LTE (Long Term Evolution) is a 4G wireless technology developed by 3GPP to enhance the UMTS network. It provides high speed, low latency connectivity and uses OFDM and SC-FDMA for downlink and uplink respectively. The LTE architecture consists of the E-UTRAN and EPC, with the eNodeB handling radio resources and connecting to the MME, SGW and PGW which make up the EPC core network and interface with external networks.
EDGE (Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution) is a mobile communications standard that improves the data transmission rates of 2G digital cellular networks like GSM. It provides higher speeds than GPRS by introducing new modulation techniques that allow up to 384 kbps within the same 200 kHz channel bandwidth. EDGE can be deployed on existing GSM networks through a software upgrade to base stations, requiring no new hardware or spectrum. This allows network operators to enhance their networks in a cost-effective way and support new applications requiring higher speeds before transitioning to 3G.
EDGE is an upgrade to GSM networks that allows higher data transmission speeds of up to 473 kbps. It uses more advanced modulation techniques like 8-PSK compared to GSM's GMSK, allowing more bits to be transmitted per symbol. EDGE is backwards compatible with GPRS networks and provides benefits like increased network capacity and data rates. Future evolutions of EDGE, such as EDGE Evolution, aim to achieve speeds up to 1 Mbps through techniques like dual antennas, advanced QAM modulation, and additional coding schemes. EDGE allows GSM networks to provide multimedia services at a lower cost than upgrading to 3G networks.
The document discusses various mobile network technologies including:
- 3G technologies like WCDMA, HSDPA, HSUPA and their throughput rates.
- 4G LTE technology, its throughput rates which are significantly higher than 3G technologies. Key aspects like OFDMA, MIMO, frame structure are explained.
- LTE network architecture is simplified compared to 3G, using eNodeB and simplified core network. Protocol stacks for control and user plane are provided.
- LTE radio interface details like channel mapping, downlink and uplink transmission schemes, physical channels are explained.
This document provides a rough guide to understanding 3G/HSPA concepts for RF engineers. It begins with general information on 3G networks and UMTS. It then discusses technical concepts such as spreading codes, scrambling codes, and processing gain. It explains how spreading spreads the baseband signal over the frequency band and hides it below the noise floor, allowing recovery via despreading. The document also covers HSPA technologies and their advantages over prior 3G standards.
EDGE is a mobile phone technology that allows improved data transmission rates as a backward-compatible extension of GSM. It enhances 2.5G GSM/GPRS networks by using modulation techniques like 8-PSK to triple data rates compared to normal GPRS connections. EDGE requires minimal hardware or software changes and allows over 90% of existing GSM operators to provide faster internet access through their networks.
GPRS, EDGE, 3G and IMS technologies were presented. GPRS provided peak data rates of 115 Kbps using 200 KHz carriers. EDGE improved rates up to 384 Kbps using 8-PSK modulation and higher symbol rates. 3G systems like UMTS provided rates of 2 Mbps using 5 MHz carriers and new spectrum. IMS was also introduced as an important component of 3G networks for supporting multimedia services. The presentation covered network architectures, protocols and key technologies behind these mobile data standards.
introduction to lte 4g lte advanced bsnl training SumanPramanik7
The document provides an overview of 4G LTE-Advanced technologies including carrier aggregation, coordinated multipoint operation, self-organizing networks, and inter-cell interference coordination. It discusses how carrier aggregation allows combining of multiple component carriers to increase channel bandwidth up to 100MHz. Coordinated multipoint operation helps improve cell edge performance through coordination between base stations. Self-organizing networks allow dynamic configuration and optimization of heterogeneous networks. Inter-cell interference coordination further improves performance through techniques like almost blank subframes.
EDGE (Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution) is a mobile communications standard that improves the data transmission rates of 2G digital cellular networks like GSM. It provides higher speeds than GPRS by introducing new modulation techniques that allow up to 384 kbps within the same 200 kHz channel bandwidth. EDGE can be deployed on existing GSM networks through a software upgrade to base stations, requiring no new hardware or spectrum. This allows network operators to enhance their networks in a cost-effective way and support new applications requiring higher speeds before transitioning to 3G.
EDGE is an upgrade to GSM networks that allows higher data transmission speeds of up to 473 kbps. It uses more advanced modulation techniques like 8-PSK compared to GSM's GMSK, allowing more bits to be transmitted per symbol. EDGE is backwards compatible with GPRS networks and provides benefits like increased network capacity and data rates. Future evolutions of EDGE, such as EDGE Evolution, aim to achieve speeds up to 1 Mbps through techniques like dual antennas, advanced QAM modulation, and additional coding schemes. EDGE allows GSM networks to provide multimedia services at a lower cost than upgrading to 3G networks.
The document discusses various mobile network technologies including:
- 3G technologies like WCDMA, HSDPA, HSUPA and their throughput rates.
- 4G LTE technology, its throughput rates which are significantly higher than 3G technologies. Key aspects like OFDMA, MIMO, frame structure are explained.
- LTE network architecture is simplified compared to 3G, using eNodeB and simplified core network. Protocol stacks for control and user plane are provided.
- LTE radio interface details like channel mapping, downlink and uplink transmission schemes, physical channels are explained.
This document provides a rough guide to understanding 3G/HSPA concepts for RF engineers. It begins with general information on 3G networks and UMTS. It then discusses technical concepts such as spreading codes, scrambling codes, and processing gain. It explains how spreading spreads the baseband signal over the frequency band and hides it below the noise floor, allowing recovery via despreading. The document also covers HSPA technologies and their advantages over prior 3G standards.
EDGE is a mobile phone technology that allows improved data transmission rates as a backward-compatible extension of GSM. It enhances 2.5G GSM/GPRS networks by using modulation techniques like 8-PSK to triple data rates compared to normal GPRS connections. EDGE requires minimal hardware or software changes and allows over 90% of existing GSM operators to provide faster internet access through their networks.
