrients, leaves which perform photosynthesis, and reproductive structures like flowers and seeds. Plant tissues include meristematic tissues that facilitate growth and permanent tissues that carry out specialized functions. Together these organ systems and tissues enable key plant processes and allow plants to sustain life on Earth.
Biology M3 Movement in plants and animalseLearningJa
This document provides information about plant and animal movements. It includes 4 lessons: 1) on plant movements including tropisms and nastic movements, 2) on movement in higher animals including locomotion and muscles, 3) on the human skeleton and its functions, and 4) on bones, joints, and antagonistic muscle pairs that enable human movement. The document contains diagrams, websites for videos, and learning objectives for each lesson.
The document discusses the structure and function of leaves. It describes the external and internal structures of leaves, including the epidermis, stoma, palisade and spongy mesophyll layers, and vascular tissues. Leaves have adaptations for gas exchange, such as their flattened shape, thinness, internal air spaces, and stomata, which allow diffusion of carbon dioxide during photosynthesis. The document also compares monocot and dicot leaf structures.
This document discusses the classification of living things into a hierarchical system of kingdoms, phyla, classes, orders, families, genera and species to organize the over 1.4 million known species. It outlines the five kingdoms - animals, plants, bacteria, fungi and protoctists. Within the animal kingdom, organisms are classified as either vertebrates or invertebrates, with vertebrates further divided into five classes. Invertebrates include insects, arachnids, crustaceans and others. The plant kingdom also has divisions.
Natural vegetative reproduction in plants occurs through underground stems, bulbs, corms, rhizomes, and leaves, allowing plants like ginger, onions, potatoes, heliconia, and bananas to produce offspring. Artificial vegetative reproduction is a man-made process using plant parts like stems, buds, and leaves to reproduce plants with desired traits. Common techniques include cuttings using stem cuttings, grafting to join parts from two plants, budding which grafts a small bud, and air layering which induces root growth on stem cuttings.
This document discusses the seven key characteristics of living things: movement, metabolism, respiration, sensitivity/responsiveness, growth, reproduction, and excretion. It defines each characteristic and provides examples. The document aims to help the reader understand and identify the characteristics of living organisms.
Flowers contain reproductive organs called stamens and carpels. Stamens contain pollen and carpels contain ovaries with egg cells. Flowers can be unisexual with only stamens or carpels, or bisexual with both. Pollination is the transfer of pollen from stamen to carpel, allowing the male gamete in pollen to fuse with the female gamete in the ovule through a pollen tube. This fertilization produces a seed containing an embryo inside the ovary, which develops into a fruit.
There are two transport systems in plants - xylem and phloem. Xylem transports water and minerals from the roots throughout the plant. Phloem transports sugars and amino acids made in the leaves throughout the plant. Xylem vessels are long, hollow tubes reinforced with lignin that carry water upwards. Phloem vessels are living cells that transport sucrose and amino acids from where they are made to where they are used or stored. Transpiration is the loss of water vapor through stomata in the leaves, and can be measured using a potometer. The rate of transpiration is affected by environmental conditions like temperature, wind, humidity, and light levels.
This document discusses the transport system in plants. It describes how vascular plants have two main transport systems - the xylem and phloem. The xylem transports water and minerals from the roots to the shoots, while the phloem transports organic nutrients like sucrose from leaves to other plant parts. Transpiration is also described, where water lost through the stomata in leaves creates a transpiration pull that drives the movement of water through the xylem.
The document classifies plants into two main groups: flowering plants and non-flowering plants. Non-flowering plants are further divided into mosses, ferns, and gymnosperms. Mosses have no true roots or vascular tissues, simple stems and leaves, and reproduce via spores from capsules dispersed by wind. Ferns have roots, feathery leaves, underground stems, and vascular tissues, reproducing via spores on leaf undersides. Gymnosperms are tall evergreen trees like pine trees with needle-shaped leaves, cones, and naked seeds in female cones. Flowering plants are divided into monocots and dicots based on their seed and leaf characteristics.
This document discusses the levels of organization of living things from atoms to organisms. It begins by explaining that all matter is made of atoms which combine to form molecules and cells. Cells make up unicellular and multicellular organisms. Unicellular organisms consist of a single cell and can be prokaryotic or eukaryotic. Multicellular organisms are made of many eukaryotic cells that differentiate and organize into tissues and organs to carry out specific functions needed for organism survival.
Plant reproduction involves the transfer of pollen from the anther to the stigma, known as pollination. This can occur through wind or animal vectors. Fertilization happens when the pollen tube delivers sperm to fertilize the ovule. The ovary then develops into a fruit containing seeds. Seeds are dispersed by various mechanisms like wind, water, or animals to colonize new areas away from the parent plant. Germination starts when the seed takes in water, activating enzymes to break down food stores that fuel embryo growth into a new plant.
Part I
Explain the need for transport systems in multicellular plants
Describe the distribution of xylem and phloem tissue in roots, stems and leaves
Explain the absorption process in roots
Describe transport mechanisms
Part II
List factors that affects rate transpiration
Describe xerophyte properties
List the series of events that leads to translocation
The document summarizes the history and development of cell theory. It discusses key figures such as Hooke, who first observed and named cells in 1665; Van Leeuwenhoek, who observed the first living cells in 1683; and Schleiden, Schwann, and Virchow, who developed the three principles of cell theory - that all living things are made of cells, cells are the basic unit of life, and new cells are produced from existing cells. The document also describes the basic structures and differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell types.
This document discusses asexual reproduction in plants, which is the formation of new individuals from a single parent's cells and does not allow for genetic variation. It describes several methods of asexual reproduction including vegetative reproduction through bulbs, underground stems, runners, and leaves. It also discusses artificial propagation techniques like stem cuttings, grafting, layering, and plant tissue culture which can be used to reproduce plants without seeds.
The life cycle of a plant begins with a seed, which germinates into a seedling. The seedling grows into an adult plant that produces flowers. Flowers have male and female parts that are involved in reproduction and enable the plant to produce seeds. Some plants reproduce via cones instead of flowers. Seeds are dispersed by wind, water, or animals eating fruit and depositing seeds elsewhere, allowing new plants to grow and repeat the cycle.
Plants excrete waste through various processes like diffusion, guttation, and leaf/tissue shedding. Gases like oxygen and carbon dioxide produced during photosynthesis and respiration diffuse out through openings in bark and stomata. Excess water is excreted through guttation. Salt glands and crystals excrete salts. Calcium oxalate crystals store in and are excreted by fallen leaves. Wastes are also stored in heartwood, bark, and leaves that later die and fall off. Latex and gum can be excreted from plants. Excretion maintains plant homeostasis by removing wastes and regulating salts.
This document discusses plant physiology and various processes involved in water and mineral absorption in plants. It covers topics like osmosis, diffusion, active transport, turgor pressure, plasmolysis, and importance of turgidity. Water and minerals are absorbed by roots through processes like imbibition, diffusion, and osmosis. They are then transported to other parts through xylem. The concentration of cell sap inside root cells is higher than the surrounding soil water due to which water enters the cells through osmosis.
