AG_2103_practical_02.pdf
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This document provides guidelines for designing a piggery farm, including site selection factors like orientation, infrastructure, and hygiene. It describes housing requirements like ventilation, flooring materials, and separate areas for farrowing, weaning, growing, and breeding pigs. Effluent treatment is also addressed, including pond size and solid waste storage. Buffer distances from roads, water sources, and neighboring properties are specified. A sample bill of quantities for construction is included.
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AG_2103_swine_12.pdf
This document provides information on selecting a site and designing facilities for a piggery operation. It discusses selecting an appropriate site that considers factors like durability, orientation for ventilation, and infrastructure access. It also outlines designing production buildings with proper foundations, walls, roofs, floors, and ventilation. The document details housing requirements for different pig stages, like farrowing, weaning, growing and finishing. Buffer distances from roads, water sources and neighboring properties are also recommended. The design of feed storage, health facilities, and manure treatment is covered.
AG_2103_swine_12.pdf
This document provides information on selecting a site and designing facilities for a piggery operation. It discusses selecting an appropriate site that considers factors like durability, orientation for ventilation, and infrastructure access. It also outlines designing functional housing areas for different pig categories like farrowing, weaning, growing and finishing, and breeding. The housing area design considers foundations, walls, roofs, floors, ventilation and temperature control. It provides buffer distance guidelines and lists equipment needed like feeders, waterers, and manure cleaning tools. The document aims to help design a piggery that meets pigs' needs and allows for efficient management and hygienic operation.
Livestock Housing
Cattle lose heat primarily by respiration (from moist tissues in the respiratory system) as well as through transference of heat into the air and by evaporation of water from sweat.
Providing shelter enables cattle to shade from direct sun, reducing the extra heat load they take on by up to 50 per cent. Heat stress and exhaustion should not occur if cattle are able to find shade and rest during the hottest part of the day.
It has been shown that cattle prefer shade over water in hot conditions and will spend more time resting and less time chewing their cud as the ambient temperature increases.
Cattle at highest risk of heat stress
Animals at highest risk of heat stress include:
overfat stock
young cattle
dark coloured cattle
high producing dairy cows
sick cattle or cattle that have previous history of respiratory disease.
Reduced appetites of cattle in extreme heat
Appetite is reduced during extreme heat and can result in decreased daily weight gains and feed efficiency. Provision of good quality, highly palatable feed and plenty of shelter during periods of hot weather will reduce the heat load of the cattle and assist in maintaining normal feed intakes.
Any new feed should be gradually introduced to reduce the risk of acidosis or metabolic disease.
Dairy cattle under heat stress
A study on the economic effects of heat loads on dairy cattle production in Australia has shown that extreme heat has the following effects on dairy production:
reduced milk yield
reduced milk fat and protein percentages
lower first service conception rates
lower calf birth weights
larger number of services per pregnancy.
The effect of extreme heat was more pronounced for high producing cows, and resulted in reductions of up to 461 litres of milk per cow per year on farms that did not provide shade for their herds.
A further study found that milk production was 3 per cent greater for shaded cows than for unshaded cows.
For more information about heat stress in Australian dairy herds can be found at the Cool Cows website.
Cows and their calves
Research also shows a higher mortality rate in calves subjected to heat stress in their first week of life. Cows may be observed trying to shade their calves and it has been shown that cows will actively seek sheltered areas in which to calve.
Artificially reared calves must have access to shelter in hot weather with natural air flow important for cooling of the environment.
Shelter suitable during hot weather
The best type of shelter during extreme heat protects cattle from the sun and allows for the cooling effect of the wind. Some options for shelter in hot weather are:
constructed shelters using materials such as shade cloth, corrugated iron or timber
shadebelts – these are usually a single line of deciduous trees, planted in an east-west direction to give shade on the south side
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This document provides information on selecting a site and designing facilities for a piggery operation. It discusses selecting an appropriate site that considers factors like durability, orientation for ventilation, and infrastructure access. It also outlines designing functional housing areas for different pig categories like farrowing, weaning, growing and finishing, and breeding. The housing area design considers foundations, walls, roofs, floors, ventilation and temperature control. It provides buffer distance guidelines and lists equipment needed like feeders, waterers, and manure cleaning tools. The document aims to help design a piggery that meets pigs' needs and allows for efficient management and hygienic operation.
