1. Long-term memory is a system for permanently storing and retrieving information for later use. It codes information according to meaning, patterns, and other characteristics. 2. Tulving proposed that long-term memory consists of episodic, semantic, and procedural memory. Episodic memory stores autobiographical events, semantic memory stores general world knowledge, and procedural memory stores skills and how to perform actions. 3. Long-term memory is responsible for bringing continuity and meaning to life by storing information relatively permanently based on meaning and importance.

1. PRESENTED BY – SHREYA
TOPIC - LONG TERM MEMORY

2. WHAT IS MEMORY?

3. MEMORY
• 1. THE ABILITY TO RECOVER INFORMATION ABOUT PAST EVENTS OR KNOWLEDGE.
• 2. THE PROCESS OF RECOVERING INFORMATION ABOUT PAST EVENTS OR
KNOWLEDGE.
• “MEMORY IS THE PROCESS OF MAINTAINING INFORMATION OVER TIME.” (MATLIN,
2005)
• “MEMORY IS THE MEANS BY WHICH WE DRAW ON OUR PAST EXPERIENCES IN ORDER
TO USE THIS INFORMATION IN THE PRESENT’ (STERNBERG, 1999).
• MEMORY IS THE TERM GIVEN TO THE STRUCTURES AND PROCESSES INVOLVED IN
THE STORAGE AND SUBSEQUENT RETRIEVAL OF INFORMATION.MEMORY IS
ESSENTIAL TO ALL OUR LIVES.
• WITHOUT A MEMORY OF THE PAST, WE CANNOT OPERATE IN THE PRESENT OR THINK
ABOUT THE FUTURE. WE WOULD NOT BE ABLE TO REMEMBER WHAT WE DID
YESTERDAY, WHAT WE HAVE DONE TODAY OR WHAT WE PLAN TO DO TOMORROW.
WITHOUT MEMORY, WE COULD NOT LEARN ANYTHING.
• MEMORY IS INVOLVED IN PROCESSING VAST AMOUNTS OF INFORMATION. THIS
INFORMATION TAKES MANY DIFFERENT FORMS, E.G. IMAGES, SOUNDS OR MEANING.

4. HOW DOES MEMORY WORK ?
HERE IS A SIMPLIFIED DESCRIPTION OF HOW MEMORY WORKS :
• ENCODING : THE INFORMATION GETS INTO OUR BRAIN A WAY THAT ALLOWS IS
TO BE STORED.
• STORAGE : THE INFORMATION IS HELD IN A WAY THAT ALLOWS IT TO LATER BE
RETRIEVED.
• RETRIEVAL : REACTIVATING AND RECALLING THE INFORMATION, PRODUCING IT
IN A FORM SIMILAR TO WHAT WAS ENCODED

6. • MEMORY STORAG IS MADE UP OF THREE MEMORY SYSTEMS :
1. SENSORY MEMORY
2. SHORT TERM MEMORY
3. LONG TERM MEMORY
• SENSORY MEMORY - DURATION: ¼ TO ½ SECOND,
CAPACITY: ALL SENSORY EXPERIENCE (V. LARGER CAPACITY)
ENCODING: SENSE SPECIFIC (E.G. DIFFERENT STORES FOR EACH SENSE)
• SHORT TERM MEMORY - DURATION: 0-18 SECONDS
CAPACITY: 7 +/- 2 ITEMS
ENCODING: MAINLY AUDITORY
• LONG TERM MEMORY - DURATION: UNLIMITED
CAPACITY: UNLIMITED
ENCODING: MAINLY SEMANTIC (BUT CAN BE VISUAL AND AUDITORY)

8. CHARACTERISTICS OF GOOD MEMORY
• IMMEDIATE UNDERSTANDING
• IMMEDIATE RECALL
• IMMEDIATE RECOGNITION
• STABILITY OF RECOGNITION
• FORGETTING USELESS THINGS

9. LONG TERM MEMORY
• LONG-TERM MEMORY: A SYSTEM FOR PERMANENTLY STORING, MANAGING,
AND RETRIEVING INFORMATION FOR LATER USE. ITEMS OF INFORMATION
STORED AS LONG-TERM MEMORY MAY BE AVAILABLE FOR A LIFETIME.
• LTM CODES INFORMATION ACCORDING TO MEANING,PATTERN AND OTHER
CHARACTERISTICS
• IT BRING CONTINUITY AND MEANING IN OUR LIFE.
• STORING INFORMATION RELATIVELY PERMANENTLY .
• STORING ON BASES OF MEANING AND IMPORTANT.
• FUNCTION : ORGANIZES AND STORES INFORMATION MORE PASSIVE FROM
STORAGE THAN WORKING MEMORY

