Cattle lose heat primarily by respiration (from moist tissues in the respiratory system) as well as through transference of heat into the air and by evaporation of water from sweat.
Providing shelter enables cattle to shade from direct sun, reducing the extra heat load they take on by up to 50 per cent. Heat stress and exhaustion should not occur if cattle are able to find shade and rest during the hottest part of the day.
It has been shown that cattle prefer shade over water in hot conditions and will spend more time resting and less time chewing their cud as the ambient temperature increases.
Cattle at highest risk of heat stress
Animals at highest risk of heat stress include:
overfat stock
young cattle
dark coloured cattle
high producing dairy cows
sick cattle or cattle that have previous history of respiratory disease.
Reduced appetites of cattle in extreme heat
Appetite is reduced during extreme heat and can result in decreased daily weight gains and feed efficiency. Provision of good quality, highly palatable feed and plenty of shelter during periods of hot weather will reduce the heat load of the cattle and assist in maintaining normal feed intakes.
Any new feed should be gradually introduced to reduce the risk of acidosis or metabolic disease.
Dairy cattle under heat stress
A study on the economic effects of heat loads on dairy cattle production in Australia has shown that extreme heat has the following effects on dairy production:
reduced milk yield
reduced milk fat and protein percentages
lower first service conception rates
lower calf birth weights
larger number of services per pregnancy.
The effect of extreme heat was more pronounced for high producing cows, and resulted in reductions of up to 461 litres of milk per cow per year on farms that did not provide shade for their herds.
A further study found that milk production was 3 per cent greater for shaded cows than for unshaded cows.
For more information about heat stress in Australian dairy herds can be found at the Cool Cows website.
Cows and their calves
Research also shows a higher mortality rate in calves subjected to heat stress in their first week of life. Cows may be observed trying to shade their calves and it has been shown that cows will actively seek sheltered areas in which to calve.
Artificially reared calves must have access to shelter in hot weather with natural air flow important for cooling of the environment.
Shelter suitable during hot weather
The best type of shelter during extreme heat protects cattle from the sun and allows for the cooling effect of the wind. Some options for shelter in hot weather are:
constructed shelters using materials such as shade cloth, corrugated iron or timber
shadebelts – these are usually a single line of deciduous trees, planted in an east-west direction to give shade on the south side
trees with large canopies —- planted individually in fields
shelterbelts — thick hedges of trees usually fenced off from stock.
Poultry production can be divided into four sectors:
1. industrial and integrated, 2.commercial high bio-security, 3. commercial low bio-security, 4. village, and family or backyard poultry. The focus here is largely on sectors 3 and 4 but there may be some overlap.
‘Family poultry’ as defined by the International Network for Family Poultry Development, covers sectors 3 and 4 which encompass small - scale poultry production.
There are numerous poultry handbooks which cover sectors 2 and 3, but this hand book has attempted, in two manuals, to cover mainly sector 3 while not ignoring the great importance of bio-security particularly in the face of highly pathogenic avian influenza (H5N1). It is envisaged that, given time, some producers, now in sector 3 may move into sector 2.
The two manuals are pitched at two different levels.
The Trainer’s (instructor) manual assumes that the trainer has qualifications and/or experience in a branch of agricultural science but not necessarily in poultry production. Some of the material included is beyond that necessary to give an initial course in poultry production but may be useful as the farmer progresses from sector 3 to sector 2. The trainee’s manual has numerous illustrations and is aimed at a lower level than for the trainer.
The farmer may be interested in starting a poultry enterprise is already producing poultry in a small - scale commercial or semi-commercial (opportunistic) situation but would like to make poultry farming more permanent. The course will allow the farmer to increase his/her knowledge and skills and to become aware of a number of important issues (e.g. managing the environment, disease surveillance) of his/her enterprise.
In order to minimise repetition, there is some material in the trainee’s manual that is not in the trainer’s manual. Trainers should familiarise themselves thoroughly with both manuals.
The third manual is for the millions of families, worldwide, in low – income,
developing countries who keep backyard poultry, mainly unmanaged, with few inputs, but nevertheless are of great importance by providing, some security, income and high – quality protein. It is hoped that this manual will make families aware of the possibility of improving output with a minimum of input.
Much of the information has been taken from a range of sources as well as the author’s own experience of working in several developing countries over 25 years.
Ideally, there should be a small-scale demonstration unit or a poultry farm available so that the trainees can see, first hand, and better understand the main points in these manuals and observe how commercial poultry production should be practised.
Challenges in goat farming in india - Goat Farming ConsultancyIbne Ali
Purpose of this presentation is to aware entrepreneurs to invest wisely after taking account of the challenges in goat farming. These challenges are not unbeatable but proper management practices and right feeding will improve profits many times. Goat farming consultacy is available for entrepreneurs who want to establish new state of art goat farms. Existing goat farmers can also consult to improve their practices.
