The document provides an overview of LTE (Long Term Evolution) technology. It discusses that LTE was standardized by 3GPP in 2008 to improve the performance and efficiency of wireless networks. Key aspects of LTE include the use of OFDMA for downlink and SC-FDMA for uplink, support for flexible bandwidths, and an evolved packet core network architecture. LTE aims to provide higher speeds, lower latency, and more efficient use of spectrum compared to previous 3G technologies.
This slide for your understanding on LTE !
LTE, the wireless access protocol for 4G mobile network service, has evolved from GSM and WCDMA based on 3GPP!
The contents of this slide is below;
I. LTE Introduction
II. LTE Protocol Layer
III. SAE Architecture
IV. NAS(Non Access Stratum) Protocols
V. EPC Protocol Stacks
With my regards,
Guisun Han
An introduction to Cellular communications Signaling, Specifically LTE Signaling.
Introducing 3GPP approach to handover and handoff mechanisms.
LTE architecture by alcatel-lucent included in this presentation.
This presentation focuses on mobility management protocols such as GTP-C and GTP-U.
This slide for your understanding on LTE !
LTE, the wireless access protocol for 4G mobile network service, has evolved from GSM and WCDMA based on 3GPP!
The contents of this slide is below;
I. LTE Introduction
II. LTE Protocol Layer
III. SAE Architecture
IV. NAS(Non Access Stratum) Protocols
V. EPC Protocol Stacks
With my regards,
Guisun Han
An introduction to Cellular communications Signaling, Specifically LTE Signaling.
Introducing 3GPP approach to handover and handoff mechanisms.
LTE architecture by alcatel-lucent included in this presentation.
This presentation focuses on mobility management protocols such as GTP-C and GTP-U.
A short presentation looking at different ways in which mobile cellular network sharing is done. Different options including MORAN (Multiple Operator Radio Access Network), MOCN (Multiple Operator Core Network) and GWCN (Gateway Core Network) are discussed.
In this paper, we discussed about LTE system throughput calculation for both TDD and FDD system.
3GPP LTE technology support both TDD and FDD multiplexing. The paper describes all the factors which affect the throughput like Bandwidth, Modulation, UE category and mulplexing. It also describes how we get throughput 300Mbps in DL and 75Mbps in UL and what are assumptions taken to calculate the same.
Paper describes the steps and formulae to calculate the throughput for FDD system for TDD Config 1 and Config 2.
The throughput calculations shown in this paper is theoretical and limited by the assumptions taken to calculate for calculations
5G NR: Numerologies and Frame structure
Supported Transmission Numerologies
- A numerology is defined by sub-carrier spacing and Cyclic-Prefix overhead.
- In LTE there is only one subcarrier spacing which is 15kHz whereas in the case of 5G NR multiple subcarrier spacings are defined. Multiple subcarrier spacings can be derived by scaling a basic subcarrier spacing by an integer N.
- The numerology used can be selected independently of the frequency band although it is assumed not to use a very low subcarrier spacing at very high carrier frequencies. Flexible network and UE channel bandwidth are supported.
- The numerology is based on exponentially scalable sub-carrier spacing deltaF = 2µ × 15 kHz with µ = {0,1,3,4} for PSS, SSS and PBCH and µ = {0,1,2,3} for other channels.
- Normal CP is supported for all sub-carrier spacings, Extended CP is supported forµ=2.
- 12 consecutive sub-carriers form a physical resource block (PRB). Up to 275 PRBs are supported on a carrier.
- A resource defined by one subcarrier and one symbol is called as a resource element (RE).
Overview 5G NR Radio Protocols by Intel Eiko Seidel
Very nice overview of the 5G Radio Interface protocol as defined by 3GPP in NR Rel.15. The document was submitted to the 3GPP workshop on ITU submission in Brussels on Oct 24, 2018.
Objective is to include the brief insight on 5G network architecture and standard progress, Accumulated it from different paper/journal, vendor’s white paper and different blog.
Beginners: Different Types of RAN Architectures - Distributed, Centralized & ...3G4G
In this basic tutorial we look at different types of RAN architectures that are always being discussed. We start with the Distributed RAN (D-RAN) and then look at Centralized and Cloud RAN (both referred to as C-RAN) architectures. We also quickly look at RAN functional splits for 5G and then tie this all together.
We also look at how Samsung and Nokia discuss these architectures in the context of 5G.