The document discusses different types of plants and their parts and functions. It describes trees, shrubs, herbs, climbers, creepers and other small plants. It explains the roles of roots, stems, leaves, flowers, fruits and seeds. It discusses how plants make their own food through photosynthesis and provides food and shelter for animals.
Polysaccharides like glucose are stored as glycogen in the liver and muscles to be converted quickly into energy when needed. Lipids and fats are stored under the skin and around organs for energy storage and insulation. Vitamins, minerals, and excess glucose are also stored in the liver and fatty tissues to maintain nutrient balance and supply energy during times of scarcity.
Plants have several major organ systems that allow them to survive and reproduce. These include roots that absorb water and minerals, stems that provide structure and transport nutrients, leaves which perform photosynthesis, and reproductive structures like flowers and seeds. Plant tissues include meristematic tissues that facilitate growth and permanent tissues that carry out specialized functions. Together these organ systems and tissues enable key plant processes and allow plants to sustain life on Earth.
Biology M3 Movement in plants and animalseLearningJa
This document provides information about plant and animal movements. It includes 4 lessons: 1) on plant movements including tropisms and nastic movements, 2) on movement in higher animals including locomotion and muscles, 3) on the human skeleton and its functions, and 4) on bones, joints, and antagonistic muscle pairs that enable human movement. The document contains diagrams, websites for videos, and learning objectives for each lesson.
The document discusses the structure and function of leaves. It describes the external and internal structures of leaves, including the epidermis, stoma, palisade and spongy mesophyll layers, and vascular tissues. Leaves have adaptations for gas exchange, such as their flattened shape, thinness, internal air spaces, and stomata, which allow diffusion of carbon dioxide during photosynthesis. The document also compares monocot and dicot leaf structures.
This document discusses the classification of living things into a hierarchical system of kingdoms, phyla, classes, orders, families, genera and species to organize the over 1.4 million known species. It outlines the five kingdoms - animals, plants, bacteria, fungi and protoctists. Within the animal kingdom, organisms are classified as either vertebrates or invertebrates, with vertebrates further divided into five classes. Invertebrates include insects, arachnids, crustaceans and others. The plant kingdom also has divisions.
Natural vegetative reproduction in plants occurs through underground stems, bulbs, corms, rhizomes, and leaves, allowing plants like ginger, onions, potatoes, heliconia, and bananas to produce offspring. Artificial vegetative reproduction is a man-made process using plant parts like stems, buds, and leaves to reproduce plants with desired traits. Common techniques include cuttings using stem cuttings, grafting to join parts from two plants, budding which grafts a small bud, and air layering which induces root growth on stem cuttings.
This document discusses the seven key characteristics of living things: movement, metabolism, respiration, sensitivity/responsiveness, growth, reproduction, and excretion. It defines each characteristic and provides examples. The document aims to help the reader understand and identify the characteristics of living organisms.
Flowers contain reproductive organs called stamens and carpels. Stamens contain pollen and carpels contain ovaries with egg cells. Flowers can be unisexual with only stamens or carpels, or bisexual with both. Pollination is the transfer of pollen from stamen to carpel, allowing the male gamete in pollen to fuse with the female gamete in the ovule through a pollen tube. This fertilization produces a seed containing an embryo inside the ovary, which develops into a fruit.
There are two transport systems in plants - xylem and phloem. Xylem transports water and minerals from the roots throughout the plant. Phloem transports sugars and amino acids made in the leaves throughout the plant. Xylem vessels are long, hollow tubes reinforced with lignin that carry water upwards. Phloem vessels are living cells that transport sucrose and amino acids from where they are made to where they are used or stored. Transpiration is the loss of water vapor through stomata in the leaves, and can be measured using a potometer. The rate of transpiration is affected by environmental conditions like temperature, wind, humidity, and light levels.
This document discusses the transport system in plants. It describes how vascular plants have two main transport systems - the xylem and phloem. The xylem transports water and minerals from the roots to the shoots, while the phloem transports organic nutrients like sucrose from leaves to other plant parts. Transpiration is also described, where water lost through the stomata in leaves creates a transpiration pull that drives the movement of water through the xylem.
The document classifies plants into two main groups: flowering plants and non-flowering plants. Non-flowering plants are further divided into mosses, ferns, and gymnosperms. Mosses have no true roots or vascular tissues, simple stems and leaves, and reproduce via spores from capsules dispersed by wind. Ferns have roots, feathery leaves, underground stems, and vascular tissues, reproducing via spores on leaf undersides. Gymnosperms are tall evergreen trees like pine trees with needle-shaped leaves, cones, and naked seeds in female cones. Flowering plants are divided into monocots and dicots based on their seed and leaf characteristics.
This document discusses the levels of organization of living things from atoms to organisms. It begins by explaining that all matter is made of atoms which combine to form molecules and cells. Cells make up unicellular and multicellular organisms. Unicellular organisms consist of a single cell and can be prokaryotic or eukaryotic. Multicellular organisms are made of many eukaryotic cells that differentiate and organize into tissues and organs to carry out specific functions needed for organism survival.
Plant reproduction involves the transfer of pollen from the anther to the stigma, known as pollination. This can occur through wind or animal vectors. Fertilization happens when the pollen tube delivers sperm to fertilize the ovule. The ovary then develops into a fruit containing seeds. Seeds are dispersed by various mechanisms like wind, water, or animals to colonize new areas away from the parent plant. Germination starts when the seed takes in water, activating enzymes to break down food stores that fuel embryo growth into a new plant.
Part I
Explain the need for transport systems in multicellular plants
Describe the distribution of xylem and phloem tissue in roots, stems and leaves
Explain the absorption process in roots
Describe transport mechanisms
Part II
List factors that affects rate transpiration
Describe xerophyte properties
List the series of events that leads to translocation
The document summarizes the history and development of cell theory. It discusses key figures such as Hooke, who first observed and named cells in 1665; Van Leeuwenhoek, who observed the first living cells in 1683; and Schleiden, Schwann, and Virchow, who developed the three principles of cell theory - that all living things are made of cells, cells are the basic unit of life, and new cells are produced from existing cells. The document also describes the basic structures and differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell types.
This document discusses asexual reproduction in plants, which is the formation of new individuals from a single parent's cells and does not allow for genetic variation. It describes several methods of asexual reproduction including vegetative reproduction through bulbs, underground stems, runners, and leaves. It also discusses artificial propagation techniques like stem cuttings, grafting, layering, and plant tissue culture which can be used to reproduce plants without seeds.
The life cycle of a plant begins with a seed, which germinates into a seedling. The seedling grows into an adult plant that produces flowers. Flowers have male and female parts that are involved in reproduction and enable the plant to produce seeds. Some plants reproduce via cones instead of flowers. Seeds are dispersed by wind, water, or animals eating fruit and depositing seeds elsewhere, allowing new plants to grow and repeat the cycle.
