Low Pass Filter - Classification
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It contains the introduction of Low Pass Filter and classification of the same in Signals & Systems point of view. It is a brief presentation done by me as a case study of L.P.F. in college.
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Filters
The document defines different types of filters and provides details about their frequency responses. It discusses low-pass, high-pass, band-pass, and band-reject (notch) filters. Specific details are given about the frequency cutoffs, gains, and roll-offs of first and second order low-pass, high-pass, and band-pass filters. Band-reject filters are described as passing most frequencies while attenuating those in a specific range.
Band pass filter
A band pass filter passes frequencies within a certain bandwidth, created by cascading a low pass filter with a high pass filter. The upper cutoff frequency of the band pass filter is determined by the low pass filter's cutoff frequency, while the lower cutoff frequency is determined by the high pass filter's cutoff frequency. An example calculates the capacitor and resistor values needed for the low and high pass stages to give cutoff frequencies of 1 kHz, creating a band pass filter with a bandwidth centered around 1 kHz. Band pass filters are commonly used to separate signal harmonics and in audio applications.
Low pass filters
low pass filters in detail
Low Pass Filters
RC Low Pass Filter
Critical or cutoff frequency
Response curve
Cutoff frequency of RC LPF
RL Low Pass Filter
Cutoff Frequency of RL LPF
Phase Response in Low Pass Filter
IIR filter
Filters selectively attenuate certain frequency ranges in a signal. They are used widely in electronics, telecommunications, audio/video, and other applications. Filters are classified as analog or digital depending on the signal type. Ideal filters have constant gain in the passband and zero gain in the stopband with linear phase, but practical filters have variable gain and non-zero/non-linear characteristics. Digital filters are further divided into finite impulse response (FIR) filters, which depend only on past inputs, and infinite impulse response (IIR) filters, which are recursive and depend on both past inputs and outputs. IIR filters are designed by first designing an analog filter prototype and transforming it to the digital domain using techniques like impulse invari
High pass filter with analog electronic
A high-pass filter is a filter that passes high frequencies well, but attenuates (or reduces) frequencies lower than the cutoff frequency.
7.Active Filters using Opamp
1) Active filters employ op-amps in addition to resistors and capacitors to overcome limitations of passive filters like large size inductors.
2) Common types of active filters include single-pole and multiple-pole filters like the Sallen-Key configuration, which can provide various roll-off rates.
3) Active filters have advantages over passive filters like adjustable gain and frequency response without loading effects.
Pre-emphasis and De-emphasis.pptx
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filters
Filters are used to selectively pass or block ranges of frequencies in electronic circuits. The main types are low-pass filters, which pass low frequencies and block high frequencies; high-pass filters, which do the opposite; band-pass filters, which pass a band of frequencies; and band-stop or band-reject filters, which block a band of frequencies. Filters can be built using passive components like resistors, capacitors, and inductors in configurations like RC, RL, RLC, pi, and T networks or can use active components like op-amps. The document discusses examples and circuit diagrams of each main filter type.
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Filters
The document defines different types of filters and provides details about their frequency responses. It discusses low-pass, high-pass, band-pass, and band-reject (notch) filters. Specific details are given about the frequency cutoffs, gains, and roll-offs of first and second order low-pass, high-pass, and band-pass filters. Band-reject filters are described as passing most frequencies while attenuating those in a specific range.
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A band pass filter passes frequencies within a certain bandwidth, created by cascading a low pass filter with a high pass filter. The upper cutoff frequency of the band pass filter is determined by the low pass filter's cutoff frequency, while the lower cutoff frequency is determined by the high pass filter's cutoff frequency. An example calculates the capacitor and resistor values needed for the low and high pass stages to give cutoff frequencies of 1 kHz, creating a band pass filter with a bandwidth centered around 1 kHz. Band pass filters are commonly used to separate signal harmonics and in audio applications.
Low pass filters
low pass filters in detail
Low Pass Filters
RC Low Pass Filter
Critical or cutoff frequency
Response curve
Cutoff frequency of RC LPF
RL Low Pass Filter
Cutoff Frequency of RL LPF
Phase Response in Low Pass Filter
IIR filter
Filters selectively attenuate certain frequency ranges in a signal. They are used widely in electronics, telecommunications, audio/video, and other applications. Filters are classified as analog or digital depending on the signal type. Ideal filters have constant gain in the passband and zero gain in the stopband with linear phase, but practical filters have variable gain and non-zero/non-linear characteristics. Digital filters are further divided into finite impulse response (FIR) filters, which depend only on past inputs, and infinite impulse response (IIR) filters, which are recursive and depend on both past inputs and outputs. IIR filters are designed by first designing an analog filter prototype and transforming it to the digital domain using techniques like impulse invari
High pass filter with analog electronic
A high-pass filter is a filter that passes high frequencies well, but attenuates (or reduces) frequencies lower than the cutoff frequency.
7.Active Filters using Opamp
1) Active filters employ op-amps in addition to resistors and capacitors to overcome limitations of passive filters like large size inductors.
2) Common types of active filters include single-pole and multiple-pole filters like the Sallen-Key configuration, which can provide various roll-off rates.