GPRS, EDGE, 3G and IMS technologies were presented. GPRS provided peak data rates of 115 Kbps using 200 KHz carriers. EDGE improved rates up to 384 Kbps using 8-PSK modulation and higher symbol rates. 3G systems like UMTS provided rates of 2 Mbps using 5 MHz carriers and new spectrum. IMS was also introduced as an important component of 3G networks for supporting multimedia services. The presentation covered network architectures, protocols and key technologies behind these mobile data standards.
introduction to lte 4g lte advanced bsnl training SumanPramanik7
The document provides an overview of 4G LTE-Advanced technologies including carrier aggregation, coordinated multipoint operation, self-organizing networks, and inter-cell interference coordination. It discusses how carrier aggregation allows combining of multiple component carriers to increase channel bandwidth up to 100MHz. Coordinated multipoint operation helps improve cell edge performance through coordination between base stations. Self-organizing networks allow dynamic configuration and optimization of heterogeneous networks. Inter-cell interference coordination further improves performance through techniques like almost blank subframes.
Design and analysis 5G mobile network model to enhancement high-density subsc...journalBEEI
To obtain a high data rate that is commensurate with the growing demand for internet services, the fifth generation (5G) cellular networks will use the bandwidth beyond 6 GHz, called millimeters waves (mm-waves), to obtain a higher. The first phase (phase I) of the 5G network design for high user density, where the optimized microcells are deployed at carrier frequency 700 MHz with 20 MHz bandwidth. The second phase (phase II) of the design consists of the deployment of microcells which are operating at 3.6 GHz with 100 MHz bandwidth; this phase is planned to cover 200000 users within the province. The third phase (phase III) of the design is represented by the deployment of picocells, which are planned to operate at 26 GHz frequency and bandwidth 500 MHz; this phase is planned to cover 3,500,000 users within the province. Two types of modulation are adopted for the network (orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) and 256 quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM)); the overall performance of the network is studied with regards to the percentage of coverage, power overlapping ratio, frequency interference, and quality of service (QoS).
The document discusses how to characterize and dimension user traffic in 4G networks. It describes how to define data traffic in terms of data speed and data tonnage. Data speed is the rate at which data is transferred, while data tonnage refers to the total amount of data exchanged. The document provides examples of data speed metrics used in 3GPP standards and outlines factors to consider when calculating expected data usage per subscriber based on typical mobile application usage patterns and available data plans. Dimensioning user traffic accurately is important for designing 4G networks to meet capacity demands.
The document discusses the history and development of 3G mobile communication technology, specifically UMTS. It provides details on:
- The evolution from 1G to 2G mobile networks and the need for 3G to support higher data rates and multimedia services.
- The standardization of UMTS through ETSI and ITU, focusing on the two selected radio transmission technologies - UTRA FDD and TDD.
- The architecture of 3G UMTS networks, including frequency reuse techniques used to maximize capacity within limited spectrum availability.
EDGE is a digital mobile technology that improves data transmission rates for 2G GSM networks. It provides over a threefold increase in network capacity and performance by using advanced coding and transmission methods. EDGE can support applications like internet access and multimedia by delivering higher data rates per radio channel. While compatible with existing GSM infrastructure, EDGE requires upgraded network components and software to implement.
The document discusses handover procedures in 4G networks. It describes handover basics and procedures in IEEE 802.16m and 3GPP LTE-Advanced networks. Advanced handover features in IEEE 802.16m like seamless handover and EBB handover are presented, along with legacy supported handover between IEEE 802.16m and 802.16e networks. Interworking handover procedures between IEEE 802.16m and 3GPP LTE-Advanced networks using layer 2 and layer 3 protocols are also summarized. The document concludes that advanced handover mechanisms in IMT-Advanced systems aim to reduce service interruption time and enhance user experience during handovers.
1) GSM is the most widely used mobile standard in the world, used by over 2 billion people across 212 countries. It started in the 1980s and provides higher quality digital voice calls at low cost.
2) EDGE is an upgrade to GPRS that allows for higher data transmission rates on existing GSM networks. By using more advanced modulation techniques, EDGE can achieve data rates up to four times faster than GPRS.
3) EDGE provides benefits like minimal network upgrades, global roaming compatibility, and enabling new multimedia services on existing GSM infrastructure at a lower cost than moving directly to 3G.
The document provides an overview of LTE (Long Term Evolution) network architecture and transmission schemes. It describes the simplified LTE network elements including eNB, MME, S-GW and P-GW. It explains the downlink transmission scheme using OFDMA and reference signal structure. It also covers uplink transmission using SC-FDMA, control and data channels as well as frame structure in both FDD and TDD modes.
GPRS is a packet-based mobile data service on GSM networks. It provides higher speed data transmission than previous GSM data services. The GPRS architecture introduces two new network nodes - SGSN and GGSN. SGSN handles mobility management and packet transmission between MS and GGSN, while GGSN connects the GPRS network to external packet networks like the Internet. GPRS enhances the GSM network by allowing dynamic allocation of bandwidth and intermittent data transmission, making it suitable for bursty, low-volume data applications.
Umts Radio Interface System Planning And OptimizationDavid Rottmayer
The document discusses planning and optimizing UMTS radio networks. It begins with an overview of UMTS network architecture and the differences between UMTS and GSM radio system planning. Key aspects of UMTS planning include coverage and capacity planning occurring simultaneously, as capacity requirements influence coverage. The document then covers WCDMA air interface specifications, propagation environments, and the UMTS radio system planning process. It discusses challenges such as varying traffic levels and distributions. The document provides a typical link budget example and explains transmitter, receiver, and channel parameters considered in UMTS coverage planning.
LTE-Advanced improves upon LTE technology to meet the requirements for ITU's IMT-Advanced specification. This document summarizes the key technology components of LTE-Advanced, including band aggregation, enhanced multiple-input multiple-output antenna techniques, improved uplink transmission, coordinated multipoint transmission and reception, and the use of relay stations. LTE-Advanced aims to provide peak data rates of 1 Gbps downstream and 500 Mbps upstream, reduced latency, increased spectrum efficiency, and high throughput for cell edge users.
UMTS system architecture, protocols & processesMuxi ESL
This document provides an overview of UMTS system architecture and protocols. It discusses:
- The logical architecture of UTRAN including RNC and Node-B elements.