Poultry production can be divided into four sectors:
1. industrial and integrated, 2.commercial high bio-security, 3. commercial low bio-security, 4. village, and family or backyard poultry. The focus here is largely on sectors 3 and 4 but there may be some overlap.
‘Family poultry’ as defined by the International Network for Family Poultry Development, covers sectors 3 and 4 which encompass small - scale poultry production.
There are numerous poultry handbooks which cover sectors 2 and 3, but this hand book has attempted, in two manuals, to cover mainly sector 3 while not ignoring the great importance of bio-security particularly in the face of highly pathogenic avian influenza (H5N1). It is envisaged that, given time, some producers, now in sector 3 may move into sector 2.
The two manuals are pitched at two different levels.
The Trainer’s (instructor) manual assumes that the trainer has qualifications and/or experience in a branch of agricultural science but not necessarily in poultry production. Some of the material included is beyond that necessary to give an initial course in poultry production but may be useful as the farmer progresses from sector 3 to sector 2. The trainee’s manual has numerous illustrations and is aimed at a lower level than for the trainer.
The farmer may be interested in starting a poultry enterprise is already producing poultry in a small - scale commercial or semi-commercial (opportunistic) situation but would like to make poultry farming more permanent. The course will allow the farmer to increase his/her knowledge and skills and to become aware of a number of important issues (e.g. managing the environment, disease surveillance) of his/her enterprise.
In order to minimise repetition, there is some material in the trainee’s manual that is not in the trainer’s manual. Trainers should familiarise themselves thoroughly with both manuals.
The third manual is for the millions of families, worldwide, in low – income,
developing countries who keep backyard poultry, mainly unmanaged, with few inputs, but nevertheless are of great importance by providing, some security, income and high – quality protein. It is hoped that this manual will make families aware of the possibility of improving output with a minimum of input.
Much of the information has been taken from a range of sources as well as the author’s own experience of working in several developing countries over 25 years.
Ideally, there should be a small-scale demonstration unit or a poultry farm available so that the trainees can see, first hand, and better understand the main points in these manuals and observe how commercial poultry production should be practised.
Challenges in goat farming in india - Goat Farming ConsultancyIbne Ali
Purpose of this presentation is to aware entrepreneurs to invest wisely after taking account of the challenges in goat farming. These challenges are not unbeatable but proper management practices and right feeding will improve profits many times. Goat farming consultacy is available for entrepreneurs who want to establish new state of art goat farms. Existing goat farmers can also consult to improve their practices.
Housing systems of livestock
In India, a great diversity exists in the design of dairy animal shelters. Efficiently designed sheds can help
lessen the thermal stress thereby increasing feed intake, milk production and reproductive efficiency.
Under varied climatic, geographical and economical conditions prevailing in India, designing an ideal set of
building for dairy animals throughout the country is impossible. Hence, practically there are two systems
of housing for dairy animals viz.,
i) Loose housing and
ii) Conventional barns
Farm stead is the heart of the farm. there are many individual structures in the farm stead such as residential building, grain storage,etc.Farm structures must be located in suitable areas for a farmer's ease of use. Therefore, siting is very important in the construction of farm structures and buildings. Sitting refers to locating an area where a particular farm structure or building is to be constructed.
this presentation contains the information about housing, its types, standard of housing, criteria of housing, goals of housing, and effects of poor housing
Earthworms have been on the Earth for over 20 million years. In this time they have faithfully done their part to keep the cycle of life continuously moving.
They are nature’s way of recycling organic nutrients from dead tissues back to living organisms.
Charles Darwin was intrigued by the worms and studied them for 39 years. Referring to an earthworm, Darwin said, “It may be doubted whether there are many other animals in the world which have played so important a part in the history of the world.” The earthworm is a natural resource of fertility and life.
Demonstration of housing and layout plans for poultry [autosaved]Usama Usama
It's for businessmen as well as for poultry manager. Very simple and brief informations about housing. If you want to learn more You can connect by email Id
m.musama191@yahoo.com.
Fish- livestock farming systems are recognized as highly assured technology where predetermined quantum of livestock waste obtained by rearing the live stock in the pond area is applied in pond to raise the fish crop without any other additional supply of nutrients. The main potential linkages between livestock and fish production concern use of nutrients, particularly reuse of livestock manures for fish production. The term nutrients mainly refer to elements such as nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) which function as fertilizers to stimulate natural food webs rather than conventional livestock nutrition usage such as feed ingredients. Both production and processing of livestock generate by-products that can be used for aquaculture. Direct use of livestock production wastes is the most widespread and conventionally recognized type of integrated farming. Production wastes include manure, urine and spilled feed; and they may be used as fresh inputs or be processed in some way before use.
Based on the type of livestock used for integration there are many combinations in livestock-fish systems. Some of the combination are listed and discussed below.