All our #3G4G5G slides and videos are available at:
Videos: https://www.youtube.com/3G4G5G
Slides: https://www.slideshare.net/3G4GLtd
Open RAN Page: https://www.3g4g.co.uk/OpenRAN/
5G Page: https://www.3g4g.co.uk/5G/
Free Training Videos: https://www.3g4g.co.uk/Training/
A short presentation looking at different ways in which mobile cellular network sharing is done. Different options including MORAN (Multiple Operator Radio Access Network), MOCN (Multiple Operator Core Network) and GWCN (Gateway Core Network) are discussed.
In this paper, we discussed about LTE system throughput calculation for both TDD and FDD system.
3GPP LTE technology support both TDD and FDD multiplexing. The paper describes all the factors which affect the throughput like Bandwidth, Modulation, UE category and mulplexing. It also describes how we get throughput 300Mbps in DL and 75Mbps in UL and what are assumptions taken to calculate the same.
Paper describes the steps and formulae to calculate the throughput for FDD system for TDD Config 1 and Config 2.
The throughput calculations shown in this paper is theoretical and limited by the assumptions taken to calculate for calculations
5G NR: Numerologies and Frame structure
Supported Transmission Numerologies
- A numerology is defined by sub-carrier spacing and Cyclic-Prefix overhead.
- In LTE there is only one subcarrier spacing which is 15kHz whereas in the case of 5G NR multiple subcarrier spacings are defined. Multiple subcarrier spacings can be derived by scaling a basic subcarrier spacing by an integer N.
- The numerology used can be selected independently of the frequency band although it is assumed not to use a very low subcarrier spacing at very high carrier frequencies. Flexible network and UE channel bandwidth are supported.
- The numerology is based on exponentially scalable sub-carrier spacing deltaF = 2µ × 15 kHz with µ = {0,1,3,4} for PSS, SSS and PBCH and µ = {0,1,2,3} for other channels.
- Normal CP is supported for all sub-carrier spacings, Extended CP is supported forµ=2.
- 12 consecutive sub-carriers form a physical resource block (PRB). Up to 275 PRBs are supported on a carrier.
- A resource defined by one subcarrier and one symbol is called as a resource element (RE).
Overview 5G NR Radio Protocols by Intel Eiko Seidel
Very nice overview of the 5G Radio Interface protocol as defined by 3GPP in NR Rel.15. The document was submitted to the 3GPP workshop on ITU submission in Brussels on Oct 24, 2018.
Objective is to include the brief insight on 5G network architecture and standard progress, Accumulated it from different paper/journal, vendor’s white paper and different blog.
Beginners: Different Types of RAN Architectures - Distributed, Centralized & ...3G4G
In this basic tutorial we look at different types of RAN architectures that are always being discussed. We start with the Distributed RAN (D-RAN) and then look at Centralized and Cloud RAN (both referred to as C-RAN) architectures. We also quickly look at RAN functional splits for 5G and then tie this all together.
We also look at how Samsung and Nokia discuss these architectures in the context of 5G.
All our #3G4G5G slides and videos are available at:
Videos: https://www.youtube.com/3G4G5G
Slides: https://www.slideshare.net/3G4GLtd
Open RAN Page: https://www.3g4g.co.uk/OpenRAN/
5G Page: https://www.3g4g.co.uk/5G/
Free Training Videos: https://www.3g4g.co.uk/Training/
LTE Network is the common mobile technology these days around the world and all service providers seek to how improve the network capacity and deliver the best performance in terms of delivered data rates and coverage area. LTE network consists of many protocols that work together to establish network connectivity, these protocols add variable headers that contains many control information that the network needs to operate. At the same time these headers decrease the effective capacity of the network, so there is a need to optimize the overhead size that used in various channels. The study will illustrate the different overheads that effect on the network capacity and investigate the effect of different values on achieving the best network capacity.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research (IJCER) is dedicated to protecting personal information and will make every reasonable effort to handle collected information appropriately. All information collected, as well as related requests, will be handled as carefully and efficiently as possible in accordance with IJCER standards for integrity and objectivity.
This tutorial has been designed for audiences with a need to understand the LTE technology basics in very simple terms. This tutorial will give you enough understanding on LTE technology from where you can take yourself at higher level of expertise.