Plants excrete waste through various processes like diffusion, guttation, and leaf/tissue shedding. Gases like oxygen and carbon dioxide produced during photosynthesis and respiration diffuse out through openings in bark and stomata. Excess water is excreted through guttation. Salt glands and crystals excrete salts. Calcium oxalate crystals store in and are excreted by fallen leaves. Wastes are also stored in heartwood, bark, and leaves that later die and fall off. Latex and gum can be excreted from plants. Excretion maintains plant homeostasis by removing wastes and regulating salts.
This document discusses plant physiology and various processes involved in water and mineral absorption in plants. It covers topics like osmosis, diffusion, active transport, turgor pressure, plasmolysis, and importance of turgidity. Water and minerals are absorbed by roots through processes like imbibition, diffusion, and osmosis. They are then transported to other parts through xylem. The concentration of cell sap inside root cells is higher than the surrounding soil water due to which water enters the cells through osmosis.
The document discusses different types of plants and their parts and functions. It describes trees, shrubs, herbs, climbers, creepers and other small plants. It explains the roles of roots, stems, leaves, flowers, fruits and seeds. It discusses how plants make their own food through photosynthesis and provides food and shelter for animals.
Polysaccharides like glucose are stored as glycogen in the liver and muscles to be converted quickly into energy when needed. Lipids and fats are stored under the skin and around organs for energy storage and insulation. Vitamins, minerals, and excess glucose are also stored in the liver and fatty tissues to maintain nutrient balance and supply energy during times of scarcity.
Unit 3 Lecture: Quality of Life and the Environmentguest8c5dcb
The document discusses quality of life and the links between the environment and health. It presents a quality of life model that views quality of life as multidimensional and involving physical, psychological, and spiritual well-being. The model emphasizes connections to one's environment and opportunities to enhance skills. The document also outlines diseases related to environmental pollution, such as air pollution, water pollution, and soil degradation, and their impacts on health and productivity worldwide. Finally, it discusses the current state of environmental health in the Philippines and challenges posed by factors like population growth, rapid urbanization, poverty, and lifestyle choices.
This document appears to be a student's report on various plant species and their endosperm types. It lists several plant species, including Acalypha indica, Musa errens, Crotalaria, Grevillea robusta, and Lomantia polymorpha. It also mentions different types of endosperm structures like composite endosperm, cereal endosperm, and ruminate endosperm. The document concludes with references cited for further information on the embryology of angiosperms.
Leaves have three main parts: the base, petiole, and lamina. They come in two configurations - simple or compound. Simple leaves have a single blade while compound leaves are divided into smaller leaflets. Leaves are also classified by their margins, venation patterns, shapes, bases, and arrangement on the stem. Their structure is adapted for functions like photosynthesis, storage, reproduction, and carnivory.
A microclimate is a local climate that differs from the area around it. Several factors can impact microclimates, including vegetation like hedges and trees, physical features such as bodies of water, the aspect or direction a surface faces, and human-made structures. These factors can cause areas to be warmer or cooler through mechanisms like shading, wind blocking, and heat absorption and reflection.
Lecture 3: Fruits and Vegetables HarvestingKarl Obispo
This document discusses harvesting of fruits and vegetables. It begins with learning objectives related to postharvest procedures, maturity indices, and harvesting practices. It then outlines topics to be covered including postharvest handling procedures, defining maturity indices, importance of maturity indices, differences between physiological and horticultural maturity, and harvesting practices for common fruits and vegetables. The document discusses factors that determine optimum maturity for harvesting, different types of maturity, maturity indices used for various fruits and vegetables, and methods for manual and mechanical harvesting. It stresses the importance of harvesting at proper maturity to ensure quality and storage life.
The document discusses the different parts of a plant and their uses. It describes the root, which grows underground and takes in water and minerals, and the shoot, which includes the stem, leaves, flowers and fruits above ground. It then provides details on the uses of each part, including that leaves perform photosynthesis to make food, stems transport water and food, roots provide support and absorb water, and flowers help with reproduction by forming fruits containing seeds.
This document discusses nutrition in animals. It begins by explaining that animals get their food from plants, either directly by eating plants or indirectly by eating animals that eat plants. It then describes different ways that various animals ingest food, such as hummingbirds sucking nectar, humans chewing and swallowing, snakes swallowing whole prey, and starfish eating shellfish by extruding their stomach. Next, it outlines the five main processes of nutrition in animals: ingestion, digestion, absorption, assimilation, and egestion. It provides more details on the digestive systems and processes of humans, ruminants, amoebas and hydras.
The document discusses different modes of nutrition in living organisms. It describes heterotrophic nutrition where organisms depend on other organisms for food. The three types of heterotrophic nutrition are parasitic, saprophytic, and holozoic. Parasitic organisms harm their hosts, saprophytes feed on dead and decaying matter, and holozoic organisms ingest complex foods. Holozoic nutrition involves ingestion, digestion, absorption, assimilation, and egestion. Examples of different organisms and their modes of nutrition are provided, including the human digestive system.
digestivesystem-190611125129 (1). PDF copyrightzaynjutt369
The document summarizes the digestive system of insects. It describes that insects have a long alimentary canal divided into foregut, midgut, and hindgut. The foregut contains the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, crop, and gizzard. Salivary glands secrete enzymes into the foregut. The midgut is the primary site of digestion and absorption, containing gastric caecae that secrete enzymes. The hindgut absorbs nutrients and forms feces. Digestion involves ingestion, transportation, digestion in the midgut by enzymes, absorption of nutrients, and egestion of waste.
The document summarizes the digestive system of insects. It describes that insects have a long alimentary canal divided into foregut, midgut, and hindgut. The foregut contains the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, crop, and gizzard. Salivary glands secrete enzymes into the foregut. The midgut is the primary site of digestion and absorption, containing gastric caeca that secrete enzymes. The hindgut absorbs nutrients and forms feces. Digestion involves ingestion, transportation, digestion in the midgut by enzymes, absorption of nutrients, and egestion of waste.
This document discusses different methods of germplasm conservation including in situ and ex situ conservation. In situ conservation involves protecting genetic resources in their natural habitats through national parks, biosphere reserves, gene sanctuaries and sacred forests. Ex situ conservation involves maintaining genetic resources outside their natural habitats through seed banks, gene banks, tissue culture, cryopreservation and botanical gardens. The document provides details on various types of in situ and ex situ conservation methods.
1) General guidelines for food storage including cleaning items before storage, using or processing food as soon as possible, checking previously frozen items, and restricting access to food storage areas.
2) The FIFO (first in, first out) method for ensuring proper food rotation and identifying package dates.
3) Examples of inadequate storage conditions like improper inspection and maintenance of storage areas that can lead to pest contamination.