Cattle-Fish Culture
Manuring of fish pond by using cow dung is one of the common practices all-over the world. A healthy cow excretes over 4,000-5,000 kg dung, 3,500-4,000 lt urine on an annual basis. Manuring with cow dung, which is rich in nutrients results in increase of natural food organism and bacteria in fishpond. A unit of 5-6 cows can provide adequate manure for 1 ha of pond. In addition to 9,000 kg of milk, about 3,000-4,000 kg fish/ha/year can also be harvested with such integration.
Cowshed should be built close to fishpond to simplify handling of cow manure. A cow requires about 7,000-8,000 kg of green grass annually. Grass carp utilizes the left over grasses, which are about 2,500 kg. Fish also utilize the fine feed which consists of grains wasted by cows. In place of raw cow dung, biogas slurry could be used with equally good production. Twenty to thirty thousand kg of biogas slurry are recycled in 1 ha water area to get over 4000 kg of fish without feed or any fertilizer application.
Pig-Fish system
The waste produced by 30-40 pigs is equivalent to 1 tonne of ammonium sulphate. Exotic breeds like White Yorkshire, Landrace and Hampshire are reared in pig-sty near the fish pond. Depending on the size of the fishponds and their manure requirements, such a system can either be built on the bund dividing two fishponds or on the dry-side of the bund. Pigsties, however, may also be constructed in a nearby place where the urine and dung of pigs are first allowed to the oxidation tanks (digestion chambers) of biogas plants for the production of methane for household use. The liquid manure (slurry) is then discharged into the fishponds through small ditches running through pond bunds. Alternately, the pig manure may be heaped in localized places of fishponds or may be applied in fishponds.
Some of the most used technologies in dairy farms are wearable technologies, like tracking collars, leg tags or rumen boluses. But innovative technologies can also be implanted on animals to detect their sweat constituents, measure body temperature, observe behaviour and movement, detect stress, analyse sound, detect pH, prevent disease, detect analytes and detect presence of viruses and pathogens. Nowadays, a great number of these technologies for producing an accurate health status and disease diagnosis are applicable only for humans, but are being considered for their future use in livestock development and welfare.
For example, although wearable sweat analysers have not yet been made commercial, biomonitoring of sweat in animals has great potential for animal health because of its non-invasive nature. These devices include an electrical current to generate a chemical stimulant into the skin (iontophoresis) but also an analyser. Some systems convey levels of sodium, potassium, lactate, glucose, skin temperature and enable sharing and monitoring the measured data by Bluetooth.
Furthermore, biosensors can also detect live bacteria in drinking water using Ag nanoparticles. For example, this technology can recognise anthrax spores on nanosphere substrates.
In addition, breath monitoring is becoming increasingly important between livestock handlers. The amounts of oxygen and nitric oxide in breath give an understanding of health conditions and ammonia is an indicator of many stomach infections. Besides, the composition of volatile organic compounds in the breath reflects the composition of bloodstream and airways, which gives a comprehensive status of the organism's metabolism. Therefore, it can provide deep knowledge about cardiovascular (CVDs) and chronic respiratory diseases.
Smart and precision livestock farming and animal health management will continue to grow in importance. It provides promise to improve the performance, cost, and productivity in disease management. Developing it will allow earlier and specific treatment of diseases, potentially resulting in reduced antimicrobial usage and improved animal welfare.
Biosensors, as an application for animal health management, are an emerging market that is quickly gaining recognition in the global market. Globally, a number of sensors being produced for animal health management are at various stages of commercialization. Some technologies for producing an accurate health status and disease diagnosis are applicable only for humans, with few modifications or testing in animal models. Now, these innovative technologies are being considered for their future use in livestock development and welfare. Precision livestock farming techniques, which include a wide span of technologies, are being applied, along with advanced technologies like microfluidics, sound analyzers, image-detection techniques, sweat and salivary sensing, serodiagnosis, and others.
Roundworms (also known as nematodes or ascarids) are parasites that live freely in the intestine, feeding off partially digested intestinal contents. Their name is derived from their tubular or ‘round’ shape. Roundworms are the most common gastrointestinal worm found in dogs and can also be transmitted to people.
Infected dogs shed the microscopic roundworm eggs in their feces. Other dogs may become infected by sniffing or licking infected feces. Roundworm eggs can also be spread by other animals such as rodents, earthworms, cockroaches, and birds. In these animals, the roundworms are merely transported, and do not mature into adults; if a dog eats one of these animals, the roundworm is able to continue its life cycle.