- Interfaces between network elements are clearly specified to allow interoperability between equipment from different manufacturers.
- The main functions of the RNC include radio resource management, call management, and connection to the core network.
- Protocols in UTRAN include RRC for radio resource control, RLC for radio link control, and MAC for medium access control.
This document provides an overview of telecommunication networks. It describes the main components of radio access networks including 2G, 3G, BTS, NodeB. It also describes the core network components like MSC, SGSN, GGSN. It explains the OSI vs SS7 protocols stacks. It provides information on Sigtran which is SS7 over IP. Finally, it lists various call flows like location update, attach, originating and terminating calls for GSM and GPRS networks.
WCDMA uses direct sequence spread spectrum technology where user data is multiplied by pseudo-random codes to spread it across a wide bandwidth. This processing gain allows multiple users to transmit simultaneously while maintaining sufficient signal to interference ratios. Power control is used to ensure each user transmits with the minimum necessary power level to reduce interference. Admission control and power control work together to manage system capacity and maintain quality of service as user numbers and noise levels change.
The document provides an overview of GSM, GPRS, UMTS, HSDPA and HSUPA protocols and call flows. It describes the architecture, interfaces and protocols of each generation at the physical, data link and network layers. Key protocols discussed include LAPD, RR, MM, CM, SNDCP, GTP, RLC, MAC, RRC. Call flows for basic call origination, authentication, data transfer and detach procedures are illustrated for each network. The document also introduces HSDPA and HSUPA enhancements to UMTS such as new channels, scheduling functionality and H-ARQ protocol.
This presentation describes about UMTS major components Key features, NodeB, RNC, GGSN,MSC, SGSN,VLR,HLR, Charging function, UMTS base stations and info about UMTS number allocated for MS.
The document provides an overview of the evolution of mobile network technologies from 2G to 4G, including:
- GPRS, EDGE, WCDMA, HSDPA, HSUPA, and LTE which have significantly improved data rates and reduced latency over time.
- The introduction of IMS to provide control of multimedia applications independent of the access network.
- The objectives of the course are to introduce GPRS, provide an end-to-end overview of EPS (Evolved Packet System) including LTE, SAE, and interfaces like Diameter S6, and present SIP for IMS.
Isabel Verniers introduced several speakers, including Stefan Stremersch and Gwendolyn Rutten, at an event for the opening of a new Euromat location. Professor Stefan Stremersch spoke about the importance of inspiration, divergence, and convergence. Politician Gwendolyn Rutten was enthusiastic about choosing for profit. Stefan Stremersch presented his book Choosing for Profit to Gwendolyn Rutten. On November 14, 2016, Stefan Stremersch presented his book Choosing for Profit to Jacques Van Den Broek, the CEO of Randstad.
J. Reece Attwood's design portfolio showcases projects completed using various CAD software packages including SolidWorks, Creo Parametric, Siemens NX, Autodesk Revit, and ANSYS CFX. Projects include replicating the Orlando Eye Ferris wheel, designing a GoPro mount, modeling a bicycle, analyzing aviation snips, designing a modern home, and simulating airflow in a burner stack. Attwood has a passion for mechanical design and gained experience through coursework, personal projects, and an internship at Lockheed Martin.
Design and analysis 5G mobile network model to enhancement high-density subsc...journalBEEI
To obtain a high data rate that is commensurate with the growing demand for internet services, the fifth generation (5G) cellular networks will use the bandwidth beyond 6 GHz, called millimeters waves (mm-waves), to obtain a higher. The first phase (phase I) of the 5G network design for high user density, where the optimized microcells are deployed at carrier frequency 700 MHz with 20 MHz bandwidth. The second phase (phase II) of the design consists of the deployment of microcells which are operating at 3.6 GHz with 100 MHz bandwidth; this phase is planned to cover 200000 users within the province. The third phase (phase III) of the design is represented by the deployment of picocells, which are planned to operate at 26 GHz frequency and bandwidth 500 MHz; this phase is planned to cover 3,500,000 users within the province. Two types of modulation are adopted for the network (orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) and 256 quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM)); the overall performance of the network is studied with regards to the percentage of coverage, power overlapping ratio, frequency interference, and quality of service (QoS).
The document discusses how to characterize and dimension user traffic in 4G networks. It describes how to define data traffic in terms of data speed and data tonnage. Data speed is the rate at which data is transferred, while data tonnage refers to the total amount of data exchanged. The document provides examples of data speed metrics used in 3GPP standards and outlines factors to consider when calculating expected data usage per subscriber based on typical mobile application usage patterns and available data plans. Dimensioning user traffic accurately is important for designing 4G networks to meet capacity demands.
The document discusses the history and development of 3G mobile communication technology, specifically UMTS. It provides details on:
- The evolution from 1G to 2G mobile networks and the need for 3G to support higher data rates and multimedia services.
- The standardization of UMTS through ETSI and ITU, focusing on the two selected radio transmission technologies - UTRA FDD and TDD.
- The architecture of 3G UMTS networks, including frequency reuse techniques used to maximize capacity within limited spectrum availability.
EDGE is a digital mobile technology that improves data transmission rates for 2G GSM networks. It provides over a threefold increase in network capacity and performance by using advanced coding and transmission methods. EDGE can support applications like internet access and multimedia by delivering higher data rates per radio channel. While compatible with existing GSM infrastructure, EDGE requires upgraded network components and software to implement.
The document discusses handover procedures in 4G networks. It describes handover basics and procedures in IEEE 802.16m and 3GPP LTE-Advanced networks. Advanced handover features in IEEE 802.16m like seamless handover and EBB handover are presented, along with legacy supported handover between IEEE 802.16m and 802.16e networks. Interworking handover procedures between IEEE 802.16m and 3GPP LTE-Advanced networks using layer 2 and layer 3 protocols are also summarized. The document concludes that advanced handover mechanisms in IMT-Advanced systems aim to reduce service interruption time and enhance user experience during handovers.
1) GSM is the most widely used mobile standard in the world, used by over 2 billion people across 212 countries. It started in the 1980s and provides higher quality digital voice calls at low cost.
