The document discusses wave analyzers, which measure relative amplitudes of frequency components in complex waveforms, encompassing two main types: frequency selective and superheterodyne wave analyzers. It explains the components and functions of these analyzers, including their applications in electrical, sound, and vibration measurements, as well as the operation and utility of distortion analyzers that measure harmonic distortion. Key concepts include the processes for filtering and analyzing signals to obtain accurate measurements of distortion and harmonic content.

1. Done by,
Priyanga KR
Assistant Professor
Dept. of ECE

2. Introduction
 A wave analyzer is an instrument
designed to measure relative amplitudes
of single frequency components in a
complex waveform. Basically, a
wave instrument acts as a frequency
selective voltmeter which is tuned to the
frequency of one signal while rejecting
all other signal components.

3. Basic Wave Analyzer
Basic wave analyzer mainly consists of three blocks − the
primary detector, full wave rectifier, and PMMC galvanometer

4. Basic Wave Analyzer
 Primary Detector − It consists of an LC
circuit. We can adjust the values of
inductor, L and capacitor, C in such a way
that it allows only the desired harmonic
frequency component that is to be
measured.
 Full Wave Rectifier − It converts the AC
input into a DC output.
 PMMC Galvanometer − It shows the peak
value of the signal, which is obtained at the
output of Full wave rectifier.

5. circuit diagram of basic wave
analyzer
This basic wave analyzer can be used for analyzing each and
every harmonic frequency component of a periodic signal

6. Types
 Frequency Selective Wave Analyzer
 Heterodyne wave analyzer

7. Frequency Selective Wave
Analyzer
The wave analyzer, used for analyzing the signals are of
AF range is called frequency selective wave analyzer

8. Function of Frequency
Selective Wave Analyzer
 Input Attenuator − The AF signal, which is to be analyzed is applied to
input attenuator. If the signal amplitude is too large, then it can be
attenuated by input attenuator.
 Driver Amplifier − It amplifies the received signal whenever necessary.
 High Q-filter − It is used to select the desired frequency and reject
unwanted frequencies. It consists of two RC sections and two filter
amplifiers & all these are cascaded with each other. We can vary the
capacitance values for changing the range of frequencies in powers of
10. Similarly, we can vary the resistance values in order to change the
frequency within a selected range.
 Meter Range Attenuator − It gets the selected AF signal as an input &
produces an attenuated output, whenever required.
 Output Amplifier − It amplifies the selected AF signal if necessary.
 Output Buffer − It is used to provide the selected AF signal to output
devices.
 Meter Circuit − It displays the reading of selected AF signal. We can
choose the meter reading in volt range or decibel range.

9. Super heterodyne Wave Analyzer
The wave analyzer, used to analyze the signals of
RF range is called superheterodyne wave analyzer

10. Function of Super-heterodyne
Wave Analyzer
 The RF signal, which is to be analyzed is applied to the input attenuator.
If the signal amplitude is too large, then it can be attenuated by input
attenuator.
 Untuned amplifier amplifies the RF signal whenever necessary and it is
applied to first mixer.
 The frequency ranges of RF signal & output of Local oscillator are 0-18
MHz & 30-48 MHz respectively. So, first mixer produces an output,
which has frequency of 30 MHz. This is the difference of frequencies of
the two signals that are applied to it.
 IF amplifier amplifies the Intermediate Frequency (IF) signal, i.e. the
output of first mixer. The amplified IF signal is applied to second mixer.
 The frequencies of amplified IF signal & output of Crystal oscillator are
same and equal to 30MHz. So, the second mixer produces an output,
which has frequency of 0 Hz. This is the difference of frequencies of the
two signals that are applied to it.
 The cut off frequency of Active Low Pass Filter (LPF) is chosen as
1500 Hz. Hence, this filter allows the output signal of second mixer.
 Meter Circuit displays the reading of RF signal. We can choose the
meter reading in volt range or decibel range.

11. Applications of Wave Analyzers
Wave analyzers have very important
applications in the following fields
 Electrical Measurements
 Sound measurements
 Vibration measurements

12. DISTORTION
ANALYZERS
 The extent to which the output waveform
of an-
amplifier differs from the waveform
at the input is a measure of the
distortion intro-duced by the inherent
nonlinear characteristics of active
devices such as bipolar or field-effect
transistors or by passive circuit
components. The amount of distortion
can be measured with a distortion
analyzer.

13. DISTORTION
ANALYZERS
 When an amplifier is not operating in a
linear fashion, the output signal will be
distorted. Distortion caused by nonlinear
operation is called amplitude distortion or
harmonic distortion. It can be shown
mathematically that an amplitude-distorted
sine wave is made up of pure sine-wave
components including the fundamental
frequency f of the input signal and
harmonic multiples of the fundamental
frequency, 2f, 3f, 4f . . . , and so on.

14. DISTORTION ANALYZERS
 When harmonics are present in
considerable amount, their presence can
be ob-served with an oscilloscope. The
waveform displayed will either have
unequal positive and negative peak values
or will exhibit a change in shape. In either
case, the oscilloscope will provide a
qualitative check of harmonic distortion.
However. the distortion must be fairly
severe (around 10%) to be noted by an
untrained observer.

15. DISTORTION
ANALYZERS
 In addition, most testing situations
require a better quantitative measure of
harmonic distortion. Harmonic distortion
can be quantitatively measured very
accurately with a harmonic distortion
analyzer, which is generally referred to
simply as a distortion analyzer.

16. DISTORTION
ANALYZERS
 A block diagram for a fundamental-
suppression harmonic analyzer is shown
in Fig. 1. When the instrument is used.
switch S, is set to the "set level"
position, the band pass filter is adjusted
to the fundamental frequency and the
attenuator network is adjusted to obtain
a full-scale voltmeter reading.
Fig. 1 Block diagram of a distortion analyzer.

17. DISTORTION
ANALYZERS
 Switch S, is then set to the "distortion"
position, the rejection f:1ter is turned to
the fundamental frequency, and the
attenuator is adjusted for a maximum
reading on the voltmeter.

18. DISTORTION
ANALYZERS

19. DISTORTION ANALYZERS
 The total harmonic distortion (THD). which
is frequently expressed as a percentage,
is defined as the ratio of the rms value of
all the harmonics to the rms value of the
fundamental, or
lfundamenta
harmonics
THD
2
)(Σ
=

20. DISTORTION
ANALYZERS
 This defining equation is somewhat
inconvenient from the standpoint of
measurement. An alternative working
equation expresses total harmonic
distortion as the ratio of the rms value of
all the harmonics to the rms value of the
total signal including distortion. That is,
22
2
)()(
)(
harmonicslfunsamenta
harmonics
THD
Σ+
Σ
=

21. Harmonic Distortion analyzers

22. Harmonic Distortion analyzers
 Fig2a is a harmonic distortion analyzer
used to measure THD.The signal source
has very low distortion and this can be
checked by reading its output distortion
by connecting directly in to the analyzer
 The signal from the source is fed in to
the amplifier under test.This generayes
harmonics and the original fundamental
frequency.The fundamental frequency is
removed by the notch filter

23. Harmonic Distortion analyzers
 The switch SW is first placed in position
1 and the total content of fundamental
and harmonics is measured.
 Then the switch is moved to position 2
to measure just the harmonics . The
value of THD is
THD= EH/ET*100

24. Harmonic Distortion analyzers
 Fig.2b shows an alternative
arrangement, where the values of Et
and Eh are read simultaneously and
their ratio calculated and displayed as
THD on the indicator.
 For good accuracy the notch filter must
have excellent rejection and high pass
characteristics

25. Thank you