In the dog, the roundworm undergoes a complicated life cycle before mature roundworms are found in the intestinal tract. This involves several stages and includes migration through various bodily tissues. Immature worms (larvae) can migrate and become enclosed in a cyst in the tissue of the host's body. This is important in the female dog because these encysted larvae will start to develop during pregnancy and ultimately cross the placenta into an unborn puppy. Puppies can be born with roundworms and can pass fertile eggs from adult worms in their stools by the time they are approximately eleven days old. Roundworm larvae may also enter the mother's mammary glands and be passed to the puppies through the milk. Dogs are usually affected by roundworms as puppies.
Roundworms are of most concern to puppies. The most common consequence of roundworms is stunted growth. Since roundworms eat partially digested food in the intestinal tract, they will rob the growing puppy of vital nutrients if present in large numbers. Roundworms can complete their life cycle in immature dogs, but as the puppy’s immune system matures (usually by six months of age), the larval stages of the roundworm will become enclosed in a cyst in the puppy’s muscles. They can remain encysted in the dog’s tissues for months or years.
Roundworm larvae swallowed by adult dogs usually encysts in the dog's tissues with very few maturing into adults in the bowel of the dog. As a result, very few eggs are passed in the stool leading to difficulty in diagnosis and treatment.
In an intact female dog, encysted larvae can resume development after estrus (heat), and she can shed eggs in the stool at that time. With dogs that have been spayed, the development of a roundworm infection may indicate that there is an underlying immune system disease that has allowed the encysted larvae to complete their life cycle.
In puppies, clinical signs of roundworm infection include stunted growth, a pot-bellied appearance, and recurrent diarrhea. A definitive diagnosis is made by microscopic examination of the dog's feces (fecal flotation). Adult roundworms can sometimes be observed in a dog’s feces or vomit.
Treatment is simple and effective. There are many safe and effective preparations .
Body condition scoring is a management tool designed to assess body reserves or fat accumulation of an animal. It is a great method for critically examining the nutritional status of your herd. Body condition scoring is a hands-on assessment that uses a numerical rating system based on the feel of the animal rather than descriptions based simply on a visual appraisal. In the winter, it is more effective to implement hands-on body condition scoring versus visual scoring, as winter hair coats can often hide visual cues that only hands-on scoring can assess.
Condition scores are measured by feeling for fat cover with your hands. Fat cover is measured over four major locations on the animal's body: back bone (spine or topline), short ribs, hip bones (hooks and pins) and tail head on a scale of one to five.
A five-point scale is used when scoring cattle, small ruminants, swine and elk. A score of one is assigned to an extremely skinny or emaciated animal, and a score of five is assigned to an extremely fat or obese animal. Horses are typically scored using a nine-point scale, instead.
Where To Condition Score:
Because there is no muscle between the end of the short ribs and the skin, any padding felt by the thumb will be fat. There are two main areas to check to determine condition score: the short ribs and on either side of the tail head. The tail or pin bones can also be checked to determine fat cover.
The body condition of horses based on the degree of fat cover is a good indicator of a horse’s general health. The body condition score (BCS) allows one to access if the horse is too thin, too fat, or about right. Horses are scored on a scale from 1 (poor) to 9 (extremely fat) in six areas where they deposit fat – neck, withers, spinous processes (part of back vertebrae that project upwards) and transverse processes (portion of vertebrae that projects outward), tail head, ribs, and behind the shoulder. The subjective assessment is based on visual and physical (palpation) of the specified body regions including the hooks (tuber coxae and hip joints) and pins (tuber ischia and lower pelvic bones). Comparisons of relative adiposity can be made within or between horses. Categorization of body condition as underweight (BCS ≤ 3, 1–9-point scale), moderate (BCS 4–6), overweight (BCS ≥ 7) or obese (BCS ≥ 8) can be used as an aid in the management of body condition for optimal health and performance
Advantages of the body condition score are
Integration of all body areas
Easy to perform
Allows for classification of horses into underweight, overweight, or obese categories
Cutoff values available to imply risk for disease
Disadvantages of the body condition score are
The method only assesses subcutaneous fat
Bias between evaluators may influence results
The score can be influenced by coat length, gut fill, muscle mass, pregnancy, etc.
The score may not be comparable between different breeds or body types
BCS is very important in Farm Animal evalution.
Gnotobiosis (from Greek roots gnostos "known" and bios "life") refers to an engineered state of an organism in which all forms of life (i.e., microorganisms) in or on it, including its microbiota, have been identified.[1] The term gnotobiotic organism, or gnotobiote, can refer to a model organism that is colonized with a specific community of known microorganisms (isobiotic or defined flora animal) or that contains no microorganisms (germ-free) often for experimental purposes.[2][3][4][5] The study of gnotobiosis and the generation of various types of gnotobiotic model organisms as tools for studying interactions between host organisms and microorganisms is referred to as gnotobiology.
