Walif Chbeir: Medical Imaging of PneumoThorax (PNO)–2Walif Chbeir
Dr. Walif Chbeir outlines in detail the medical imaging practice and diagnostic approach of pneumothorax (also known as PNO). This is the second in a four-part piece on PNO by Chbeir.
COPD are chronic obstructive airway diseases usually need CT scans for early diagnosis and followup. this ppt will give you a brief idea about imaging in COPD.
Walif Chbeir: Medical Imaging of PneumoThorax (PNO)–2Walif Chbeir
Dr. Walif Chbeir outlines in detail the medical imaging practice and diagnostic approach of pneumothorax (also known as PNO). This is the second in a four-part piece on PNO by Chbeir.
COPD are chronic obstructive airway diseases usually need CT scans for early diagnosis and followup. this ppt will give you a brief idea about imaging in COPD.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
The increased availability of biomedical data, particularly in the public domain, offers the opportunity to better understand human health and to develop effective therapeutics for a wide range of unmet medical needs. However, data scientists remain stymied by the fact that data remain hard to find and to productively reuse because data and their metadata i) are wholly inaccessible, ii) are in non-standard or incompatible representations, iii) do not conform to community standards, and iv) have unclear or highly restricted terms and conditions that preclude legitimate reuse. These limitations require a rethink on data can be made machine and AI-ready - the key motivation behind the FAIR Guiding Principles. Concurrently, while recent efforts have explored the use of deep learning to fuse disparate data into predictive models for a wide range of biomedical applications, these models often fail even when the correct answer is already known, and fail to explain individual predictions in terms that data scientists can appreciate. These limitations suggest that new methods to produce practical artificial intelligence are still needed.
In this talk, I will discuss our work in (1) building an integrative knowledge infrastructure to prepare FAIR and "AI-ready" data and services along with (2) neurosymbolic AI methods to improve the quality of predictions and to generate plausible explanations. Attention is given to standards, platforms, and methods to wrangle knowledge into simple, but effective semantic and latent representations, and to make these available into standards-compliant and discoverable interfaces that can be used in model building, validation, and explanation. Our work, and those of others in the field, creates a baseline for building trustworthy and easy to deploy AI models in biomedicine.
Bio
Dr. Michel Dumontier is the Distinguished Professor of Data Science at Maastricht University, founder and executive director of the Institute of Data Science, and co-founder of the FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable and Reusable) data principles. His research explores socio-technological approaches for responsible discovery science, which includes collaborative multi-modal knowledge graphs, privacy-preserving distributed data mining, and AI methods for drug discovery and personalized medicine. His work is supported through the Dutch National Research Agenda, the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research, Horizon Europe, the European Open Science Cloud, the US National Institutes of Health, and a Marie-Curie Innovative Training Network. He is the editor-in-chief for the journal Data Science and is internationally recognized for his contributions in bioinformatics, biomedical informatics, and semantic technologies including ontologies and linked data.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
3. STERNUM RIBS
• Manubrium true ribs 1-7
false ribs 8-12
• Body
• Xiphoid process floating ribs 11,12
4. RIBS
• true ribs: the first seven pairs of ribs are true ribs as they are attached to the sternum
directly by costal cartilages anteriorly
• false ribs: the 8th to 10th ribs converge anteriorly to each other via costal cartilages
and eventually to the seventh rib, therefore, their connection to the sternum is indirect
• floating ribs: the 11th and 12th ribs have no anterior direct or indirect sternal
attachments and therefore are classified as floating ribs; these ribs are often of
5. BONES ARE THE DENSEST STRUCTURES VISIBLE ON A NORMAL CHEST X-RAY. DESPITE THIS IT IS EASY TO OVERLOOK IMPORTANT
ABNORMALITIES OF THE BONES WHICH MAY BE VERY SUBTLE.
The bones visible on a chest X-ray include the clavicles, the ribs, the scapulae, the spine, and the
proximal humeri (upper arms). The sternum is also included on a frontal view but it overlies other
midline structures and so is obscured.
The bones are used as useful markers of chest radiograph quality. They are used to assess
patient rotation, adequacy of inspiration and X-ray penetration.
6.
7. CLAVICLES / SPINOUS PROCESSES / RIBS
• The spinous processes of the vertebrae (posterior structures) and the medial ends of the
clavicles (anterior structures) are landmarks to assess rotation
• The ribs should be checked on every chest X-ray
• The right 5th rib is highlighted
8. • Clavicle / Scapula / Humerus
• The clavicles, scapulae, and humeri are often clearly seen on a chest X-ray
• Occasionally you will see evidence of important disease such as metastases in these bones
9. CLAVICLE / RIBS
• The clavicle and ribs act as landmarks when assessing the adequacy of inspiration taken by the patient
• The anterior end of approximately 5-7 ribs should be visible above the point at which the mid-clavicular line
intersects the diaphragm
• Less than 5 ribs indicates incomplete inspiration
• More than 7 ribs suggests lung hyper-expansion
• On this normal X-ray the anterior end of the 7th rib intersects the diaphragm at the mid-clavicular line
• The subcostal grooves are visible on the underside of the ribs
• These grooves contain the subcostal nerves and vessels that accompany each rib
• Note: To avoid damaging the subcostal nerves or vessels the superior edge of a rib is used as the landmark
during procedures such as chest drain insertion
• The spine can be seen through the heart indicating adequate X-ray penetration
10. BIFID RIB
• Bifid ribs are usually asymptomatic, and are often discovered incidentally by chest X-ray.
