The document summarizes the borders and fissures of the lungs. It describes how the apex is located about 2cm above the medial 1/3 of the clavicle. It also outlines how the anterior borders of the right and left lungs descend and meet in the midline behind the angle of Louis, with the right lung continuing down to the 6th costochondral junction and the left lung curving laterally to form the cardiac notch before descending to the 6th costochondral junction. The lower border is represented by a line starting from the 6th rib in the MCL, 8th rib in the MAL, and 10th rib in the mid scapular line. Oblique and transverse fissures

3. BORDERS OF THE LUNG
 The apex is about 2cm above the medial 1/3 of the clavicle
 The anterior border of both lungs run downwards & medially meeting each other
in the midline behind the angle of Louis.
 The anterior border of right lung continues running downwards till the 6th
costochondral junction.
 The anterior border of left lung continues running downwards till the 4th costal
cartilage then curves laterally ½ inch forming the cardiac notch then descends
downwards till the 6th costochondral junction.
 The lower border of the lungs represented by a line starting from 6th rib in the
MCL, 8th rib in the MAL & 10th rib in the mid scapular line.

4. Lung Fissures:
Oblique fissure (Right & Left):
It starts at the 3rd thoracic spine while the arms are elevated,
descends downwards, laterally & anteriorly along the medial
border of the scapula touching the inferior angle of the
scapula) cutting the mid axillary line in the 5th rib & ending at
the 6th costal cartilage 3 inches from the midline.
The transverse fissure (Right):
It arises at the 4th costal cartilage, runs horizontally to meet the
oblique fissure in the mid axillary line in the 5th rib.

5. Fissures & Lobes of the Lungs

7. Findings on Chest X-ray
 Nodule (< 3cm) vs. Mass (>= 3cm)
 Location:
 Peripheral (Adenocarcinoma) vs
 Central (Squamous)
 Single or multiple (metastases)
 Atelectasis of lobe or lung
 Pneumonia
 Hilar and mediastinal adenopathy
 Pleural effusions

13. CT Scan of Thorax
 Nodule details:
 Calcification, spiculation
 Evaluate extension into adjacent structures:
 Endobronchial, great vessels, pericardium etc
 Evaluation of adenopathy
 Upper abdominal pathology:
 Metastatic lesions in liver, adrenals, & kidneys.

14. •Common radiological
appearances of lung
cancer.
•Centrally located mass
with mediastinal
invasion (arrow, a)
•Peripherally situated
mass abutting the
pleura (arrow, B)
•Mass with smooth,
lobulated margins
(arrow, C)
•With spiculated,
irregular margins (arrow,
D)

15. •Squamous cell cancer
presenting as a cavitating
mass (arrow,a)
•Adenocarcinoma
presenting as dense
consolidation (arrow, B).
•Bronchoalveolar
carcinoma presenting as
ground-glass opacity
(arrow, c)
•Mixed density, solid
(arrow), and ground-glass
nodules (arrowhead) in d

16. •Stage T1 tumor
due to size <3 cm
(arrow, A).
•Stage T2
endobronchial
tumor
(arrowhead)
causing
pneumonitis
restricted to the
upper lobe
(arrow) in B.
•T2a tumor >3 cm
but <5 cm (arrow,
C).
•T2b tumor >5 cm
but <7 cm (arrow
in D)

17. •Stage T4
tumors.
•T4 tumor due
to invasion of
pulmonary
artery (arrow,
a),
•Descending
aorta (arrow, b),
•Vertebral body
(arrow, c),
•Superior vena
cava with
thrombus
(arrow, d)

19. The International Association for the
Study of Lung Cancer Lymph Node Map: A
Radiologic Atlas and Review
 14 LN stations reorganized into 7 zones
 Supraclavicular zone
 Upper zone
 AP zone
 Subcarinal zone
 Lower zone
 Hilar zone
 Peripheral zone

20. Station 1
 Low cervical, supraclavicular and sternal notch nodes
 Upper border : Lower margin of cricoid cartilage
 Lower border : Clavicle bilaterally and in midline upper
border of manubrium

22. Upper zone

25. AP zone

27. Subcarinal zone

28. Lower zone

30. Hilar zone

33. Peripheral Zone
 Station 12 : Node adjacent to lobar bronchi
 Station 13 : Node adjacent to segmental bronchi
 Station 14 : Node adjacent to subsegmental bronchi