Gnotobiotics is the scientific study of animals or other organisms that are raised in germ free environments or ones that contain only specifically known germs. The gnotobiotic laboratory animal is potentially a very valuable tool for investigating any suspected interaction between the host and its associated microflora or between different components of that flora. However, like many other good ideas, the production of gnotobiotes is simple in concept but complicated in execution. In the early stages the greatest obstacles to the general use of germ free animals were the expense and the restricted amount of space that could be maintained free from contaminants. Nowadays, with modern isolators and facilities it is easier to produce gnotobiotic animals at relatively modest price.
Gnotobiotic animals or Gnotobiote are an animal stock or strain in which only certain known strains of bacteria and other microorganisms are present. Technically the term also includes germ free animals as the status of their microbial communities is also known (Reyniers, 1959). Gnotobiotic animals are derived by aseptic hysterotomy or hysterectomy, embryo transfer or sterile hatching of eggs and are continuously maintained using aseptic technique where the microbial status of the animal is fully defined; includes both germ free and defined flora animals. Animals reared in a gnotobiotic colony are devoid of normal flora, has poorly developed immune systems, lower cardiac output, thin intestinal walls, low antibody titers low metabolism rate and high susceptibility to infectious pathogens (Wostmann et al., 1996). Lower amounts of serum gamma globulins have been observed in germ free animals of several species and the quantity increases on association with microorganisms. Nuttall and Thierfelder are considered pioneers of gnotobiotics and germ free research. Germ free mice have adapted anatomically and physiologically to life without microbes
The gnotobiotic principles used in the production of infection free laboratory animals evolved from the efforts to rear and study animals in the absence of microbes or in association with one or more pure cultures of microbes . The gnotobiotic animal is potentially a very valuable tool for Scientitist.
Pig farming or pork farming or hog farming is the raising and breeding of domestic pigs as livestock, and is a branch of animal husbandry. Pigs are farmed principally for food (e.g. pork: bacon, ham, gammon) and skins.
Pigs are amenable to many different styles of farming: intensive commercial units, commercial free range enterprises, or extensive farming (being allowed to wander around a village, town or city, or tethered in a simple shelter or kept in a pen outside the owner's house). Historically, farm pigs were kept in small numbers and were closely associated with the residence of the owner, or in the same village or town.[1] They were valued as a source of meat and fat, and for their ability to convert inedible food into meat and manure, and were often fed household food waste when kept on a homestead.[2] Pigs have been farmed to dispose of municipal garbage on a large scale.[
The challenges faced by our country in securing the food as well as nutritional security to fast growing population need an integrated approach for livestock farming. Among the various livestock species, piggery is most potential source of meat production and more efficient feed converters after the broiler. Apart from providing meat, it is also a source of bristles and manure. Pig farming will provide employment opportunities to seasonally employed rural farmers and supplementary income to improve their living standards. The advantages of the pig farming are :
The pig has got highest feed conversion efficiency i.e. they produce more live weight gain from a given weight of feed than any other class of meat producing animals except broilers.
The pig can utilise wide variety of feed stuffs viz. grains, forages, damaged feeds and garbage and convert them into valuable nutritious meat. However, feeding of damaged grains, garbage and other unbalanced rations may result in lower feed efficiency.
They are prolific with shorter generation interval. A sow can be bred as early as 8-9 months of age and can farrow twice in a year. They produce 6-12 piglets in each farrowing.
Pig farming requires small investment on buildings and equipments
Pigs are known for their meat yield, which in terms of dressing percentage ranges from 65 - 80 in comparison to other livestock species whose dressing yields may not exceed 65%.
Pork is most nutritious with high fat and low water content and has got better energy value than that of other meats. It is rich in vitamins like thiamin, Niacin and riboflavin.
Pigs manure is widely used as fertilizer for agriculture farms and fish ponds.
Pigs store fat rapidly for which there is an increasing demand from poultry feed, soap, paints and other chemical industries.
Pig farming provides quick returns since the marketable weight of fatteners can be achieved with in a period of 6-8 months.
There is good demand from domestic as well as export market for pig products such as pork, bacon, ham, sausages, lard etc.
Pigs, Pig Farming, Pig rearing, Pig Nutrition.
Goat farming involves the raising and breeding of domestic goats (Capra aegagrus hircus) as a branch of animal husbandry. People farm goats principally for their meat, milk, fibre and skins.
Goat farming can be very suited to production alongside other livestock (such as sheep and cattle) on low-quality grazing land. Goats efficiently convert sub-quality grazing matter that is less desirable for other livestock into quality lean meat. Furthermore, goats can be farmed with a relatively small area of pasture and with limited resources.
Goat rearing or goat farming is one of the major contributors to the animal husbandry sector of our country. Goat farming is an extremely profitable and sustainable business due to several reasons. Firstly, goats are hardy in nature, and they can adapt to various climatic conditions. They can thrive in arid and semi-arid regions, making them ideal for the Indian climate.