2) EDGE is an upgrade to GPRS that allows for higher data transmission rates on existing GSM networks. By using more advanced modulation techniques, EDGE can achieve data rates up to four times faster than GPRS.
3) EDGE provides benefits like minimal network upgrades, global roaming compatibility, and enabling new multimedia services on existing GSM infrastructure at a lower cost than moving directly to 3G.
The document provides an overview of LTE (Long Term Evolution) network architecture and transmission schemes. It describes the simplified LTE network elements including eNB, MME, S-GW and P-GW. It explains the downlink transmission scheme using OFDMA and reference signal structure. It also covers uplink transmission using SC-FDMA, control and data channels as well as frame structure in both FDD and TDD modes.
GPRS is a packet-based mobile data service on GSM networks. It provides higher speed data transmission than previous GSM data services. The GPRS architecture introduces two new network nodes - SGSN and GGSN. SGSN handles mobility management and packet transmission between MS and GGSN, while GGSN connects the GPRS network to external packet networks like the Internet. GPRS enhances the GSM network by allowing dynamic allocation of bandwidth and intermittent data transmission, making it suitable for bursty, low-volume data applications.
Umts Radio Interface System Planning And OptimizationDavid Rottmayer
The document discusses planning and optimizing UMTS radio networks. It begins with an overview of UMTS network architecture and the differences between UMTS and GSM radio system planning. Key aspects of UMTS planning include coverage and capacity planning occurring simultaneously, as capacity requirements influence coverage. The document then covers WCDMA air interface specifications, propagation environments, and the UMTS radio system planning process. It discusses challenges such as varying traffic levels and distributions. The document provides a typical link budget example and explains transmitter, receiver, and channel parameters considered in UMTS coverage planning.
LTE-Advanced improves upon LTE technology to meet the requirements for ITU's IMT-Advanced specification. This document summarizes the key technology components of LTE-Advanced, including band aggregation, enhanced multiple-input multiple-output antenna techniques, improved uplink transmission, coordinated multipoint transmission and reception, and the use of relay stations. LTE-Advanced aims to provide peak data rates of 1 Gbps downstream and 500 Mbps upstream, reduced latency, increased spectrum efficiency, and high throughput for cell edge users.
UMTS system architecture, protocols & processesMuxi ESL
This document provides an overview of UMTS system architecture and protocols. It discusses:
- The logical architecture of UTRAN including RNC and Node-B elements.
- Interfaces between network elements are clearly specified to allow interoperability between equipment from different manufacturers.
- The main functions of the RNC include radio resource management, call management, and connection to the core network.
- Protocols in UTRAN include RRC for radio resource control, RLC for radio link control, and MAC for medium access control.
This document provides an overview of telecommunication networks. It describes the main components of radio access networks including 2G, 3G, BTS, NodeB. It also describes the core network components like MSC, SGSN, GGSN. It explains the OSI vs SS7 protocols stacks. It provides information on Sigtran which is SS7 over IP. Finally, it lists various call flows like location update, attach, originating and terminating calls for GSM and GPRS networks.
WCDMA uses direct sequence spread spectrum technology where user data is multiplied by pseudo-random codes to spread it across a wide bandwidth. This processing gain allows multiple users to transmit simultaneously while maintaining sufficient signal to interference ratios. Power control is used to ensure each user transmits with the minimum necessary power level to reduce interference. Admission control and power control work together to manage system capacity and maintain quality of service as user numbers and noise levels change.
The document provides an overview of GSM, GPRS, UMTS, HSDPA and HSUPA protocols and call flows. It describes the architecture, interfaces and protocols of each generation at the physical, data link and network layers. Key protocols discussed include LAPD, RR, MM, CM, SNDCP, GTP, RLC, MAC, RRC. Call flows for basic call origination, authentication, data transfer and detach procedures are illustrated for each network. The document also introduces HSDPA and HSUPA enhancements to UMTS such as new channels, scheduling functionality and H-ARQ protocol.
This presentation describes about UMTS major components Key features, NodeB, RNC, GGSN,MSC, SGSN,VLR,HLR, Charging function, UMTS base stations and info about UMTS number allocated for MS.
The document provides an overview of the evolution of mobile network technologies from 2G to 4G, including:
- GPRS, EDGE, WCDMA, HSDPA, HSUPA, and LTE which have significantly improved data rates and reduced latency over time.
- The introduction of IMS to provide control of multimedia applications independent of the access network.
- The objectives of the course are to introduce GPRS, provide an end-to-end overview of EPS (Evolved Packet System) including LTE, SAE, and interfaces like Diameter S6, and present SIP for IMS.
Isabel Verniers introduced several speakers, including Stefan Stremersch and Gwendolyn Rutten, at an event for the opening of a new Euromat location. Professor Stefan Stremersch spoke about the importance of inspiration, divergence, and convergence. Politician Gwendolyn Rutten was enthusiastic about choosing for profit. Stefan Stremersch presented his book Choosing for Profit to Gwendolyn Rutten. On November 14, 2016, Stefan Stremersch presented his book Choosing for Profit to Jacques Van Den Broek, the CEO of Randstad.
J. Reece Attwood's design portfolio showcases projects completed using various CAD software packages including SolidWorks, Creo Parametric, Siemens NX, Autodesk Revit, and ANSYS CFX. Projects include replicating the Orlando Eye Ferris wheel, designing a GoPro mount, modeling a bicycle, analyzing aviation snips, designing a modern home, and simulating airflow in a burner stack. Attwood has a passion for mechanical design and gained experience through coursework, personal projects, and an internship at Lockheed Martin.
How Winners Make Choices (Kiezen voor Winst) Book Presentation at Flevum Dire...Stefan Stremersch
Presentation given by Stefan Stremersch on his best selling book 'How Winners Make Choices' (translated from the Dutch book 'Kiezen voor Winst' published in September 2016). The presentation will be give at Flevum's Director's Challenge event on the 18th of January 2017. The book discusses key strategic dilemmas companies face, namely (i) large volume vs high price, (ii) short term vs. long term, and (iii) local versus global. It then explains how to solve such dilemmas through a cycle of inspiration, divergence and converge. Finally, it provides evidence from research that most companies face such dilemmas and that the model proposed is effective in solving them.