QOS-B ASED P ERFORMANCE E VALUATION OF C HANNEL -A WARE /QOS-A WARE S CHEDULI...csandit
Long Term Evolution (LTE) is defined by the Third G
eneration Partnership Project (3GPP)
standards as Release 8/9. The LTE supports at max 2
0 MHz channel bandwidth for a carrier.
The number of LTE users and their applications are
increasing, which increases the demand on
the system BW. A new feature of the LTE-Advanced (L
TE-A) which is defined in the 3GPP
standards as Release 10/11 is called Carrier Aggreg
ation (CA), this feature allows the network
to aggregate more carriers in-order to provide a hi
gher bandwidth. Carrier Aggregation has
three main cases: Intra-band contiguous, Intra-band
non-contiguous, Inter-band contiguous.
The main contribution of this paper was in implemen
ting the Intra-band contiguous case by
modifying the LTE-Sim-5, then evaluating the Qualit
y of Service (QoS) performance of the
Modified Largest Weighted Delay First (MLWDF), the
Exponential Rule (Exp-Rule), and the
Logarithmic Rule (Log-Rule) scheduling algorithms
Survey on scheduling and radio resources allocation in lteijngnjournal
This paper focuses on an essential task of the enhanced NodeB eNodeB element in LTE architecture, the
Radio Resource Manager RRM, which aims to accept or reject requests for connection to the network
based on some constraints and ensuring optimal distribution of radio resources between Users Equipments
UEs. Its main functionalities include Admission Control AC and Packet Scheduling PS.
This paper will center mainly on the PS part of the RRM task, which performs the radio resource
allocation in both uplink and downlink directions. Several approaches and algorithms have been proposed
in the literature to address this need (allocate resources efficiently), the diversity and multitude of
algorithms is related to the factors considered for the optimal management of radio resource, specifically,
the traffic type and the QoS (Quality of Service) requested by the UE.
In this article, an art’s state of the radio resource allocation strategies and a detailed study of several
scheduling algorithms proposed for LTE (uplink and downlink) are made. Therefore, we offer our
evaluation and criticism.
Duplexing mode, ARB and modulation approaches parameters affection on LTE upl...IJECEIAES
The next generation of radio technologies designed to increase the capacity and speed of mobile networks. LTE is the first technology designed explicitly for the Next Generation Network NGN and is set to become the de-facto NGN mobile access network standard. It takes advantage of the NGN's capabilities to provide an always-on mobile data experience comparable to wired networks. In this paper LTE uplink waveforms displayed with various duplexing mode, Allocated Resources Blocks ARB, Modulation types and total information per frame, QPSK and 16 QAM used as modulation techniques and tested under AWGN and Rayleigh channels, similarity and interference of the generated waveforms tested using auto-correlation and cross-correlation respectively.
Interesting Whitepaper from #HCLTECH, though a bit old (2016) but good for beginners on 5G and introductory know-how about 5G start with IMT2020. Informative insights.
2. 2
What is LTE ?
In Nov. 2004, 3GPP (3rd Generation Partnership Project) began a project
to define the Long-Term Evolution (LTE) of Universal Mobile
Telecommunications System (UMTS) cellular technology
With the following prime objectives
Higher performance (Latency, Speed, QoS etc)
Spectrum efficiency (more bits per hertz, reusability)
Backwards compatible (Evolution of GSM/UMTS)
Wide applications (data network)
3. History of LTE
LTE is a standard for wireless data communications technology and an evolution of the
GSM/UMTS standards.
LTE uses many of the advance techniques from HSPA network like adaptive modulation,
MIMO, and Harq.
OFDM technique was introduced in 3GPP world through LTE.
It was paradigm shift, in network architecture, to an IP-based system with significantly
reduced transfer latency compared to the 3G architecture.
LTE separated the control plane from data plane, thanks to all IP Paradigm.
The goal of LTE was to increase the capacity and speed of wireless data networks using
new DSP ( Simple digital signal processing techniques) and modulations scheme.
The LTE wireless interface is incompatible with 2G and 3G networks, so that it must be
operated on a separate wireless spectrum.
3
4. History of LTE(Cont’d)
LTE was first proposed by NTT DoCoMo of Japan in 2004, and
studies on the new standard officially commenced in 2005.
The LTE standard was finalized in December 2008, and the first
publicly available LTE service was launched by TeliaSonera in Oslo
and Stockholm on December 14, 2009 as a data connection with a
USB modem.
Samsung Galaxy Indulge being the world’s first LTE smartphone
starting on February 10, 2011.
4
5. History of LTE(Cont’d)
LTE grown at fastest pace ever any 3GPP technology.
Initially, CDMA operators planned to upgrade to rival standards called
UMB and WiMAX.
But all the major CDMA operators (such as Verizon, Sprint and MetroPCS
in the United States, Bell and Telus in Canada, au by KDDI in Japan, SK
Telecom in South Korea and China Telecom/China Unicom in China) have
announced that they intend to migrate to LTE after all.