10. • ENCODING : PROCESS THAT CONTROLS MOVEMENT FROM WORKING TO LONG
TERM STORE.
• RETRIEVAL : PROCESS THAT CONTROLS FLOW OF INFORMATION FROM LONG
TERM TO WORKING MEMORY STORE

11. • LONG-TERM MEMORY WAS PROPOSED BY TULVING (1972).
• HE PROPOSED A DISTINCTION BETWEEN EPISODIC, SEMANTIC AND PROCEDURAL
MEMORY.
• PROCEDURAL MEMORY - PROCEDURAL MEMORY IS A PART OF THE LONG-TERM
MEMORY IS RESPONSIBLE FOR KNOWING HOW TO DO THINGS, I.E. MEMORY OF
MOTOR SKILLS . IT DOES NOT INVOLVE CONSCIOUS (I.E. IT’S UNCONSCIOUS -
AUTOMATIC) THOUGHT AND IS NOT DECLARATIVE. FOR EXAMPLE, PROCEDURAL
MEMORY WOULD INVOLVE KNOWLEDGE OF HOW TO RIDE A BICYCLE.
• SEMANTIC MEMORY - SEMANTIC MEMORY IS A PART OF THE LONG-TERM MEMORY
RESPONSIBLE FOR STORING INFORMATION ABOUT THE WORLD. THIS INCLUDES
KNOWLEDGE ABOUT THE MEANING OF WORDS, AS WELL AS GENERAL
KNOWLEDGE.FOR EXAMPLE, LONDON IS THE CAPITAL OF ENGLAND . IT INVOLVES
CONSCIOUS THOUGHT AND IS DECLARATIVE . THE KNOWLEDGE THAT WE HOLD IN
SEMANTIC MEMORY FOCUSES ON “KNOWING THAT” SOMETHING IS THE CASE (I.E.
DECLARATIVE). FOR EXAMPLE, WE MIGHT HAVE A SEMANTIC MEMORY FOR
KNOWING THAT PARIS IS THE CAPITAL OF FRANCE.

12. • EPISODIC MEMORY - EPISODIC MEMORY S A PART OF THE LONG-TERM MEMORY
RESPONSIBLE FOR STORING INFORMATION ABOUT EVENTS (I.E. EPISODES) THAT
WE HAVE EXPERIENCED IN OUR LIVES. IT INVOLVES CONSCIOUS THOUGHT AND
IS DECLARATIVE .
AN EXAMPLE WOULD BE A MEMORY OF OUR 1ST DAY AT SCHOOL . THE
KNOWLEDGE THAT WE HOLD IN EPISODIC MEMORY FOCUSES ON “KNOWING THAT”
SOMETHING IS THE CASE (I.E. DECLARATIVE). FOR EXAMPLE, WE MIGHT HAVE AN
EPISODIC MEMORY FOR KNOWING THAT WE CAUGHT THE BUS TO COLLEGE
TODAY.

13. • COHEN AND SQUIRE (1980) DREW A DISTINCTION BETWEEN DECLARATIVE
KNOWLEDGE AND PROCEDURAL KNOWLEDGE.
• PROCEDURAL KNOWLEDGE INVOLVES “KNOWING HOW” TO DO THINGS. IT
INCLUDED SKILLS, SUCH AS “KNOWING HOW” TO PLAYING THE PIANO, RIDE A
BIKE; TIE YOUR SHOES AND OTHER MOTOR SKILLS.IT DOES NOT INVOLVE
CONSCIOUS THOUGHT (I.E. ITS UNCONSCIOUS - AUTOMATIC). FOR EXAMPLE,
WE BRUSH OUR TEETH WITH LITTLE OR NO AWARENESS OF THE SKILLS
INVOLVED.
• DECLARATIVE KNOWLEDGE INVOLVES “KNOWING THAT”, FOR EXAMPLE LONDON
IS THE CAPITAL OF ENGLAND, ZEBRAS ARE ANIMALS, YOUR MUMS BIRTHDAY
ETC. RECALLING INFORMATION FROM DECLARATIVE MEMORY INVOLVES SOME
DEGREE OF CONSCIOUS EFFORT – INFORMATION IS CONSCIOUSLY BROUGHT TO
MIND AND “DECLARED”.