This document describes the maximum likelihood sequence detection (MLSD) receiver for continuous phase modulation (CPM) signals over an additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) channel, specifically focusing on Gaussian minimum shift keying (GMSK).
It discusses that MLSD is the optimal receiver for modulation with memory. It also describes using the Viterbi algorithm with a trellis diagram to implement MLSD, where the trellis has 32 states for GMSK. Finally, it provides the process for calculating the weights at each step in the trellis to determine the most likely transmitted sequence.
GTU circulated the guidelines for the course of Design Engineering 2B for the students of Semester VI of all Engineering branches. It is applicable to all in common though the usage of each component will be special and customized. The power thought under design engineering.
It aims at the "Project Based Learning".
The presentation discusses the current Eight European Unicorns (i.e. private start-ups with a valuation of more than $1 billion). It provides information on what they do and their business model. These include Spotify, Delivery Hero, Powa, Adyen, Home24, Shazam, Farfetch and Funding Circle.
3 Things Every Sales Team Needs to Be Thinking About in 2017Drift
Thinking about your sales team's goals for 2017? Drift's VP of Sales shares 3 things you can do to improve conversion rates and drive more revenue.
Read the full story on the Drift blog here: http://blog.drift.com/sales-team-tips
This document provides an overview of Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE), a wireless technology that improves data transmission rates for 2G networks like GSM. EDGE allows data services up to 4 times faster than previous standards by using new modulation techniques. It provides an evolutionary path for GSM networks to support higher bandwidth applications without requiring new spectrum or infrastructure upgrades. EDGE can deliver speeds up to 4 Mbps and was developed as an interim solution for networks that did not acquire 3G spectrum licenses.
WCDMA (Wideband Code Division Multiple Access) is a 3G mobile technology that uses CDMA to allow multiple users to access a wide 5MHz radio channel simultaneously. Key features of WCDMA include fast power control to manage interference between users, and soft/softer handover which allows a mobile to connect to multiple base stations for better call quality as the user moves between cells. WCDMA was developed to provide higher data speeds and capacity over wireless networks compared to 2G technologies like GSM.
The document provides an overview of the 3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) cellular network technology. It discusses the goals and key features of LTE, including increased data rates, improved spectral efficiency, scalable bandwidths, OFDM modulation in the downlink, SC-FDMA in the uplink, and multiple antenna techniques. It also describes the LTE network architecture including the Evolved Packet Core and compares LTE to other technologies such as WiMAX.
This document provides a rough guide to understanding 3G/HSPA concepts for RF engineers. It begins with general information on 3G networks and UMTS. It then discusses technical concepts such as spreading codes, scrambling codes, and processing gain. It explains how spreading spreads the baseband signal over the frequency band and hides it below the noise floor, allowing recovery via despreading. The document also covers HSPA technologies and their advantages over prior 3G standards.
This document provides a rough guide to understanding 3G/HSPA concepts for RF engineers. It begins with general information on 3G networks and UMTS. It then discusses technical concepts such as spreading codes, scrambling codes, and processing gain. It explains how spreading spreads the baseband signal over the frequency band and hides it below the noise floor, allowing recovery via despreading. The document also covers HSPA technologies and their advantages over prior 3G standards.
This document discusses 2.5G wireless technology, including technologies like GSM, HSCSD, GPRS, and EDGE. It describes how 2.5G networks added packet switching via GPRS to existing 2G networks, allowing higher data rates and always-on internet access. Key network nodes for GPRS like SGSNs and GGSNs are introduced. The document also provides a brief comparison of 2G and 2.5G wireless networks and their data capabilities.
Objective is to include the brief insight on 5G network architecture and standard progress, Accumulated it from different paper/journal, vendor’s white paper and different blog.
The document discusses the need for new wireless technologies to support increasing demand for data and high-speed services. It notes that technologies need to focus on using more spectrum, improving spectral efficiency, employing smaller cell sizes like femtocells, and incentivizing off-peak traffic. The rest of the document provides details on how LTE wireless technology addresses these needs through technical specifications and network architecture, including the use of an Evolved Packet Core and separating the user and control planes.
4 g(lte) principle and key technology training and certificate 2Taiz Telecom
The document provides an overview of 4G LTE principles and key technologies. It discusses LTE evolution from 3G standards and introduces some of LTE's main features like OFDMA, MIMO and improved spectral efficiency. It describes LTE network elements including eNodeB, MME, SGW, PGW and PCRF. It also covers the LTE air interface and interconnection between network interfaces.
The document summarizes the evolution of wireless communication technologies across four generations:
1) 1G introduced analog cellular networks with poor voice quality and battery life.
2) 2G replaced analog with digital technologies like TDMA and CDMA, increasing capacity 3x but supporting only low data rates.
3) 3G introduced packet-switching and higher data rates of 2Mbps using technologies like WCDMA, though required more power and dense cell tower coverage.
4) 4G uses OFDM and aims to provide 100Mbps speeds by leveraging multiple high-speed networks, but requires new cellular infrastructure and devices.
3G technologies provide improved digital voice and higher bandwidth data services over 2G. The key 3G standards are WCDMA, CDMA2000, and TD-SCDMA. WCDMA addresses issues like handover and power control. 4G will offer even higher data rates and bandwidth below 5GHz, along with lower costs per bit than 3G.
Electronic communication refers to the transfer of data, signals, sounds, images or intelligence via electronic devices. There are two main types: wire communication (e.g. telephone networks, internet) and wireless communication (e.g. radio, mobile phones, WiFi, Bluetooth). Wireless communication provides advantages like lower cost, flexibility and convenience compared to wired options. Existing wireless technologies discussed include GSM, GPRS, EDGE, Bluetooth, WiFi, Zigbee, DAB, DVB and 3G/4G mobile networks.