The evolution of LTE is LTE Advanced, which was standardized in March
2011.
LTE Advance fit within the criteria of ITU-T 4G networks.
5
8. 8
LTE Basic Concepts
• LTE employs Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access
(OFDMA) for downlink data transmission and Single Carrier FDMA
(SC-FDMA) for uplink transmission
• SC-FDMA is a new single carrier multiple access technique which has
similar structure and performance to OFDMA
• A salient advantage of SC-FDMA over OFDM is the low Peak to
Average Power (PAP) ratio : Increasing battery life
9. LTE EPS
In the 3GPP mobile network evolution path, 4G networks have come across significant network
architecture overhauling as compared to the change from 2G to 2.5G and 3G. This change is referred to as
system architecture evolution (SAE) with a paradigm of all IP network concepts, and in LTE networks finally
described as EPS (evolved packet system), which comprises evolved packet core (EPC) and EUTRAN.
5/22/2017 Fundarc Communication (xgnlab) 9
10. EUTRAN
EUTRAN comprises eNodeBs, and provides UEs (user Equipment’s)--radio access to a mobile
core network, i.e. EPC. The complete system is also visualized as access stratum (AS) and non-
access stratum (NAS) where EUTRAN covers AS part of the system. This terminology is very
useful while discriminating the signaling over the radio network and core network.
For access to the core network, UE makes RRC connections with eNodeB as part of AS
signaling, which subsequently connects to MME as part of the NAS signaling connection with
a mobile core. UE is allocated a temporary identity at each connection, like C-RNTI and S-TMSI
respectively, for identification at the respective reference point.
5/22/2017 Fundarc Communication (xgnlab) 10
11. EPC
EPC comprises mainly MME and SGW/PGW and provides the UE connectivity to the external world. It authenticates the
UE for network access, and keeps the registration and location track of registered UEs. For the data connection, EPC
maintains the context for connection, sets up the end-to-end bearer connectivity, applies the necessary security
measures, and enforces the policy per the policy and charging control architecture. The figure below depicts the end-to-
end bearer connectivity for UE.
5/22/2017 Fundarc Communication (xgnlab) 11
12. The figure below depicts the functionality at access stratum and non-access stratum
distributed to individual nodes.
5/22/2017 Fundarc Communication (xgnlab) 12
13. RRC connection
In LTE, the RRC connection has two states idle and connected; at EPC they are also referred to in
the connection management state as ECM_idle and ECM_connected. The UE first makes an RRC
connection to register with the network, and the network maintains the UE as EMM_registered or
EMM_unregistered mobility management states. To remain registered with the network, the UE
shall have to periodically update its location with the network. Based on the RRC connection
states, UE activities are defined.
5/22/2017 Fundarc Communication (xgnlab) 13
14. This state transitions diagram shows the coordination of connection
management and mobility management states in EUTRAN.
5/22/2017 Fundarc Communication (xgnlab) 14
16. EUTRA
EUTRA refers to radio connectivity of the UE to eNodeB. Every UE makes an RRC connection to eNodeB for
accessing the radio network. For each RRC connection, the UE is allocated with SRBs for setting the signaling
with the core network, either for registration or for data connection, and accordingly provided DRBs.
Each of the SRBs and DRBs are mapped to different logical channels provided by the lower layers of the LTE
protocol.
5/22/2017 Fundarc Communication (xgnlab) 16
17. These logical channels are further mapped to transport channels, and they are again
imposed on the physical channels.
5/22/2017 Fundarc Communication (xgnlab) 17
22. Radio Technology
The radio technology used for LTE is OFDMA for downlink and SC-FDMA for uplink (the use of
SC-FDMA in the uplink is due to the fact that it provides low PAPR (peak average power ratio).
OFDM is being utilized by multiple next-generation wireless technologies apart from LTE, like
WiMAX 802.16, WLAN and UMB, due to better spectrum efficiency and more importantly,
less complex signal processing, as the signals are represented in the frequency domain, not in
the time domain. That results in less complexity in functionalities such as channel
equalization and channel estimations.
5/22/2017 Fundarc Communication (xgnlab) 22
23. The other important reason for using OFDM as a modulation format within LTE and other wireless systems is, its
resilience to multipath delays and spread (overlapping of frequency between carrier or subcarrier).
