Lung cancer
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The document discusses lung anatomy and lung cancer. It describes the basic structure and lobes of the lungs. Cancer is defined as uncontrolled cell growth that can be either primary or secondary. Lung cancer is divided into small cell and non-small cell types. Diagnosis involves tests like CXR, CT scans, and biopsies. Risk factors include smoking, radon, asbestos and air pollution. Treatment options are lobectomy, segmentectomy, and pneumonectomy. A lobectomy removes one lobe while a pneumonectomy removes the entire lung.
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As adults,we know that procrastination can be one of the
biggest killers of productivity. Teachers can help their students overcome this unhelpful habit early so that they can live up to their potential in the classroom and beyond! help for you...i hope its useful to you and best luck...........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
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This document describes the triangles of the neck, including the anterior triangle bounded by the mandible, hyoid bone, and sternocleidomastoid muscle, and the posterior triangle bounded by the sternocleidomastoid, trapezius, and clavicle. It further divides these triangles and discusses the structures contained within each subdivision, such as muscles, blood vessels, nerves, and lymph nodes.
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The brainstem consists of the midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata. It regulates vital functions like breathing, heart rate, and blood pressure. The medulla is the narrowest part and connects to the spinal cord. The pons lies above the medulla and contains fiber tracts and cranial nerve nuclei. The midbrain is the widest part and contains visual and auditory centers. Together these structures control basic body functions and relay information between the brain and spinal cord.
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The posterior triangle of the neck has the following boundaries and contents:
1) It is bounded by the middle third of the clavicle above, the investing layer of deep cervical fascia above, and the prevertebral fascia below.
2) It contains the upper trunk of the brachial plexus, apex of the lung, lymph nodes, subclavian artery and vein, external jugular vein, and spinal part of the accessory nerve.
3) A stab wound here could injure the upper trunk of the brachial plexus, cause bleeding from the subclavian artery or apex of the lung, and damage the 11th cranial nerve.
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Axillary artery, brachial artery, radial & ulnar artery
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The cubital fossa is a triangular depression located on the anterior aspect of the elbow. It is bounded superiorly by an imaginary line between the medial and lateral epicondyles, medially by the pronator teres muscle, and laterally by the brachioradialis muscle. The major structures passing through the cubital fossa include the brachial artery, median nerve, biceps brachii tendon, and radial nerve. When taking a blood pressure reading, clinicians place the stethoscope over the brachial artery in the cubital fossa.
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The document summarizes the meninges and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). It describes the three meningeal layers that protect the brain - the outer dura mater, middle arachnoid mater, and inner pia mater. CSF fills the subarachnoid space between the arachnoid and pia mater, acting as a water cushion. It provides details on the layers, including that the dura mater has two layers, the arachnoid mater loosely surrounds the brain and forms arachnoid villi that absorb CSF, and the pia mater dips into brain sulci and folds to form structures like the choroid plexus. The subarachnoid space contains CSF
Meninges and csf
The meninges are the protective triple-layered membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord. The three layers are the dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater. The dura mater is the outermost layer, while the pia mater closely adheres to the brain and spinal cord. Between the arachnoid mater and pia mater is the subarachnoid space, which contains cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). CSF circulates through the brain ventricles and subarachnoid space, carrying nutrients and protecting the central nervous system.
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The brachial artery is the major blood vessel of the arm. It continues from the axillary artery down the front of the arm, where it divides at the elbow into the radial and ulnar arteries. The brachial artery gives off several branches and can be used to measure blood pressure by feeling the pulse point on the inside of the elbow. It supplies blood to the arm and forearm through its branches before dividing into the arteries of the forearm.
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The document provides an overview of the anatomy of the axilla region. It discusses the boundaries and walls of the axilla, including the anterior, medial, posterior and lateral walls. It describes the main neurovascular structures in the axilla, including the axillary artery and its branches, the axillary vein and its tributaries, and the axillary lymph nodes. It also discusses the contents of the axilla, noting the axillary vessels, brachial plexus, and axillary lymph nodes are surrounded by the axillary sheath.