Secondly, goats are prolific breeders, and their gestation period lasts for only five months. This means that a farmer can quickly increase his herd size in a short period. Thirdly, goats are versatile animals that can be reared for meat, milk, and fiber. This gives farmers multiple streams of income from a single animal. Goats are reared specifically for meat purposes in our country.
It is amongst one of the most sought-after livestock practices after the milk/dairy industry. Apart from meat, goats are also reared for their milk as well as fiber, making them one of the most profitable animals to rear. India is the world’s largest producer of goat milk and the third-largest producer of goat meat, which highlights the significance of goat farming in the country.
Goat farming in India is quite a lucrative business as the inputs are significantly lesser than the outputs or returns. The returns are quite high which is why this industry continues to grow exponentially.
Goats are quite versatile and can adapt easily to various environments and are hardy in nature. They require less investment and time as well. Thus, they are an ideal choice for animal husbandry farmers. Let us have a look at goat farming in various states in India.
Goats are reared for milk and meat. Goat is a multi functional animal and plays a significant role in the economy and nutrition of landless, small and marginal farmers in the country. Goat rearing is an enterprise, which has been practiced by a large section of population in rural areas. Goats can efficiently survive on available shrubs and trees in adverse harsh environment in low fertility lands where no other crop can be grown. Around the world, more people drink goat milk than cow milk. Also, more people eat chevon (goat meat) than beef. The World Health Organization says that more than 70% of the world’s population has some allergy to cow milk. The allergic symptoms could be stomachaches, gas, skin rashes and ear infections. An allergy to goat milk is very rare. Goats are the First Ruminant Domesticated in Mankind.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
1. GENERAL PRINCIPLES IN PLANNING
ANIMAL HOUSES.
Prepared by
Dr. Subhrajit Das,
B.V.Sc & A.H (CAU, Mizoram)
M.V.Sc (LPM) DSVCKV, Chattisgarh
2. INTRODUCTION-
Animal Housing is required to protect the animals from inclement
weather, provide clean, comfortable stay for good health of animals
and for efficient management. Inadequate and improper planning
results in additional labor charges and increased costs in
maintenance of sheds. Adequate housing to animals is aimed at
increased milk production, better labor utilization, better health of
animals, disease control, better care and management of animals
resulting in production of high quality milk resulting in a
remunerative price and better profit of the farm. The farmer has to
select the suitable housing system keeping in view the local
environment and economic status. Minimum investment should be
put towards housing of animals by utilizing the locally available
materials for construction of roof, floor and walls without
compromising the comfort of animals.
3. FACTOR TO BE CONSIDERED BEFORE SITE SELECTON.-
Topography and drainage.
Soil type.
Availability of land.
Availability water.
Exposure to the sun and protection from wind.
Protection from noise and other facilities.
Accessibility.
Durability and attractiveness.
Water supply.
Surroundings.
Labour.
Marketing.
Electricity.
Transport facility.
Facilities, labour, food
4. 1.Topography and drainage-Animal building should be at a
higher elevation than the surrounding ground to offer a good slope
for rainfall and drainage for the wastes of the dairy to avoid
stagnation within.
2.Soil type-Soil must be suitable for strong foundation .Fertile
soil should be spared for cultivation.Marcy, clay, sandy, rock soils
are not suitable. Loamy and gravely soils are best suited for
building construction.
3.Availability of land-There should be vast area to construct all
building and should give way to future expansion of farm.Atleast
2-3 acre land is required for 200 cows accommodation. For 2 cows
1-acre land is essential for fodder production.
5. 4. Availability water- Plenty of water is needed for farm
operations like washing, fodder cultivation, processing of milk and
by-products and for drinking.
6. Exposure to the sun and protection from wind-A dairy
building should be located to a maximum exposure to the sun in
the north and minimum exposure to the sun in the south and
protection from prevailing strong wind currents whether hot or
cold. Buildings should be placed so that direct sunlight can reach
the platforms, gutters and mangers in the cattle shed. As far as
possible, the long axis of the dairy barns should be set in the north-
south direction to have the maximum benefit of the sun If the farm
building in open or exposed area, the wind breaks in the farm of
tall quick growing trees should be grown near the building. This
will reduce the wind velocity and solar radiation.
6. 7.Protection from noise and other facilities-The farm site
should be away from noise producing factory/chemical industry,
sewage disposing area. The industrial effluents in the form of
gaseous or liquid may pollute surrounding resources. Noise is also
found to affect the animal production. Hence the farm should be
away from city
8.Accessibility-Easy accessibility to the buildings is always
desirable. Situation of a cattle shed by the side of the main road
preferably at a distance of about 100 meters should be aimed at.
9.Durability and attractiveness-It is always attractive when
the buildings open up to a scenic view and add to the grandeur of
the scenery. Along with this, durability of the structure is
obviously an important criterion in building a dairy.
10.Water supply-Abundant supply of fresh, clean and soft water
should be available at a cheap rate.