The document discusses several key life processes including nutrition, photosynthesis, and digestion. It defines autotrophic and heterotrophic nutrition, with autotrophs like plants performing photosynthesis to produce their own food using carbon dioxide, water, chlorophyll, and sunlight. Heterotrophs depend on autotrophs for food and include animals. Photosynthesis takes place in chloroplasts in plant cells, which contain chlorophyll and use light energy to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen. The document also describes digestion in animals, which involves ingestion, digestion through enzymes, absorption in the intestines, and egestion.
The document discusses the process of nutrition in organisms. There are two main types of nutrition - autotrophic and heterotrophic. Autotrophs like plants can synthesize their own food using photosynthesis, requiring carbon dioxide, water and sunlight. Heterotrophs obtain food from other sources and break it down using enzymes. The human digestive system breaks down ingested food through a multi-step process involving several organs like the mouth, stomach and small intestine to extract nutrients for absorption and use in the body.
1. The human digestive system breaks down food into smaller molecules that can be absorbed and used by cells in the body.
2. Digestion begins in the mouth and involves both mechanical and chemical breakdown of food. It continues through the esophagus, stomach, and small and large intestines.
3. The final products of digestion - amino acids, monosaccharides, fatty acids and glycerol - are absorbed in the small intestine and transported throughout the body. Undigested waste is eliminated as feces.
The digestive system breaks down food into nutrients that the body can use. It begins with the mouth and ends with the anus. Major organs include the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, liver, gallbladder and pancreas. Food is ingested, digested, absorbed in the small intestine, and waste is excreted. Digestion involves breaking down food into smaller molecules like amino acids and monosaccharides using enzymes from the saliva, stomach acid, bile, and pancreatic juice. The small intestine absorbs nutrients into the bloodstream through villi while the large intestine absorbs water before excreting waste.
The digestive system consists of the gastrointestinal tract and accessory organs. The gastrointestinal tract is made up of the oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, and anus. Accessory organs include the teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder and pancreas. The gastrointestinal tract works with these accessory organs to break down food into smaller molecules that can be absorbed and used by the body.
Grade 12 Agricultural Science Notes Animal nutrition Jack Matome Msiza
This document discusses animal nutrition and digestion. It begins by defining animal nutrition and describing the major nutrients needed by animals. It then describes the alimentary canal and digestive system, noting key parts like the mouth, stomach, and intestines. Several sections provide details on digestion in different types of animals like cattle, pigs, and birds. The document discusses the roles of the liver, pancreas, saliva, stomach acids, and more in breaking down food. It also covers absorption of nutrients and the differences between ruminant and non-ruminant digestion.
The digestive system of birds includes an esophagus, crop, stomach with two regions (proventriculus and ventriculus), intestine, and cloaca. The crop acts as a storage organ that allows birds to quickly ingest large amounts of food and digest it later. In pigeons, the crop produces "pigeon's milk" which young pigeons feed on. The stomach contains the proventriculus, which secretes gastric juices, and the ventriculus or gizzard, which has muscular walls to crush hard materials like seeds. The intestine absorbs nutrients with help from the pancreas and liver. The cloaca is the last part and acts as a common opening for waste elimination and the reproductive system
The digestive system of insects begins with a mouth and ends with an anus. The digestive tract aids in obtaining, processing, and digesting food. It is also involved in producing messenger molecules that coordinate feeding and digestive activities. The main sections of the insect digestive system are the foregut, midgut, and hindgut. The foregut involves ingestion and mechanical breakdown of food. The midgut contains digestive cells and is where most digestion occurs. The hindgut is involved in waste expulsion and housing symbiotic bacteria that help insects digest certain foods.
The digestive system of insects is composed of an alimentary canal that extends from the mouth to the anus. The alimentary canal is differentiated into three main regions - the foregut, midgut, and hindgut. Each region performs a different digestive function. The foregut contains structures like the pharynx, esophagus, and crop. The midgut is the main site of digestion and absorption and contains structures like the peritrophic membrane and gastric caecae. The hindgut functions to absorb water and ions from waste before it is excreted. Saliva plays various roles like moistening food, aiding digestion, and in some cases can transmit pathogens or toxins
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2. INTRODUCTION
FOOD STORAGE
EXPLAINED
LONG TERM
FOOD STORAGE
ORGANS
SHORT TERM
FOOD STORAGE
ORGANS
WHY STORE
FOOD?
FOOD TESTS
X
INTRODUCTION
FOOD STORAGE
EXPLAINED
LONG TERM
FOOD STORAGE
ORGANS
SHORT TERM
FOOD STORAGE
ORGANS
WHY STORE
FOOD?
FOOD TESTS
Introduction
Plants which grow in places that have a
prolonged dry period, either in the
winter or in the summer, or where there
is too much competition for other
necessities of life at certain times of the
year such that there is the likelihood of
dying, often store food in underground
storage organs.
2
3. INTRODUCTION
FOOD STORAGE
EXPLAINED
LONG TERM
FOOD STORAGE
ORGANS
SHORT TERM
FOOD STORAGE
ORGANS
WHY STORE
FOOD?
FOOD TESTS
X
INTRODUCTION
FOOD STORAGE
EXPLAINED
LONG TERM
FOOD STORAGE
ORGANS
SHORT TERM
FOOD STORAGE
ORGANS
WHY STORE
FOOD?
FOOD TESTS
Objectives
You should be able to:
1. describe the importance of storage of
food materials in living organisms.
2. accurately identify and describe the
external structure of various storage
organs in flowering plants.
3. give examples of food materials stored
in specific plant organs.
3
4. INTRODUCTION
FOOD STORAGE
EXPLAINED
LONG TERM
FOOD STORAGE
ORGANS
SHORT TERM
FOOD STORAGE
ORGANS
WHY STORE
FOOD?
FOOD TESTS
X
INTRODUCTION
FOOD STORAGE
EXPLAINED
LONG TERM
FOOD STORAGE
ORGANS
SHORT TERM
FOOD STORAGE
ORGANS
WHY STORE
FOOD?
FOOD TESTS
Food Storage in ‘Higher’ Plants
• ‘Higher’ (flowering) plants make
food (sugars) during
photosynthesis.
• Sugars are translocated to other
plant parts, converted to starch,
lipids and proteins and stored.
• Some of the food is used for growth
and development and in activities
that require energy.
4
5. INTRODUCTION
FOOD STORAGE
EXPLAINED
LONG TERM
FOOD STORAGE
ORGANS
SHORT TERM
FOOD STORAGE
ORGANS
WHY STORE
FOOD?
FOOD TESTS
X
INTRODUCTION
FOOD STORAGE
EXPLAINED
LONG TERM
FOOD STORAGE
ORGANS
SHORT TERM
FOOD STORAGE
ORGANS
WHY STORE
FOOD?
FOOD TESTS
Food Storage
• Because their purpose is to conserve
food, mainly to be used by a newly
growing plant until it can make its own
food, the storage areas are all relatively
large and fleshy.
• The storage areas are usually plants
parts modified as under-ground storage
organs, but other plant parts above
ground can also act as storage organs.
