3. BORDERS OF THE LUNG
The apex is about 2cm above the medial 1/3 of the clavicle
The anterior border of both lungs run downwards & medially meeting each other
in the midline behind the angle of Louis.
The anterior border of right lung continues running downwards till the 6th
costochondral junction.
The anterior border of left lung continues running downwards till the 4th costal
cartilage then curves laterally ½ inch forming the cardiac notch then descends
downwards till the 6th costochondral junction.
The lower border of the lungs represented by a line starting from 6th rib in the
MCL, 8th rib in the MAL & 10th rib in the mid scapular line.
4. Lung Fissures:
Oblique fissure (Right & Left):
It starts at the 3rd thoracic spine while the arms are elevated,
descends downwards, laterally & anteriorly along the medial
border of the scapula touching the inferior angle of the
scapula) cutting the mid axillary line in the 5th rib & ending at
the 6th costal cartilage 3 inches from the midline.
The transverse fissure (Right):
It arises at the 4th costal cartilage, runs horizontally to meet the
oblique fissure in the mid axillary line in the 5th rib.
7. Findings on Chest X-ray
Nodule (< 3cm) vs. Mass (>= 3cm)
Location:
Peripheral (Adenocarcinoma) vs
Central (Squamous)
Single or multiple (metastases)
Atelectasis of lobe or lung
Pneumonia
Hilar and mediastinal adenopathy
Pleural effusions
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13. CT Scan of Thorax
Nodule details:
Calcification, spiculation
Evaluate extension into adjacent structures:
Endobronchial, great vessels, pericardium etc
Evaluation of adenopathy
Upper abdominal pathology:
Metastatic lesions in liver, adrenals, & kidneys.
14. •Common radiological
appearances of lung
cancer.
•Centrally located mass
with mediastinal
invasion (arrow, a)
•Peripherally situated
mass abutting the
pleura (arrow, B)
•Mass with smooth,
lobulated margins
(arrow, C)
•With spiculated,
irregular margins (arrow,
D)
15. •Squamous cell cancer
presenting as a cavitating
mass (arrow,a)
•Adenocarcinoma
presenting as dense
consolidation (arrow, B).
•Bronchoalveolar
carcinoma presenting as
ground-glass opacity
(arrow, c)
•Mixed density, solid
(arrow), and ground-glass
nodules (arrowhead) in d
16. •Stage T1 tumor
due to size <3 cm
(arrow, A).
•Stage T2
endobronchial
tumor
(arrowhead)
causing
pneumonitis
restricted to the
upper lobe
(arrow) in B.
•T2a tumor >3 cm
but <5 cm (arrow,
C).
•T2b tumor >5 cm
but <7 cm (arrow
in D)
17. •Stage T4
tumors.
•T4 tumor due
to invasion of
pulmonary
artery (arrow,
a),
•Descending
aorta (arrow, b),
•Vertebral body
(arrow, c),
•Superior vena
cava with
thrombus
(arrow, d)
18.
19. The International Association for the
Study of Lung Cancer Lymph Node Map: A
Radiologic Atlas and Review
14 LN stations reorganized into 7 zones
Supraclavicular zone
Upper zone
AP zone
Subcarinal zone
Lower zone
Hilar zone
Peripheral zone
20. Station 1
Low cervical, supraclavicular and sternal notch nodes
Upper border : Lower margin of cricoid cartilage
Lower border : Clavicle bilaterally and in midline upper
border of manubrium
33. Peripheral Zone
Station 12 : Node adjacent to lobar bronchi
Station 13 : Node adjacent to segmental bronchi
Station 14 : Node adjacent to subsegmental bronchi