3) Active filters have advantages over passive filters like adjustable gain and frequency response without loading effects.
Pre-emphasis and De-emphasis.pptx
This document discusses pre-emphasis and de-emphasis in analog communication systems. Pre-emphasis is used at the transmitter to boost higher modulating frequencies, reducing noise effects. It involves passing the audio through a high-pass filter. De-emphasis is used at the receiver to remove the boosting, involving a low-pass filter. Both use time constants of 50 microseconds according to standards. Pre-emphasis increases modulation index for higher frequencies while de-emphasis removes this at the receiver.
filters
Filters are used to selectively pass or block ranges of frequencies in electronic circuits. The main types are low-pass filters, which pass low frequencies and block high frequencies; high-pass filters, which do the opposite; band-pass filters, which pass a band of frequencies; and band-stop or band-reject filters, which block a band of frequencies. Filters can be built using passive components like resistors, capacitors, and inductors in configurations like RC, RL, RLC, pi, and T networks or can use active components like op-amps. The document discusses examples and circuit diagrams of each main filter type.
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2. Examples of PLL applications such as frequency multiplication, FM demodulation, and motor speed control.
3. A more detailed description of the 565 PLL IC including its pin configuration and characteristics such as operating frequency range and drift with temperature/voltage.
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Salient Features:
The magnitude response is nearly constant(equal to 1) at lower frequencies
There are no ripples in passband and stop band
The maximum gain occurs at Ω=0 and it is H(Ω)=1
The magnitude response is monotonically decreasing
As the order of the filter ‘N’ increases, the response of the filter is more close to the ideal response
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Salient Features:
The magnitude response is nearly constant(equal to 1) at lower frequencies
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The magnitude response is monotonically decreasing
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The document discusses radio receivers and their components and design. It describes the functions of radio receivers as intercepting modulated signals, selecting the desired signal, amplifying it, and demodulating it to recover the original signal. It explains the key components of receivers, including the RF amplifier, mixer, local oscillator, IF amplifier, and detector. It compares tuned radio frequency (TRF) receivers and superheterodyne receivers, noting that superheterodyne receivers overcome issues of TRF receivers like instability, bandwidth variation, and poor selectivity by downconverting RF signals to a lower intermediate frequency (IF). It also discusses characteristics of receivers like sensitivity, selectivity, and fidelity.
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Low Pass Filter - Classification
- 1. Low Pass Filter SIES Grad. School of Tech : S.E. – EXTC A-3 Atharva Karnik (117A2048)
- 2. What is a Low Pass Filter ? • A circuit arrangement which allows signals of frequencies ranging from 0 Hz to fH Hz (fH = higher cut-off frequency) • Signals of frequencies greater than fH Hz are rejected • Consists of one resistive (Resistor) and one reactive (Capacitor) component • High attenuation is offered at frequencies beyond fH Hz
- 3. RC Low Pass Filter • Simplest L.P.F. consists of 1 Resistor and 1 Capacitor. In this type of arrangement, input (Vin) is applied to series combination of resistor (R) and capacitor (C) but the output signal (Vout) is taken across capacitor only.
- 4. Transfer Function of 1st order LPF By transforming the circuit into frequency domain, we get the transfer function of L.P.F. as follows. Thus, when frequency increases, transfer function decreases.
- 5. Classification of LPF as System • As it doesn’t have any active elements, LPF is Linearly Time Invariant system • Ideally LPF should be non-causal. But practically it is Causal system • Ideally LPF should be unstable due to charge storing capability of capacitor. But in practice, it is Stable system • It is a Static system as capacitor doesn’t have any discharge path • It is neither Inversible nor Non-inversible system as only low frequency components can be recovered from output while high frequency components are lost in the form of heat energy.
- 6. Classification of LPF Signals • Periodicity of output signal is dependent upon application. • Practically it is neither Even nor Odd as such signals don’t exist. • Neither Deterministic nor Non-Deterministic as it depends upon the input signal applied to the system. • Practically output is always Power signal as it remains finite even at infinite values of time. • Basically, LPF passes every signal which has lower frequency than fc. Thus, signal properties depend upon only the values of components used for addition of noise and thus affecting signal quality.
- 7. Applications of Low Pass Filters • Audio applications such as passing signals which have audio frequency only • Signal processing in equalizers where operations are needed to be performed on specific frequency signals • Reception of baseband signals in superheterodyne receivers e.g. GMRT telescopes • Anti-aliasing filter in Image Processing • Used as Integrator in few applications • Telephone system uses LPF to convert audio frequencies of speaker to a band limited 0.3 KHz to 3.4 KHz Voice Band Signal
- 8. References • http://www.etti.unibw.de/labalive/experiment/lti/ • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low-pass_filter • https://nptel.ac.in/courses/117101055/group10/grp10/sas_10/pa ge06_8_3_2004.php • https://www.electronicshub.org/active-low-pass-filter/ • https://www.electronics-tutorials.ws/filter/filter_2.html • Images are taken from the above sites
- 9. Thank You !!
Editor's Notes
- 1