To avoid the inter symbol interference, a gap period is introduced between symbols. The receiver can then sample
the waveform at the optimum time and avoid any inter-symbol interference caused by reflections that are delayed
by times up to the length of the cyclic prefix, CP.
5/22/2017 Fundarc Communication (xgnlab) 23
24. Bandwidth
LTE is flexible in terms of the bandwidth. The table below describes the various denomination of baseband
and respective data rates.
5/22/2017 Fundarc Communication (xgnlab) 24
25. Mode of LTE
LTE works in two modes, known as FDD and TDD, and also called TD-LTE. Each mode has its own frame structure. For
example, FDD has a Type1 frame structure and TDD has a Type 2 frame structure.
Frame Structure
LTE has a 10-millisecond-long frame with 20 time slots of 0.5 milliseconds each. Consecutive two-time slots make a
sub-frame and constitute one TTI (transmit time interval) of 1 millisecond.
Type 1 Frame
A Type 1 Frame is used in the FDD mode. In FDD-LTE, every downlink subframe can be associated with an uplink
subframe.
5/22/2017 Fundarc Communication (xgnlab) 25
26. Type 2 Frame
A Type 2 Frame is used in the TDD mode.
In TDD, the guard periods are used between the downlink and uplink transmissions for synchronicity of uplink and
downlink transmission.
In TD-LTE, the number of downlink and uplink subframes is different, and such association is not possible.
Both modes have their own pros and cons, and are selected by the operators by their own choices. Otherwise, both
modes of LTE are substantially similar -- they differ only in the physical layer, and as a result, are transparent to the
higher layers.
5/22/2017 Fundarc Communication (xgnlab) 26
27. Resource Block
Each time slot of a frame contains a resource block of 180 KHz in frequency domain, which is
further divided into 12 subcarriers of 15 KHz. Each subcarrier is modulated with 6 (long CP) or 7
(short CP) symbols based on the CP (cyclic prefix) length.
Resource Element
A single symbol on a single subcarrier is known as a resource element, and may have a size from
2 to 6 bits, based on the order of modulation, i.e. for 64QPSK it is 6 bits, and for BPSK it is 2 bits.
The figure below depicts the resource block and resource elements.
5/22/2017 Fundarc Communication (xgnlab) 27
29. 29
Generic Frame Structure
• Allocation of physical resource blocks (PRBs) is handled by a
scheduling function at the 3GPP base station: Evolved Node
B (eNodeB)
Frame 0 and frame 5 (always downlink)
30. Generic Frame Structure (Cont’d)
• DwPTS field: This is the downlink part of the special subframe and its
length can be varied from three up to twelve OFDM symbols.
• The UpPTS field: This is the uplink part of the special subframe and has a
short duration with one or two OFDM symbols.
• The GP field: The remaining symbols in the special subframe that have
not been allocated to DwPTS or UpPTS are allocated to the GP field,
which is used to provide the guard period for the downlink-to-uplink and
the uplink-to-downlink switch.
30
31. Resource Blocks for OFDMA
• One frame is 10 ms consisting of 10 subframes
• One subframe is 1ms with 2 slots
• One slot contains N Resource Blocks (6 < N < 110)
The number of downlink resource blocks depends on the transmission bandwidth.
• One Resource Block contains M subcarriers for each OFDM
symbol
The number of subcarriers in each resource block depends on the subcarrier spacing
Δf
• The number of OFDM symbols in each block depends on both
the CP length and the subcarrier spacing.
31
33. LTE Downlink Channels
• The LTE radio interface, various "channels" are used. These are used
to segregate the different types of data and allow them to be
transported across the radio access network in an orderly fashion.
• Physical channels: These are transmission channels that carry user
data and control messages.
• Transport channels: The physical layer transport channels offer
information transfer to Medium Access Control (MAC) and higher
layers.
• Logical channels: Provide services for the Medium Access Control
(MAC) layer within the LTE protocol structure.
33
On June 25th, 2013, Korea's SK Telecom announced the launching of LTE-Advanced services in Korea. [15]
On June 26th, 2013, Samsung Electronics released an LTE-Advanced version of the Galaxy S4. [16]
On July 18th, 2013, Korea's LG U Plus unveiled an LTE-Advanced network.[17]
On August 18th, 2013, Philippines’ SMART Communications tests the LTE-Advanced network.[18]
On November 5th 2013, two major carriers in the United Kingdom (Vodafone and EE) announced they would be holding LTE - A trials in the London area.
On November 15th 2013, Telefonica and Vodafone have announced that they are testing LTE-Advanced in the German cities of Munich and Dresden