5
6. INTRODUCTION
FOOD STORAGE
EXPLAINED
LONG TERM
FOOD STORAGE
ORGANS
SHORT TERM
FOOD STORAGE
ORGANS
WHY STORE
FOOD?
FOOD TESTS
X
INTRODUCTION
FOOD STORAGE
EXPLAINED
LONG TERM
FOOD STORAGE
ORGANS
SHORT TERM
FOOD STORAGE
ORGANS
WHY STORE
FOOD?
FOOD TESTS
Food Storage Organs
There are several types of underground
storage organs formed from modified
stems or roots, and they are often found
in monocot plants.
To review food storage organs, go to the
menu on the left and point and click on
the buttons LONG TERM FOOD STORAGE
ORGANS and SHORT TERM FOOD
STORAGE ORGANS.
6
7. INTRODUCTION
FOOD STORAGE
EXPLAINED
LONG TERM
FOOD STORAGE
ORGANS
SHORT TERM
FOOD STORAGE
ORGANS
WHY STORE
FOOD?
FOOD TESTS
X
INTRODUCTION
FOOD STORAGE
EXPLAINED
LONG TERM
FOOD STORAGE
ORGANS
SHORT TERM
FOOD STORAGE
ORGANS
WHY STORE
FOOD?
FOOD TESTS
Long-term storage organs
• Most stem and root-storage organs store
foods so that the plant can use it when it
reproduces itself after a period of
adverse conditions.
• All long-term storage organs therefore
function as perennating or vegetative
reproductive organs.
• Go the next slide to see examples on
long term food storage organs.
7
8. INTRODUCTION
FOOD STORAGE
EXPLAINED
LONG TERM
FOOD STORAGE
ORGANS
SHORT TERM
FOOD STORAGE
ORGANS
WHY STORE
FOOD?
FOOD TESTS
X
INTRODUCTION
FOOD STORAGE
EXPLAINED
LONG TERM
FOOD STORAGE
ORGANS
SHORT TERM
FOOD STORAGE
ORGANS
WHY STORE
FOOD?
FOOD TESTS
Examples of Long-term Storage Organs
8
A. Underground stem storage organs
Examples: Tubers, Rhizomes, Corms
B. Underground storage leaves
Example: Bulbs
C . Aboveground storage organs
Example: Swollen stems
D. Special storage roots
Example: Tubers, Swollen Tap roots
9. INTRODUCTION
FOOD STORAGE
EXPLAINED
LONG TERM
FOOD STORAGE
ORGANS
SHORT TERM
FOOD STORAGE
ORGANS
WHY STORE
FOOD?
FOOD TESTS
X
INTRODUCTION
FOOD STORAGE
EXPLAINED
LONG TERM
FOOD STORAGE
ORGANS
SHORT TERM
FOOD STORAGE
ORGANS
WHY STORE
FOOD?
FOOD TESTS
A. Underground stem storage organs
Example 1: Stem Tuber
• A tuber is a fleshy storage organ formed
from a stem (or a root).
• A potato tuber is formed at the end of
the underground stem, and can produce
new shoots from ‘eyes’ or buds on its
surface.
9
More examples of
Long-term Storage Organs
10. INTRODUCTION
FOOD STORAGE
EXPLAINED
LONG TERM
FOOD STORAGE
ORGANS
SHORT TERM
FOOD STORAGE
ORGANS
WHY STORE
FOOD?
FOOD TESTS
X
INTRODUCTION
FOOD STORAGE
EXPLAINED
LONG TERM
FOOD STORAGE
ORGANS
SHORT TERM
FOOD STORAGE
ORGANS
WHY STORE
FOOD?
FOOD TESTS
A. Underground stem storage organs
Example 1: Stem Tuber – Irish Potato
10
More examples of
Long-term Storage Organs
11. INTRODUCTION
FOOD STORAGE
EXPLAINED
LONG TERM
FOOD STORAGE
ORGANS
SHORT TERM
FOOD STORAGE
ORGANS
WHY STORE
FOOD?
FOOD TESTS
X
INTRODUCTION
FOOD STORAGE
EXPLAINED
LONG TERM
FOOD STORAGE
ORGANS
SHORT TERM
FOOD STORAGE
ORGANS
WHY STORE
FOOD?
FOOD TESTS
A. Underground stem storage organs
Example 1: Stem Tuber – Irish Potato
11
More examples of
Long-term Storage Organs
12. INTRODUCTION
FOOD STORAGE
EXPLAINED
LONG TERM
FOOD STORAGE
ORGANS
SHORT TERM
FOOD STORAGE
ORGANS
WHY STORE
FOOD?
FOOD TESTS
X
INTRODUCTION
FOOD STORAGE
EXPLAINED
LONG TERM
FOOD STORAGE
ORGANS
SHORT TERM
FOOD STORAGE
ORGANS
WHY STORE
FOOD?
FOOD TESTS
A. Underground stem storage organs
Example 2: Rhizome
• A rhizome is a stem bearing leaves and
roots, which grows horizontally on or
just below the soil surface. It becomes
swollen with stored food.
• A rhizome is similar to a corm, but new
rhizomes are not produced annually.
Instead, the older parts die off and the
tips of the rhizome grow longer.
12
More examples of
Long-term Storage Organs
13. INTRODUCTION
FOOD STORAGE
EXPLAINED
LONG TERM
FOOD STORAGE
ORGANS
SHORT TERM
FOOD STORAGE
ORGANS
WHY STORE
FOOD?
FOOD TESTS
X
INTRODUCTION
FOOD STORAGE
EXPLAINED
LONG TERM
FOOD STORAGE
ORGANS
SHORT TERM
FOOD STORAGE
ORGANS
WHY STORE
FOOD?
FOOD TESTS
A. Underground stem storage organs
Example 2: Rhizome - Rhizome of Ginger
13
More examples of
Long-term Storage Organs
14. INTRODUCTION
FOOD STORAGE
EXPLAINED
LONG TERM
FOOD STORAGE
ORGANS
SHORT TERM
FOOD STORAGE
ORGANS
WHY STORE
FOOD?
FOOD TESTS
X
INTRODUCTION
FOOD STORAGE
EXPLAINED
LONG TERM
FOOD STORAGE
ORGANS
SHORT TERM
FOOD STORAGE
ORGANS
WHY STORE
FOOD?
FOOD TESTS
A. Underground stem storage organs
Example 2: Rhizome Rhizomes usually have
scaly reduced leaves along their surface,
which have resting buds in the axils.
14
More examples of
Long-term Storage Organs
15. INTRODUCTION
FOOD STORAGE
EXPLAINED
LONG TERM
FOOD STORAGE
ORGANS
SHORT TERM
FOOD STORAGE
ORGANS
WHY STORE
FOOD?
FOOD TESTS
X
INTRODUCTION
FOOD STORAGE
EXPLAINED
LONG TERM
FOOD STORAGE
ORGANS
SHORT TERM
FOOD STORAGE
ORGANS
WHY STORE
FOOD?