A presentation made at A 2-day Annual Symposium, organized by Electrical/Electronic Engineering Department, FUTO, at School of Engineering and Engineering Technology (SEET) Complex Auditorium, FUTO, Imo State. (August 18, 2016)
The document discusses the development of 3G cellular networks and standards. The International Telecommunication Union (ITU) established the IMT-2000 standard to harmonize 3G systems worldwide and enable global roaming. IMT-2000 outlined performance targets for 3G networks to provide high-speed data and multimedia services to mobile users. Two main proposals were developed under IMT-2000: UMTS, backed by 3GPP in Europe, and CDMA2000, backed by 3GPP2 in North America and Asia.
Evolution from 1G to 4G involves major technological advancements in wireless networks. 1G networks provided basic voice calling using analog signals, while 2G introduced digital networks like GSM. 2.5G added packet-switched data to GSM. 3G networks supported higher speeds up to 2Mbps for multimedia applications. 4G aims to provide ubiquitous high-speed mobile internet access at speeds over 100Mbps through integrated technologies like OFDM, MIMO, and software-defined radio.
Lectures On Wireless Communication By Professor Dr Arshad Abbas Khan ProfArshadAbbas
This lecture provides an overview of modern wireless communication systems, focusing on the evolution from 1st to 3rd generation cellular standards. It describes the development of 2G technologies like GSM, CDMA, and TDMA, which enabled digital cellular networks. It then discusses 2.5G upgrades like GPRS, EDGE, and IS-95B that enhanced 2G systems for higher-speed data. Finally, it introduces 3G networks that provide multi-megabit connections for advanced applications like high-speed Internet access. The lecture examines the technology changes and migration paths between each generation of cellular standards.
The document provides an overview of the history and evolution of mobile communication technologies from 1G to 4G. It discusses the key characteristics of each generation including 1G which used analog signals for voice calls only, 2G which added digital signaling and SMS, 3G which aimed to provide higher data rates but did not meet expectations, and 4G technologies like LTE and WiMAX that use OFDMA and provide significantly higher broadband speeds. It also covers concepts like MIMO, OFDMA, and SC-FDMA used in 4G networks.
This document provides an overview of Wideband Code Division Multiple Access (WCDMA) technology. It discusses how WCDMA evolved from existing GSM and CDMA technologies to provide higher data rates and capacity. Key aspects of WCDMA include efficient power control, soft handover between cells, and the ability to allocate capacity between voice and data services. The document describes the basic architecture of a WCDMA network including the radio access network components like Node B base stations and radio network controllers.
Cellular networks have evolved from 0G to 5G over several generations of technology. 1G networks in the early 1980s used analog transmission for primarily voice calls. 2G digital networks in the late 1980s enabled services like text messages. 3G networks in the 2000s supported broadband multimedia with speeds up to 2Mbps. 4G networks since 2010 provide faster "anytime, anywhere" services using IP. Research into 5G beyond 2020 aims for speeds over 10Gbps and connectivity of billions of devices. Each generation brought major improvements in speed and capabilities.
2. LTE
Long Term Evolution (LTE) is a 4G wireless broadband technology
developed by the Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP). "Long Term
Evolution" because it represents the next step (4G) in a progression
from GSM, a 2G standard, to UMTS, the 3G technologies based upon GSM.
- Easily deployable network technology.
- High speed, low latency.
- Low coverage range.
- Can work on different frequency bandwidth.
LTE and 4G are two different things. LTE deployed in india first was not
fully 4G instead its technical term was “3.9G”. It’s because full 4G speed
and services are quite difficult to achieve in india due to various
interruptions and LOS issue with the geographical conditions not supporting
in.
LTE is a completely different technology but it is compatible with previous
versions of networks.
Before moving on to the core part of LTE we must discuss how the
evolution of network took place.
3. 2G
The main parts of the 2g network being BTS, BSC, MSC.
BTS dealing with the radio link protocols and handling the radio interface,
BSC managing the radio resource for one or more BTS and MSC dealing
with the Authentication, location and all about the subscriber profile.
Works at a frequency band of 900MHz and 1800MHz. Uses TDMA and
FDMA, gives speed of 9.6kbps and has a carrier frequency of 200KHz.
HSCSD dedicates 4 timeslots for data connection, is inefficient as it ties up
resources even when nothing sent i.e. channel wasted.
Is known for voice services.
4. 2.5G
Then came the idea of packet switching, in accordance with the voice
network, a packet switched network was implemented with it that only
focused on data network hence increasing the performance by load sharing.
It dedicates 8 time slots and resources are not tied up all the time. Once the
data usage was not in use, the channel resources would be released and can
be used by others in need. Offers speed up to 115kbps, based on CDMA
only. Carrier frequency remaining same.
5. 2.75G
- Also known as EDGE (enhanced data rates for global evolution).
- Uses 8PSK modulation,
- 3x improvements in data rate on short distances.
- Can fall back to GMSK for greater distances.
- Combine with GPRS (EGPRS)~ 384 kbps.
6. 3G
In 3G network, BTS is replaced by node B, BSC by RNC (radio network
control) while the rest remaining same. Node B is enhanced as it uses low
voltage, less size and more users occupied. The RNC connects to the Circuit
Switched Core Network through Media Gateway (MGW) and to
the SGSN (Serving GPRS Support Node) in the Packet Switched Core
Network, while also managing the radio transceivers in the node b
equipment, as well as management tasks like soft handoff thus doing work
of both the BSC and PCU.
7. This tech. is more flexible as it supports 5 major radio technologies:-
FDMA, CDMA accounts for IMT-DS(direct speed) and IMT-MC(multi
carrier),TDMA accounts for IMT-TC(time code) and IMT0SC(single
carrier).
It is based on WCDMA technology. Each UE is allocated a downlink
‘Spreading-code’ such that no two UE’s have a mutual common component
in the spreading code i.e. they will always be orthogonal to each other.
Hence, data bits can be transmitted to multiple UE’s within the same time
slot in the downlink, as they are mutually orthogonal.
This allows better usage of spectrum as now it can serve many more UEs
within the same frequency.
3G is faster than 2G because it uses more bandwidth.
GSM uses carrier of 200KHz and the 50MHz band used is divided into two:
25MHz each for uplink and downlink. 25MHz/200KHz gives 125 ARFCN
channels where one is reserved for guard band at start and stop.