11.Surroundings-Areas infested with wild animals and dacoits
should be avoided. Narrow gates, high manger curbs, and loose
hinges, protruding nails, smooth finished floor in the areas where
the cows move and other such hazards should be eliminated.
7. 12. Labour-Honest, economic and regular supply of labour is
available.
13. Marketing-Farm buildings should only be in those areas from
where the owner can sell his products profitably and regularly. The
farm should be away from the city but at the same time it should
be nearer to city thereby the products produced from the farm
could be marketed easily.
14. Electricity-Electricity is the most important sanitary method
of lighting a dairy., it is desirable to have an adequate supply of
electricity. It should be available at the site. It is needed for
operating various machines used in the farm and is the light
source to the animals.
8. 15. Transport facility- The farm buildings should be provided
with good road and also have the accessibility to reach the market.
This will reduce the transport cost and avoid spoilage of products.
16. Facilities, labour, food-Cattle yards should be so constructed
and situated in relation to feed storages, hay stacks, silo and
manure pits as to effect the most efficient utilization of labour.
Sufficient space per animal and well arranged feeding mangers
and resting are contribute not only to greater productivity in
animals and make the work of the operator easier also minimizes
feed expenses. Feed storages should be located at hand near the
centre of the animal house. Milk-house in case of cattle farm
should be located almost at the centre of the barn.
9. Factor to be considered while designing animal house (Outer
section)-
Designing Unit- It is desirable to design the accommodation for a
workable unit. It will give opportunity to study the need of smaller
group with regard to floor space, feeding space required for different
kinds of animals.
Structural form- Shape and design of building should meet the
needs of all classes of livestock. Uniformity in the appearance should
be maintained. We have to decide the number of animals to be
housed in the building and number of buildings to be constructed.
Designing for flexibility -Animal building has to be designed to
meet the requirement of changing enterprises. This will increase the
utility of buildings. Spacious building without pillars can be easily
being adopted for different enterprises with little modifications in
the building. For example large intensive dairy buildings can be
used for rearing pig or sheep and goat with little modification
10. Shape of the roof- It is designed to suit the local climatic
conditions. Gable with roof ventilator is necessary for hot
condition. Monitor roof is suitable for building with smaller
width.
Standard width of building- Single row cow shed should
have length of 3. 80 to 4.25 metres and Double row cow shed
should have 7. 90 to 8.70 metres length.
Standard height of building The standard height of the
building may differ according to the roofing material and
agro climatic condition.
Length of the buildings-The standard length of building
may be of any. It may vary depends upon the number of
animals housed. Length can be determined based on the
total stock to be housed within the building. Example: In
case of dairy 15-20 animals in single row system and 20-50
animals in double row system and above 50 animals a
separate shed should be provided
11. Factor to be considered while designing animal house (Inner section)-
Floor- Floor is the important part of the building. Floor is the one, which
is frequently used by animals for various purposes as resting, movement,
feeding and milking etc.The inside floor of the barn should be of some
impervious material which can be easily kept clean and dry and is not
slippery. Grooves and roughened surface should be provided. Different
materials are used for animal house flooring. The choice depends on
availability, cost and other quality required for the animal houses.
Walls-The inside of the walls should have a smooth hard· finish of
cement, which will not allow any lodgement of dust and moisture=. The
open space in between supporting pillars will serve for light and air
circulation.
Roof-Roof of the barn may be of asbestos sheet or tiles. Corrugated iron
sheets have the disadvantage of making extreme fluctuations in the
inside temperature of the barn in different seasons. However, iron sheets
with aluminium painted tops to reflect sunrays and bottoms provided
with wooden insulated ceilings can also achieve the objective. A height of
8 feet at the sides and 15 feet at the ridge will be sufficient to give the
necessary air space to the cows.
12. Manger-Cement concrete continuous manger with removable
partitions is the best from the point of view of durability and
cleanliness.Mangers prevent feed wastage. The height at the back
of the manger should be kept at 2'-6" to 3". An overall width of 2'
to 2 1/2' is sufficient for a good manger.
Alleys-The central walk should have a width of 5'-6' exclusive of
gutters when cows face out, and 4'-5' when they face in. The feed
alley, in case of a face out system should be 4' wide, and the
central walk should show a slope of 1" from the centre towards the
two gutters running parallel to each other, thus forming a crown
at the centre.
Manure gutter-The manure gutter should be wide enough to
hold all dung without getting blocked, and be easy to clean/
Suitable dimensions are 2" width with a cross-fall of !" away from
standing. The gutter should have a gradient of 1" for every 10'
length. This will permit a free flow of liquid excreta.
13. Doors-The doors of a single range cowshed should be 5" wide
with a height of 7', and for double row shed the width should not
be less than 8" to 9'. All doors of the barn should lie flat against
the external wall when fully open.