FOOD TESTS
A. Underground stem storage organs
Example 3: Corm
A corm is formed from the under-ground
base of the stem swollen with stored food.
Buds form at the top of the stem, and there
may also be smaller secondary buds on the
outside of the corm. Roots grow out from
the underside of the corm.
15
More examples of
Long-term Storage Organs
16. INTRODUCTION
FOOD STORAGE
EXPLAINED
LONG TERM
FOOD STORAGE
ORGANS
SHORT TERM
FOOD STORAGE
ORGANS
WHY STORE
FOOD?
FOOD TESTS
X
INTRODUCTION
FOOD STORAGE
EXPLAINED
LONG TERM
FOOD STORAGE
ORGANS
SHORT TERM
FOOD STORAGE
ORGANS
WHY STORE
FOOD?
FOOD TESTS
A. Underground stem storage organs
Example 3: Corm – Gladiolus
16
More examples of
Long-term Storage Organs
17. INTRODUCTION
FOOD STORAGE
EXPLAINED
LONG TERM
FOOD STORAGE
ORGANS
SHORT TERM
FOOD STORAGE
ORGANS
WHY STORE
FOOD?
FOOD TESTS
X
INTRODUCTION
FOOD STORAGE
EXPLAINED
LONG TERM
FOOD STORAGE
ORGANS
SHORT TERM
FOOD STORAGE
ORGANS
WHY STORE
FOOD?
FOOD TESTS
B. Underground Storage Leaves
Example 1: Bulb
• A bulb is an underground storage organ.
The body of the bulb is made up of
layers of fleshy scales which are modified
storage leaves.
• At the bottom of the bulb is a thin, flat
compressed stem (plate or disc) and the
roots grow from the underside of this
disc.
17
More examples of
Long-term Storage Organs
18. INTRODUCTION
FOOD STORAGE
EXPLAINED
LONG TERM
FOOD STORAGE
ORGANS
SHORT TERM
FOOD STORAGE
ORGANS
WHY STORE
FOOD?
FOOD TESTS
X
INTRODUCTION
FOOD STORAGE
EXPLAINED
LONG TERM
FOOD STORAGE
ORGANS
SHORT TERM
FOOD STORAGE
ORGANS
WHY STORE
FOOD?
FOOD TESTS
B. Underground Storage Leaves
Example 1: Bulb - Onion
18
More examples of
Long-term Storage Organs
19. INTRODUCTION
FOOD STORAGE
EXPLAINED
LONG TERM
FOOD STORAGE
ORGANS
SHORT TERM
FOOD STORAGE
ORGANS
WHY STORE
FOOD?
FOOD TESTS
X
INTRODUCTION
FOOD STORAGE
EXPLAINED
LONG TERM
FOOD STORAGE
ORGANS
SHORT TERM
FOOD STORAGE
ORGANS
WHY STORE
FOOD?
FOOD TESTS
B. Underground Storage Leaves
Example 1: Bulb
• In the centre of the bulb is the apical bud
for the next year's flowering shoot.
• There are usually also one or more
axillary buds found at leaf axil positions
between the swollen leaves at points
that would be nodes on a regular stem.
• The outer covering is a dry scale leaf that
forms a tunic around the bulb.
19
More examples of
Long-term Storage Organs
20. INTRODUCTION
FOOD STORAGE
EXPLAINED
LONG TERM
FOOD STORAGE
ORGANS
SHORT TERM
FOOD STORAGE
ORGANS
WHY STORE
FOOD?
FOOD TESTS
X
INTRODUCTION
FOOD STORAGE
EXPLAINED
LONG TERM
FOOD STORAGE
ORGANS
SHORT TERM
FOOD STORAGE
ORGANS
WHY STORE
FOOD?
FOOD TESTS
B. Underground Storage Leaves
Example 1: Bulb - Garlic
20
More examples of
Long-term Storage Organs
21. INTRODUCTION
FOOD STORAGE
EXPLAINED
LONG TERM
FOOD STORAGE
ORGANS
SHORT TERM
FOOD STORAGE
ORGANS
WHY STORE
FOOD?
FOOD TESTS
X
INTRODUCTION
FOOD STORAGE
EXPLAINED
LONG TERM
FOOD STORAGE
ORGANS
SHORT TERM
FOOD STORAGE
ORGANS
WHY STORE
FOOD?
FOOD TESTS
C. Above ground storage organs
Example : Storage stems - Sugar cane
• Because all of these long-term storage
organs are stems, they have scale leaves
and buds which can grow into new
plants when environmental conditions
are favourable.
21
More examples of
Long-term Storage Organs
22. INTRODUCTION
FOOD STORAGE
EXPLAINED
LONG TERM
FOOD STORAGE
ORGANS
SHORT TERM
FOOD STORAGE
ORGANS
WHY STORE
FOOD?
FOOD TESTS
X
INTRODUCTION
FOOD STORAGE
EXPLAINED
LONG TERM
FOOD STORAGE
ORGANS
SHORT TERM
FOOD STORAGE
ORGANS
WHY STORE
FOOD?
FOOD TESTS
C. Above-ground Storage stem
Example: Storage stems -Sugar cane stems
22
More examples of
Long-term Storage Organs
23. INTRODUCTION
FOOD STORAGE
EXPLAINED
LONG TERM
FOOD STORAGE
ORGANS
SHORT TERM
FOOD STORAGE
ORGANS
WHY STORE
FOOD?
FOOD TESTS
X
INTRODUCTION
FOOD STORAGE
EXPLAINED
LONG TERM
FOOD STORAGE
ORGANS
SHORT TERM
FOOD STORAGE
ORGANS
WHY STORE
FOOD?
FOOD TESTS
D. Special Storage Roots
• They do not have buds, but adventitious
buds may develop and grow into new
plants.
• Root tubers e.g. Sweet potato, are
adventitious roots in which starch is
stored.
• Swollen tap root, such as Carrot, is a
main root in which sugars are stored.
23
More examples of
Long-term Storage Organs
24. INTRODUCTION
FOOD STORAGE
EXPLAINED
LONG TERM
FOOD STORAGE
ORGANS
SHORT TERM
FOOD STORAGE
ORGANS
WHY STORE
FOOD?
FOOD TESTS
X
INTRODUCTION
FOOD STORAGE
EXPLAINED
LONG TERM
FOOD STORAGE
ORGANS
SHORT TERM
FOOD STORAGE
ORGANS
WHY STORE
FOOD?
FOOD TESTS
D. Special Storage Roots
Example 1: Root Tubers – Sweet Potato
24
More examples of
Long-term Storage Organs
25. INTRODUCTION
FOOD STORAGE
EXPLAINED
LONG TERM
FOOD STORAGE
ORGANS
SHORT TERM
FOOD STORAGE
ORGANS
WHY STORE
FOOD?
FOOD TESTS
X
INTRODUCTION
FOOD STORAGE
EXPLAINED
LONG TERM
FOOD STORAGE
ORGANS
SHORT TERM
FOOD STORAGE
ORGANS
WHY STORE
FOOD?