Under one frequency band there are 8 time slots and these frequency bands
are guarded by additional and reserved bandwidth of 100KHz at start and
stop of the FDMA frame.
8. It is not to be believed that CDMA and WCDMA are almost same and can
be used in each other technologies. WCDMA is not derived from CDMA
and is only used for 3G. As indicated by the word wideband, WCDMA uses
a much wider bandwidth than that of CDMA. WCDMA uses frequency
bands that are 5MHz wide compared to CDMA where each frequency band
is only 1.25MHz wide. Despite this, both technologies still use code
division to create a greater number of channels within the same given
bandwidth and only the algorithms used vary and not the basic concept
behind it.
In 3G it uses WCDMA and HSPA at a freq band of 5MHz unlike GSM
(200KHz). This frequency band is given to all users which are
differentiated by unique spreading codes.
Data rate = Spectral efficiency (bits/Hz) x available bandwidth (Hz)
9. As we can see, with the available carrier bandwidth of 5Mhz and ability to
accommodate more users and increasing spectral efficiency for a same
modulation scheme, 3G will be 25 times faster than 2G.
One of the important differences between 2G and 3G is that while on a call
in a 2G network it does not supports data connectivity simultaneously, i.e.
only one at a time. ‘E’ sign goes off as soon as we switch to a voice call.
In 3G, we can use both at a same time, data can be accessed while we are
on a call.
10. H+ or 3.5G
High Speed Packet Access (HSPA) is an amalgamation of two mobile
telephony protocols, High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA) and
High Speed Uplink Packet Access (HSUPA) that extends and improves the
performance of existing WCDMA protocols
3.5G introduces many new features that will enhance the UMTS technology
in future.
- Adaptive Modulation and Coding: The modulation scheme and coding are
changed on a per-user basis, depending on signal quality and cell usage.
The initial scheme is quadrature phase-shift keying (QPSK), but in good
radio conditions 16QAM and 64QAM can significantly increase data
throughput rates. With 5 Code allocation, QPSK typically offers up to
1.8 Mbit/s peak data rates, while 16QAM offers up to 3.6 Mbit/s.
Additional codes (e.g. 10, 15) can also be used to improve these data rates
or extend the network capacity throughput significantly.
- Fast Scheduling: Each user device continually transmits an indication of
the downlink signal quality, as often as 500 times per second. Using this
information from all devices, the base station decides which users will be
sent data in the next 2 ms frame and how much data should be sent for each
user. More data can be sent to users which report high downlink signal
quality.
- Backward compatibility with 3G
- Enhanced Air Interface
11. Uses evolved HSPA or HSPA+ via beam forming and MIMO.
Beam forming: Focuses the transmitter power of an antenna in a beam
towards the user’s direction.
MIMO: Multiple input multiple outputs use multiple antennas at sending
and receiving sides.
More over 2G has a very good coverage area as compared to others. It
works on a frequency band of 900MHz and 1800MHz.
3G works on 2100 MHz frequency band.
The problem with the operational frequency band is that, the higher the
frequency the less will be the coverage area of that network.
This is why 2G network is widely available in india.
Frequency is inversely proportional to the wavelength of the signal.
12. 800-900 MHz frequency band is the best band available for usage. The
band below this range is occupied by the army and ministry.
This is why 3G and 4G towers are implanted a near distances and more
frequently with each other as they work on a higher frequency band thus
providing less coverage. However, if 3g and 4g networks are given a low
frequency band, they won’t require to install more towers for radiation
which can be less harmful.
It is very difficult to do so as 2g network is still mostly used in india
because still now a large number of people use handsets that are not
compatible with the 3g and 4g networks.
Once every UE is capable of adapting between 3g and 4g, 2g network will
be shifted on a higher frequency band.
13. LTE
It is to be remembered that by ITU standards LTE is in fact 3.9G, in other
words still a 3G technology but a very fast and advanced one, approaching
but not achieving all the 4G requirements.
Majorradio technologies:
- Uses Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) for downlink.
- Uses Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access (SC-FDMA) for
uplink.
- Uses Multi-input Multi-output (MIMO) for enhanced throughput.
- Reduced power consumption.
- Higher RF power amplifier efficiency (less battery power used by
handsets)
14. Why LTE?
- Promises data transfer rates of 100 Mbps
- Based on UMTS 3G technology
- Optimized for All-IP traffic
Advantages:
15. LTE architecture
EPS = EUTRAN + EPC
EUTRAN: Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network
It involves UE and eNodeB.
EPC: Evolved Packet Core
It involves MME, SGW, P-GW, HSS and PCRF
16. Evolved NodeB (eNB)
The primary difference between 2g/3g and E-UTRAN architectures is the
absence of a radio network controller (RNC)/base station controller (BSC).
Those functionalities are now moved to eNBs. It is responsible for following
functions:
- Radio resource management (RRM) functionality eg. radio bearer
control.
- IP header compression and encryption of the user data stream.
- Uplink/downlink radio resource allocation.
- Transfer of paging messages over the air.
- Transfer of broadcast control channel (BCCH) info over the air.
- Selection of MME during a call.
- Mobility control in the connected state.
- Control and processing of RF measurements.
An eNB is able to communicate with different MME in order to enable load
sharing and redundancy.
17. Mobile Management Entity (MME)
MME is the key control node for LTE access network. It is responsible for
tracking and paging procedure including retransmissions, and also for idle
mode of User Equipment (UE). MME is also involved in bearer activation
and its deactivation procedures, to its task also belongs choosing the SGW.
The MME tracks and maintains the current location of all the UE’s that have
registered with the LTE network. It also involves in the target MME
selection for inter-MME handovers.
MME is also termination point of ciphering and integrity protection for NAS
signaling.
It is also responsible for playing a vital role in user authentication and
communicating with HSS, which enables the transfer of subscription and
authentication data to the MME for authenticating data to the MME for
authenticating a user’s access to the network.