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The axillary artery continues as the subclavian artery and extends from the outer border of the first rib to the lower border of teres major muscle. It has three parts separated by the pectoralis minor muscle and gives off several important branches that supply structures in the axilla and upper limb. These branches include the superior thoracic artery, thoracoacromial artery, lateral thoracic artery, subscapular artery, anterior circumflex humeral artery, and posterior circumflex humeral artery. The axillary vein runs medially and accompanies the artery, draining blood from the upper limb into the subclavian vein.
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The trachea is a cartilaginous tube that extends from the larynx to the lungs. It divides at the carina into the right and left main bronchi. The right bronchus is wider, shorter and more vertical, while the left is smaller but longer. The bronchi continue dividing within the lungs to form the bronchial tree which supplies the lungs. Each lung has a root, hilum, lobes, borders and surfaces. The lungs are supplied by the pulmonary arteries and veins and are innervated by the pulmonary plexus.
Lungs and Pleura.pptx
The lungs have a conical shape with a rounded apex and broad base. They have two surfaces - a costal surface in contact with the rib cage and a mediastinal surface against the mediastinum. The right lung is heavier with three lobes divided by fissures, while the left lung is lighter with two lobes and a cardiac notch. Both lungs receive arterial blood from the pulmonary arteries and drain venous blood through the pulmonary veins. They are surrounded and protected by the pleura, a smooth membrane covering the lungs and lining the thoracic wall.
Lungs
The lungs are a pair of elastic organs located in the chest cavity that are responsible for respiration. Each lung has a conical shape and is divided into lobes separated by fissures. The right lung has three lobes while the left has two. The lungs receive deoxygenated blood from the heart via the pulmonary arteries and return oxygenated blood to the heart via pulmonary veins. They also have a bronchial blood supply from the bronchial arteries. The major functions of the lungs are gas exchange and respiration.
Lung anatomy.
The lungs are located in the thoracic cavity and are separated by the mediastinum. Each lung has an apex, base, borders, and surfaces. The root of the lung contains structures like the bronchi, pulmonary arteries and veins. The lungs are divided into lobes by fissures. Bronchopulmonary segments are supplied by their own artery. Alveoli have type I and II pneumocytes, endothelium, and macrophages. Surfactant is produced by type II cells and reduces surface tension in the alveoli.
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- 3. Lungs Anatomy : •Each lung is conical in shape. •It has apex ,base, 3 borders, 2 surfaces.
- 5. Structure of the Lung *size-wide,shorter,vertical. *2 fissures,3 lobes. *size-narrow,long,horizontal. *1fissure,2 lobes. Right Lung Left Lung
- 7. Broncho pulmonary segment : LOBES RIGHT LUNG LEFT LUNG Superior lobe *Apical. *Anterior. *posterior. *Apical. *Anterior. *Posterior. *Superior lingular. *Inferior lingular Middle lobe *Lateral. *Medial. Inferior lobe *Superior. *medial basal. *Anterior basal. *Posterior basal. *Lateral basal. *Superior. *medial basal. *Anterior basal. *Posterior basal. *Lateral basal.
- 9. LUNG CANCER : Cancer is the uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells. Tumor -->larger and more numerous 2 gives 1.Benign tumor. 2.Malignant tumor. Cancer can be either PRIMARY or SECONDARY.
- 10. Lung cancer is divided into 1.small cell lung cancer. 2.Non-small cell lung cancer
- 11. CXR CT Scans MRI Sputum cytology Fibreoptic bronchoscopy Transthoracic fine needle aspiration DIAGNOSIS
- 12. RISK FACTOR: Smoking. Radon. Asbestos. Air pollution .
- 13. TREATMENT : Lobectomy. Segmentectomy (wedge Resection). pneumonectomy.
- 15. LOBECTOMY : It is a removal of a lobe. 1.open type 2.VATS.
- 16. PNEUMONECTOMY : • Removal of entire lung. 1.simple pneumonectomy. 2.Extrapleural pneumonectomy. (EPP)