Effects of this neuroskeletal anomaly can
include respiratory difficulties, neurological difficulties, The sternal end of the rib is cleaved into
two. It is usually unilateral.
11.
12.
13. PECTUS EXCAVATUM
• is a congenital deformity of the chest wall that causes several ribs and the breastbone
(sternum) to grow in an inward direction. Usually, the ribs and sternum go outward at the front
of the chest. With pectus excavatum, the sternum goes inward to form a depression in the
chest.
14. FRONTAL RADIOGRAPH SHOWS BILATERAL CERVICAL RIBS (ARROWS), WHICH
ARE AN EXAMPLE OF SUPERNUMERARY RIBS.
15. • Volume-rendered CT image in a trauma patient shows bridging between the 10th and 11th ribs in the
posterior aspect that forms a synostosis (arrow). This finding may be symptomatic.
16.
17. PNEUMONIA
• Pneumonia is a general term in widespread use, defined as infection within the lung. It is due to
material, usually purulent, filling the alveoli.
• The term consolidation is often used as a synonym for pneumonia- It is one of the many patterns of
lung opacification and is equivalent to the pathological diagnosis of pulmonary consolidation..
23. ATYPICAL PNEUMONIA
• most commonly associated with atypical bacterial etiologies such as Mycoplasma
pneumoniae, Chlamydophila pneumoniae and Legionella pneumophilia. Viral and fungal pathogens may
also create the radiological and clinical picture of atypical pneumonia.
• Plain radiograph
• Because the inflammation is often limited to the pulmonary interstitium and the interlobular septa,
atypical pneumonia has the radiographic features of patchy reticular or reticulonodular opacities. These
opacities are especially seen in the perihilar lung . Subsegmental and sometimes segmental atelectasis
from small airway obstruction may occur.
25. ROUND PNEUMONIA
• Round pneumonia is a type of pneumonia usually only seen in pediatric patients. They are well
defined, rounded opacities that represent regions of infected consolidation.
• Round pneumonias are round-ish and while they are well-circumscribed parenchymal opacities, they
tend to have irregular margins.
26.
27. CAVITATING PNEUMONIA
• Cavitating pneumonia is a complication that can occur with severe necrotizing pneumonia. It is a rare
complication in both children and adults.
28.
29. HEMORRHAGIC PNEUMONIA
• Hemorrhagic pneumonia refers to a descriptive term for pneumonia(infective - inflammatory
consolidation of the lung) that is complicated by pulmonary hemorrhage. It can be localized or diffuse.
30.
31. TUBERCULOSIS (PULMONARY MANIFESTATIONS)
• Pulmonary manifestations of tuberculosis are varied and depend in part whether the infection is
primary or post-primary
• In primary pulmonary tuberculosis, the initial focus of infection can be located anywhere within the
lung and has non-specific appearances ranging from too small to be detectable, to patchy areas of
consolidation or even lobar consolidation
• In most cases, the infection becomes localized and a caseating granuloma forms (tuberculoma)
• Hilar nodal enlargement is seen in only approximately a third of cases
34. MILIARY TUBERCULOSIS
• Miliary tuberculosis is an uncommon pulmonary manifestation of tuberculosis. It represents
hematogenous dissemination of uncontrolled tuberculous infection and carries a relatively poor
prognosis.
Plain radiograph
• Miliary deposits appear as 1-3 mm diameter nodules, which are uniform in size and uniformly
distributed.
35.
36.
37. LUNG CANCER
Each subtype has different radiographic appearances, demographics, and prognoses:
• squamous-cell carcinoma of the lung
• adenocarcinoma of the lung
• large cell carcinoma of the lung
• small cell carcinoma of the lung
38. SQUAMOUS-CELL CARCINOMA OF THE LUNG
• The appearance depends on the location of the lesion.
• Lobar collapse may be seen due to obstruction of a bronchus
• When the right upper lobe is collapsed and a hilar mass is present, this is known as the Golden S sign
• A more peripherally located mass may appear as a rounded or spiculated mass
• Cavitation may be seen as an air-fluid level.
• Chest wall invasion is difficult to identify on plain films unless there is destruction of an adjacent rib or
evidence of soft tissue growing into the chest wall.
• Pleural effusion may also be seen, and although it is associated with a poor prognosis,
41. ADENOCARCINOMA OF THE LUNG
• is the most common histologic type of lung cancer
• A lung nodule is a rounded or irregular region of increased attenuation.
• adenocarcinoma are often seen as a ground-glass nodule
42.
43. EMERGENCY CONDITIONS OF RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Pneumothorax
-refers to the presence of gas (often air) in the pleural space
-visible visceral pleural edge is seen as a very thin, sharp white line
-no lung markings are seen peripheral to this line
-peripheral space is radiolucent compared to the adjacent lung
-lung may completely collapse