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Cattle lose heat primarily by respiration (from moist tissues in the respiratory system) as well as through transference of heat into the air and by evaporation of water from sweat.
Providing shelter enables cattle to shade from direct sun, reducing the extra heat load they take on by up to 50 per cent. Heat stress and exhaustion should not occur if cattle are able to find shade and rest during the hottest part of the day.
It has been shown that cattle prefer shade over water in hot conditions and will spend more time resting and less time chewing their cud as the ambient temperature increases.
Cattle at highest risk of heat stress
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Reduced appetites of cattle in extreme heat
Appetite is reduced during extreme heat and can result in decreased daily weight gains and feed efficiency. Provision of good quality, highly palatable feed and plenty of shelter during periods of hot weather will reduce the heat load of the cattle and assist in maintaining normal feed intakes.
Any new feed should be gradually introduced to reduce the risk of acidosis or metabolic disease.
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Artificially reared calves must have access to shelter in hot weather with natural air flow important for cooling of the environment.
Shelter suitable during hot weather
The best type of shelter during extreme heat protects cattle from the sun and allows for the cooling effect of the wind. Some options for shelter in hot weather are:
constructed shelters using materials such as shade cloth, corrugated iron or timber
shadebelts – these are usually a single line of deciduous trees, planted in an east-west direction to give shade on the south side
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1. The document describes a method for determining soil drainage characteristics by digging a hole and monitoring how quickly water drains from it.
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3. The drop in water level per hour is used to interpret the soil's drainage class, which can be excessively drained, somewhat excessively drained, well drained, moderately well drained, somewhat poorly drained, poorly drained, or very poorly drained.
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This document defines key terms related to soil moisture content:
1) Available soil moisture is the difference between the amount of water in soil at field capacity and at the permanent wilting point.
2) Field capacity is the water content after free water has drained from the soil through gravity.
3) Permanent wilting point is the soil moisture content at which plants will wilt and die as they are unable to extract sufficient water.
4) Available water content is calculated as the difference between field capacity and permanent wilting point.
AG_2105_Practical_No._04.pdf
The document outlines a method for determining soil moisture condition by appearance and feeling. The method involves obtaining a soil sample, squeezing it into a ball, and observing properties like texture, ability to ribbon, firmness and color. These observations are then compared to photographs or charts to estimate the percentage of available water in the soil. The document also provides pictures showing the appearance of different soil types like fine sand, sandy loam, and clay at various moisture levels and their available water capacity in inches per foot.
swine.pptx
This document contains instructions and questions for a practical evaluation on swine production. It is divided into two sections - the first section contains 5 questions related to swine breeds, equipment, and newborn piglet management. The second section contains 5 questions related to sow/gilt selection factors, boar selection factors, newborn piglet health care, piglet identification methods, and pig rearing systems. Students are instructed to write their index number, answer all questions within 1 minute per question, and clearly write the question numbers.
AG_1107_i.docx
This document provides an overview of key engine parts for both 4-stroke and 2-stroke cycles, including the piston, connecting rod, camshaft, valves, spark plug, piston rings, crankshaft, air filters, gasket, drive belt, and fuel filter. It also mentions pressure plate and clutch plate as additional components.
practical_05.pdf
This document discusses different types of lubrication systems used in engines, including splash lubrication, force feed lubrication, and combinations of the two. It also describes full flow and half flow/bypass filtration systems used in lubrication. Checking the oil level and condition is important for engine maintenance, with the oil level providing information on the need to add or change oil.