FOOD TESTS
D. Special Storage Roots
Example 1: Root Tubers – Cassava
25
More examples of
Long-term Storage Organs
26. INTRODUCTION
FOOD STORAGE
EXPLAINED
LONG TERM
FOOD STORAGE
ORGANS
SHORT TERM
FOOD STORAGE
ORGANS
WHY STORE
FOOD?
FOOD TESTS
X
INTRODUCTION
FOOD STORAGE
EXPLAINED
LONG TERM
FOOD STORAGE
ORGANS
SHORT TERM
FOOD STORAGE
ORGANS
WHY STORE
FOOD?
FOOD TESTS
D. Special Storage Roots
26
Example 2: Storage Tap roots - Carrot
More examples of
Long-term Storage Organs
27. INTRODUCTION
FOOD STORAGE
EXPLAINED
LONG TERM
FOOD STORAGE
ORGANS
SHORT TERM
FOOD STORAGE
ORGANS
WHY STORE
FOOD?
FOOD TESTS
X
INTRODUCTION
FOOD STORAGE
EXPLAINED
LONG TERM
FOOD STORAGE
ORGANS
SHORT TERM
FOOD STORAGE
ORGANS
WHY STORE
FOOD?
FOOD TESTS
• Example 2: Storage Tap roots
D. Special Storage Roots
27
Radish Turnip
More examples of
Long-term Storage Organs
28. INTRODUCTION
FOOD STORAGE
EXPLAINED
LONG TERM
FOOD STORAGE
ORGANS
SHORT TERM
FOOD STORAGE
ORGANS
WHY STORE
FOOD?
FOOD TESTS
X
INTRODUCTION
FOOD STORAGE
EXPLAINED
LONG TERM
FOOD STORAGE
ORGANS
SHORT TERM
FOOD STORAGE
ORGANS
WHY STORE
FOOD?
FOOD TESTS
Activity: Look at each storage organ labelled A-F and indicate what type of storage
organ it is by clicking on one of the letters A-F. A “bomb” sound indicates an incorrect
response. A “tick” indicates a correct response. Click the CHECK button for additional
feedback.
An example of a corm is:
An example of a rhizome is:
An example of a bulb.
An example of a root tuber.
An example of a stem tuber.
An example of a swollen tap root.
28
A B C D FE
A B C D E F
A B C D E F
A B C D E F
A B C D E F
A B C D E F
A B C D E F
CHECK
More examples of
Long-term Storage Organs
C
D
B
E
F
A
29. INTRODUCTION
FOOD STORAGE
EXPLAINED
LONG TERM
FOOD STORAGE
ORGANS
SHORT TERM
FOOD STORAGE
ORGANS
WHY STORE
FOOD?
FOOD TESTS
X
INTRODUCTION
FOOD STORAGE
EXPLAINED
LONG TERM
FOOD STORAGE
ORGANS
SHORT TERM
FOOD STORAGE
ORGANS
WHY STORE
FOOD?
FOOD TESTS
Feedback on Activity
29
An example of a corm is C, which represents a corm with storage base of stem e.g.
Dahlia
An example of a rhizome is D, which represents an underground horizontal storage
stem e.g. Ginger.
An example of a bulb is B, which represents a bulb with storage leaves e.g. Onion.
An example of a root tuber is E, which represents storage adventitious roots e.g. Sweet
potato.
An example of a stem tuber is F , which represents an underground storage stem tip
e.g. Irish Potato.
An example of a swollen tap root is A , which represents a swollen tap root e.g. Carrot.
A B C D FE
More examples of
Long-term Storage Organs
30. INTRODUCTION
FOOD STORAGE
EXPLAINED
LONG TERM
FOOD STORAGE
ORGANS
SHORT TERM
FOOD STORAGE
ORGANS
WHY STORE
FOOD?
FOOD TESTS
X
INTRODUCTION
FOOD STORAGE
EXPLAINED
LONG TERM
FOOD STORAGE
ORGANS
SHORT TERM
FOOD STORAGE
ORGANS
WHY STORE
FOOD?
FOOD TESTS
Short-term Storage Organs
• Fruits and Seeds store food for short
periods.
• Stored foods attract birds, insects and
other animals including humans who aid
in dispersal of the seeds when they eat
the fleshy fruits and discard the seeds.
30
31. INTRODUCTION
FOOD STORAGE
EXPLAINED
LONG TERM
FOOD STORAGE
ORGANS
SHORT TERM
FOOD STORAGE
ORGANS
WHY STORE
FOOD?
FOOD TESTS
X
INTRODUCTION
FOOD STORAGE
EXPLAINED
LONG TERM
FOOD STORAGE
ORGANS
SHORT TERM
FOOD STORAGE
ORGANS
WHY STORE
FOOD?
FOOD TESTS
Short-term Storage Organs - Fruits
Example 1: Fleshy fruits - Apple
31
“American” Apple
32. INTRODUCTION
FOOD STORAGE
EXPLAINED
LONG TERM
FOOD STORAGE
ORGANS
SHORT TERM
FOOD STORAGE
ORGANS
WHY STORE
FOOD?
FOOD TESTS
X
INTRODUCTION
FOOD STORAGE
EXPLAINED
LONG TERM
FOOD STORAGE
ORGANS
SHORT TERM
FOOD STORAGE
ORGANS
WHY STORE
FOOD?
FOOD TESTS
Short-term Storage Organs - Fruits
Example 1: Fleshy fruits
Cherries Mangoes
32
33. INTRODUCTION
FOOD STORAGE
EXPLAINED
LONG TERM
FOOD STORAGE
ORGANS
SHORT TERM
FOOD STORAGE
ORGANS
WHY STORE
FOOD?
FOOD TESTS
X
INTRODUCTION
FOOD STORAGE
EXPLAINED
LONG TERM
FOOD STORAGE
ORGANS
SHORT TERM
FOOD STORAGE
ORGANS
WHY STORE
FOOD?
FOOD TESTS
Short-term Storage Organs - Fruits
• Some fruits are eaten green or
unripened as vegetables because of the
food nutrient(s) they store.
• Humans eat these ‘vegetables’ as food
because they are a rich source of
vitamins, minerals and also
carbohydrates.
33
34. INTRODUCTION
FOOD STORAGE
EXPLAINED
LONG TERM
FOOD STORAGE
ORGANS
SHORT TERM
FOOD STORAGE
ORGANS
WHY STORE
FOOD?
FOOD TESTS
X
INTRODUCTION
FOOD STORAGE
EXPLAINED
LONG TERM
FOOD STORAGE
ORGANS
SHORT TERM
FOOD STORAGE
ORGANS
WHY STORE
FOOD?
FOOD TESTS
Short-term Storage Organs - Fruits
34
For the plants, they are storage organs
rich with food to nourish the embryos
when seeds begin to germinate.