MME functions include:
Tracking Area list management;
Mapping from UE location (e.g. TAI) to time zone, and signalling a
UE time zone change associated with mobility;
PDN GW and Serving GW selection;
MME selection for handovers with MME change;
18. SGSN selection for handovers to 2G or 3G 3GPP access networks;
Roaming (S6a towards home HSS);
Authentication;
Authorization;
Bearer management functions including dedicated bearer
establishment;
Lawful Interception of signalling traffic;
Warning message transfer function (including selection of appropriate
eNodeB);
19. Serving Gateway (SGW)
Serving GW is the gateway which terminates the interface towards E-
UTARN. For each UE associated with the EPS, at given point of time, there
is a single Serving GW.
SGW is responsible for handovers with neighboring eNodeB's, also for data
transfer in terms of all packets across user plane. To its duties belongs taking
care about mobility interface to other networks such as 2G/3G. SGW is
monitoring and maintaining context information related to UE during its idle
state and generates paging requests when arrives data for the UE in
downlink direction. (E.g. somebody's calling).
Packet Data Network Gateway (PGW)
It is the node that connects the UE to external PDNs and acts as the UE’s
default router. A UE may be connected to multiple PDNs via one or more
PGW.
PGW is responsible to act as an "anchor" of mobility between 3GPP and
non-3GPP technologies. PGW provides connectivity from the UE to external
PDN by being the point of entry or exit of traffic for the UE. The PGW
manages policy enforcement, packet filtration for users, charging support
and LI.
20. Possible to use non-3GPP technologies are: WiMAX, CDMA 1X and
EvDO.
The PDN gateway is responsible for allocation of an IP address to the UE
during default EPS bearer set up.
Home Subscriber Server (HSS)
The HSS is a user database that stores subscriber information to support
other call control and session management entities. It is a storehouse for user
identification, numbering and service profie.
It is mainly involved in user authentication and authorization. During
registration, the MME talks to the HSS via S6a interface. The HSS generates
security information for mutual authentication, integrity check and ciphering
and can also provide information about the user’s physical location.
21. Policy and Charge Rules Function (PCRF)
It is the main QoS control entity in the network.
The PCRF functionalities include policy control decision and flow-
based charging control.
It is responsible for building the policy rules that will apply to a user’s
services and passing the rules to the P-GW via the Gx interface.
The policy rules indicate whether the P-GW should grant resource
reservation requests and if it is allowed to process packets for a given
IP flow.
The PCRF may use the subscription information as a basis for the
policy and charging control decisions.
Talking about the interfaces now, there are two types of interface:
Control plane- that is used for signaling and specific radio functionality.
User plane- used to transmit or exchange information.
23. The following are LTE Interfaces:
S1-MME :- Reference point for the controlplane protocolbetween E-
UTRAN and MME.
S1-U:- Reference point between E-UTRAN and Serving GW for the
per bearer user plane tunnelling and inter eNodeB path switching
during handover.
S3:- It enables user and bearer information exchange for inter 3GPP
access network mobility in idle and/or active state.
S4:- It provides related control and mobility supportbetween GPRS
Core and the 3GPP Anchor function of Serving GW. In addition, if
Direct Tunnel is not established, it provides the user plane tunnelling.
S5:- It provides user plane tunnelling and tunnel management between
Serving GW and PDN GW. It is used for Serving GW relocation due
to UE mobility and if the Serving GW needs to connect to a non-
collocated PDN GW for the required PDN connectivity.
S6a:- It enables transfer of subscription and authentication data for
authenticating/authorizing user access to the evolved system (AAA
interface) between MME and HSS.
Gx:- It provides transfer of (QoS)policy and charging rules from
PCRF to Policy and Charging Enforcement Function (PCEF) in the
PDN GW.
24. S8:- Inter-PLMN reference point providing user and controlplane
between the Serving GW in the VPLMN and the PDN GW in the
HPLMN. S8 is the inter PLMN variant of S5.
S9:- It provides transfer of (QoS)policy and charging control
information between the Home PCRF and the Visited PCRF in order
to supportlocal breakout function.
S10:- Reference point between MMEs for MME relocation and MME
to MME information transfer.
S11:- Reference point between MME and Serving GW.
S12:- Reference point between UTRAN and Serving GW for user
plane tunnelling when Direct Tunnel is established. It is based on the
Iu-u/Gn-u reference point using the GTP-U protocolas defined
between SGSNand UTRAN or respectively between SGSNand
GGSN. Usage of S12 is an operator configuration option.
S13:- It enables UE identity check procedure between MME and EIR.
SGi: - It is the reference point between the PDN GW and the packet
data network. Packet data network may be an operator external public
or private packet data network or an intra operator packet data
network, e.g. for provision of IMS services. This reference point
correspondsto Gi for 3GPP accesses.
Rx: - The Rx reference point resides between the AF and the PCRF in
the TS 23.203.
25. SBc: - Reference point between CBC and MME for warning message
delivery and control functions.
Few technicalterms and advantages ofLTE:
- EPS is a connection-oriented transmission network and, as such, it
requires the establishment of a “virtual” connection between two
endpoints (e.g. a UE and a PDN-GW). This virtual connection is called
as a bearer. It provides a “bearer service”, i.e. a transport service with
specific QoS attributes.
- In 2g/3g in casethe MSC fails due to overload or anything, the whole
data connection breaks down with the network while in LTE after
authorization from MME once the connection is made with SGW it will
always stay on regardless of the failure of MME
The data traffic will then be handled on S1-U interface between E-
UTRAN and S-GW.
26. - LTE is all IP based. It’s all data is routed via IP addressing. Each UE
gets a unique IP address while using LTE.
- Currently LTE doesn’t support calls it is only used for data services.
Whenever we make a call being on LTE network it switches back to 3g
or 2g network and this is called as CSFB (circuit switching fall back).
- One of the major and important factors in LTE is latency, i.e. packet
transmission and arrival is very less and fast. Also the jitter is very low.
It is all possible because of the less process time in the network
architecture. Since IP addressing requires NATTING for IPv4 addresses,
it take a lot of time processing and converting public IP’s to private and
vice versa.
The idea of removing the NATTING from this process will increase the
latency and hence less jitter. It is under process and possible due to
availability of IPv6 addresses which won’t require NATTING as every
UE will get its own public/private IP addresses. This is an also important
feature that is going to support voice over LTE network (VoLTE).