Calving Boxes-Allowing cows to calve in the milking cowshed is
highly undesirable and objectionable. It leads to insanitary in
milk production and spread of disease like contagious abortion in
the herd. Special accommodation in the form of loose-boxes
enclosed from all sides with a door should be furnished to all
parturient cows. It should have an area of about 100 to 150 sq.ft.
With ample soft bedding, it should be provided with sufficient
ventilation through windows and ridge vent.
Isolation Boxes-Animals suffering from infectious disease must
be segregated soon from the rest of the herd. Loose boxes of about
150 sq.ft are very suitable for this purpose. They should be
situated at some distance from the other barns. Every isolation
box should be self contained and should have separate connection
to the drainage disposal system.
14. Standard width of buildings-
Single row cow shed-3.80-4.25 metre
Double row cow shed-7.90 -8.70 metre
Poultry and other- 20to 30 feet
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25. Floor space requirement-
Type of
animal
Floor specae
requirement(m²)
Maximum
no of
animal/pen
Height of
the shed
Covered area Open area
Cattle and buffalo-
Bull 12.0 24.0 1 175cm in
medium and
heavy rain
fall and 3330
in dry areas.
Cows 3.5 7.0 50
Buffaloes 4.0 8.0 50
Down-calver 12.0 12.0 1
Young calves 1.O 2.0 30
Old calves 2.O 4.0 30
26. FEEDING AND WATERING SPACE REQUIREMENT-
Type of
animal
Floor specae
requirement(m²)
Maximum
no of
animal/pen
Height of the
shed
Covered area Open area
Sheep and goat
Ewe/Nanny 1.0 - 60 300-dry areas
and 220 in
heavy rain fall
areas
Lamb/Kid 0.4 - 75
Ram/Buck 3.4 - -
Milch doe 1.4m×1.2m - Single stall
Pig
Boar 6-7 8.8-12 - 200-250
Farrowing
sow
7-9 8.8-12 -
Weaner
/fattening
pig
0.9-1.8 0.9-1.8 30
Dry sow
/gilt
1.8-2.7 1.4-1.8 3-10
27. FEEDING AND WATERING SPACE REQUIREMENT-
Types of
animal
Width(cm) Depth(cm) Height of
inner (cm)
Adult cattle and
buffalo
60 40 50
Calves 40 15 20
Adult sheep and
goat
50 30 35
Lambs and kids 50 20 25
Adult pigs. 50 20 25
Growing pigs 30 15 25
28. DESIGNING OF ANIMAL BUILDING FOR PRODUCTION AND
PRODUCT CONTROL-
Animal house is to be design to have control over production of
product and also the quality of product.
Environmental control house-Recent trends in animal house is
to control the bad effect of environmental factors to provide comfort
condition to the animals. In tropical buildings ,choice of building
materials and method should be employed to prevent heat
radiation from sun into the building through roof,wall,and
surrounding ground. Non conducting materials with sufficient
insulation will prevent various kinds [f heat radiation .Comfortable
air velocity, optimum humidity should be maintained. These entire
factor will have effect on growth ,reproduction and overall health
status of livestock.
29. Quality of product-High quality milk and egg can be
produced only in certain type of house, which are specially
designed for it. For example certified high quality eggs are
produced only in cages with rollaway flow management or
in slatted floor management,
Certified high quality milk with low bacterial counts can be
produced only in the parlour system of milk
Labour control-Labour cost can be reduced and designing
the animal house properly and labour efficiency can
improved by double row arrangement of animals and
animal buildings faciliti9s circular travel and two way job.
Construction of alley like feed alley, milk alley, egg
collection alley, and animal weightment yard are designed
to reduce the labour cost.
30. Disease control-Animal house should be designed
properly to effect disease control. Provision of washable and
easily drained floor, washable walls will control spread of
disease .Designing of suitable drainage system for quick
and hygienic disposal of waste is required for preventing
disease.
External loose box accommodation is necessary for isolation
of sick animal. Dampness resistant surface will reduce the
high humidity, which is the predisposing cause for
respiratory disease in pigs and young animals.
31. CONCLUSION-An efficient management of animal is not
possible without a well planned and adequate housing .Improper
planning in the arrangement of animal housing may result in
additional labour charges and as well as it may result a severe
uncomfortable condition to animals, so proper planning is
necessary before any animal house construction.
32. REFERENCE-
1.Agricultural Information Centre. Livestock
development technical handbook. Nairobi, Kenya.
2.Attfield, H.D. 1977. Raising rabbits. Mt. Rainer
M.D.,Volunteers in Technical Assistance (VITA).
3.Chepete, H.J., Xin, H., Puma, M.C. & Gates,
R.S.2004. Heat and moisture production of poultry
andtheir housing systems: pullets and layers. ASHRAE
Transactions 110: 286–299.