35. INTRODUCTION
FOOD STORAGE
EXPLAINED
LONG TERM
FOOD STORAGE
ORGANS
SHORT TERM
FOOD STORAGE
ORGANS
WHY STORE
FOOD?
FOOD TESTS
X
INTRODUCTION
FOOD STORAGE
EXPLAINED
LONG TERM
FOOD STORAGE
ORGANS
SHORT TERM
FOOD STORAGE
ORGANS
WHY STORE
FOOD?
FOOD TESTS
Short-term Storage Organs - Fruits
Example 2: Vegetables with fleshy storage
tissue
35
X.S Pumpkin
L.S. Cucumber
X.S. Tomato
36. INTRODUCTION
FOOD STORAGE
EXPLAINED
LONG TERM
FOOD STORAGE
ORGANS
SHORT TERM
FOOD STORAGE
ORGANS
WHY STORE
FOOD?
FOOD TESTS
X
INTRODUCTION
FOOD STORAGE
EXPLAINED
LONG TERM
FOOD STORAGE
ORGANS
SHORT TERM
FOOD STORAGE
ORGANS
WHY STORE
FOOD?
FOOD TESTS
Short-term Storage Organs - Seeds
36
String beans Peas
Example: Vegetable with food stored in seeds
37. INTRODUCTION
FOOD STORAGE
EXPLAINED
LONG TERM
FOOD STORAGE
ORGANS
SHORT TERM
FOOD STORAGE
ORGANS
WHY STORE
FOOD?
FOOD TESTS
X
INTRODUCTION
FOOD STORAGE
EXPLAINED
LONG TERM
FOOD STORAGE
ORGANS
SHORT TERM
FOOD STORAGE
ORGANS
WHY STORE
FOOD?
FOOD TESTS
Short-term Storage Organs - Seeds
• Seeds may also store foods to be used
by the embryo during germination for its
for development and energy-requiring
activities until the new plant can make
its own food.
• The food is stored in the cotyledon/s
and sometimes also in the endosperm.
37
38. INTRODUCTION
FOOD STORAGE
EXPLAINED
LONG TERM
FOOD STORAGE
ORGANS
SHORT TERM
FOOD STORAGE
ORGANS
WHY STORE
FOOD?
FOOD TESTS
X
Short-term Storage Organs - Seeds
38
Peanut (seeds) and pods (left)
One Cotyledon with stored
food and embryo plant (right)
Example: Food stored in seeds
39. INTRODUCTION
FOOD STORAGE
EXPLAINED
LONG TERM
FOOD STORAGE
ORGANS
SHORT TERM
FOOD STORAGE
ORGANS
WHY STORE
FOOD?
FOOD TESTS
X
INTRODUCTION
FOOD STORAGE
EXPLAINED
LONG TERM
FOOD STORAGE
ORGANS
SHORT TERM
FOOD STORAGE
ORGANS
WHY STORE
FOOD?
FOOD TESTS
Short-term Storage Organs - Seeds
Seeds can store food as liquid or solid
The Coconut has a rich store of foods in the
liquid and the solid endosperm.
39
40. INTRODUCTION
FOOD STORAGE
EXPLAINED
LONG TERM
FOOD STORAGE
ORGANS
SHORT TERM
FOOD STORAGE
ORGANS
WHY STORE
FOOD?
FOOD TESTS
X
INTRODUCTION
FOOD STORAGE
EXPLAINED
LONG TERM
FOOD STORAGE
ORGANS
SHORT TERM
FOOD STORAGE
ORGANS
WHY STORE
FOOD?
FOOD TESTS
Think about this …
40
From their taste, what foods are stored in
each of these fruits?
41. INTRODUCTION
FOOD STORAGE
EXPLAINED
LONG TERM
FOOD STORAGE
ORGANS
SHORT TERM
FOOD STORAGE
ORGANS
WHY STORE
FOOD?
FOOD TESTS
X
INTRODUCTION
FOOD STORAGE
EXPLAINED
LONG TERM
FOOD STORAGE
ORGANS
SHORT TERM
FOOD STORAGE
ORGANS
WHY STORE
FOOD?
FOOD TESTS
Tests for food nutrients
1. Carry out food tests on a variety of
food samples from plants and animals.
2. Use a different set of samples than
your classmates on either side, then
compare your results.
3. Present your collective results in
tabular form.
Activity
-Testing a leaf for starch
Dip a leaf into boiling water for
about a minute (to soften it).
Turn off the Bunsen burner.
Put the leaf into a test-tube of
ethanol (to remove chlorophyll).
Stand the test-tube in a beaker of
hot water for about 10 minutes.
Wash the leaf in cold water.
Spread the leaf out flat on a petri
dish and cover it with iodine
solution (tests for starch).
If the leaf goes blue-black,
starch is present. 41
42. INTRODUCTION
FOOD STORAGE
EXPLAINED
LONG TERM
FOOD STORAGE
ORGANS
SHORT TERM
FOOD STORAGE
ORGANS
WHY STORE
FOOD?
FOOD TESTS
X
INTRODUCTION
FOOD STORAGE
EXPLAINED
LONG TERM
FOOD STORAGE
ORGANS
SHORT TERM
FOOD STORAGE
ORGANS
WHY STORE
FOOD?
FOOD TESTS
Why do ‘higher’ plants store food?
• So that they do not always have to make,
seek for or take in food.
• To withstand adverse growing or
environmental conditions.
• Provides food for the embryo.
• Used for energy-requiring activities.
• It helps with dispersal of seeds.
42
43. INTRODUCTION
FOOD STORAGE
EXPLAINED
LONG TERM
FOOD STORAGE
ORGANS
SHORT TERM
FOOD STORAGE
ORGANS
WHY STORE
FOOD?
FOOD TESTS
X
INTRODUCTION
FOOD STORAGE
EXPLAINED
LONG TERM
FOOD STORAGE
ORGANS
SHORT TERM
FOOD STORAGE
ORGANS
WHY STORE
FOOD?
FOOD TESTS
Summary
Plants make and store food for their own
use and especially to ensure the survival
and continuity of their species.
Animals, such as humans who cannot
make their own food, must rely on plants
- either directly or indirectly – for their
stored food to meet the animal’s
metabolic requirements.
43
44. INTRODUCTION
FOOD STORAGE
EXPLAINED
LONG TERM
FOOD STORAGE
ORGANS
SHORT TERM
FOOD STORAGE
ORGANS
WHY STORE
FOOD?
FOOD TESTS
X
INTRODUCTION
FOOD STORAGE
EXPLAINED
LONG TERM
FOOD STORAGE
ORGANS
SHORT TERM
FOOD STORAGE
ORGANS
WHY STORE
FOOD?
FOOD TESTS
Credits
• Slide 2: http://waynesword.palomar.edu/ecoph9.htm
• Slide 2 Cashew
http://www.cardochem.com/images/cashew-fruit.jpg
• Slide 1 Potato :
http://www.tajagroproducts.com/countries/images/flags
%20countries_taj%20agro/potato%20plant.jpg
44