Practical_No._06_Identification_of_different_cooling_systems_and_maintenance.pdf
There are two main types of cooling systems: air cooling systems, which are used for small engines, and water cooling systems, which have four subtypes including hopper or water jacket systems and thermo-syphone systems. Improper functioning of cooling systems can occur due to issues like slippage or breakage of fan belts, blockage of tubes from impure water, malfunctions of the thermostat valve, or problems with the radiator cup.
Practical_No._04_Cleaners_mufflers_and_their_maintenance.pdf
This document discusses the identification and maintenance of air cleaners and mufflers. It describes the main types of air cleaners - oil wetted mesh, dry, and wet/oil bath - and their components and functioning. Dry air cleaners use disposable filters while wet cleaners filter air through an oil bath. Mufflers reduce exhaust noise through expansion chambers. Proper maintenance includes checking for leaks, cleaning clogged parts, and replacing filters at scheduled intervals.
Farm_power_prac_03.pdf
The document discusses the components and functioning of fuel systems in engines. It describes two main types of fuel systems: petrol and diesel. The petrol system uses a carburetor to mix air and fuel before combustion, while the diesel system injects fuel directly into compressed air in the cylinder. The key components of both systems include a fuel tank, air supply system, fuel filters, fuel pump, and injectors or carburetor for regulating the air-fuel ratio. Proper maintenance of these components is important for efficient engine operation.
AG_2103_pig_sl.pdf
This document provides instructions for preparing a pig for slaughter, including starving the pig, transporting it, stunning it, bleeding it, scalding and singeing its skin, removing its head and internal organs through evisceration, splitting the carcass, and chilling or cooling the meat. The overall process takes a live pig through starvation, transport, stunning, bleeding, skin and organ removal, and chilling to prepare the carcass for cuts, storage, transport and marketing.
Identification_of_reapers_combine_harvester_threshers.pptx
The document discusses various agricultural machinery used in harvesting and processing crops. It describes reapers, which can be animal-drawn, engine-powered, or tractor-mounted. It also describes combine harvesters, which both reap and thresh grains crops in a single pass. Threshers are discussed as machines that separate seeds from stalks using a rotating drum and concave. The document provides details on components and principles of operation for reapers, combines, threshers, and machinery used in rice milling and parboiling.
Sprayers.pptx
The document discusses different types of sprayers and dusters used in agriculture, including their parts, functions, calibration, operation, and maintenance. It describes hose sprayers, piston knapsack sprayers, hand pump sprayers, compression dusters, aerosols, hand dusters, and the basic components of sprayers such as pumps, tanks, agitators, and nozzles. Power sprayers are discussed along with hand sprayers such as compression and trombone types. Maintenance of sprayers including rinsing nozzles, cleaning between chemicals, lubrication, and storage is also summarized.
Identification_of_reapers_combine_harvester_threshers.pdf
The document discusses various agricultural machinery used in harvesting and processing crops. It describes reapers, which can be animal-drawn, engine-powered, or tractor-mounted, and are used to cut crops. Combine harvesters are discussed which both cut and thresh grains like wheat and rice. Threshers are described as machines that separate seeds from stalks using a rotating drum and concaves. The document provides details on various components and principles of operation for reapers, combines, and threshers. It also briefly mentions machinery for milling rice.
Sprayers.pdf
The document discusses different types of sprayers and dusters used in agriculture, including their parts, functions, calibration, operation, and maintenance. It describes common hand sprayers like hose sprayers, tank sprayers, hand-pump sprayers, and compression sprayers. Power sprayers that use small engines are also discussed. The basic components of sprayers like the pump, tank, agitator, gauges, valves and nozzles are explained. Different nozzle types for spray pattern dispersion are covered. Proper sprayer maintenance like rinsing, cleaning between chemicals, lubrication and storage are important to ensure effective application of inputs.
AG_2103_practical_01.pdf
This document identifies and describes several common pig breeds:
Berkshire, Duroc, Hampshire, Landrace, Spotted, and Large White. For each breed, it provides the main purpose for rearing (meat or lard), typical distribution regions, and distinguishing physical characteristics such as size, coloration, ear shape, and other features. The document serves to introduce students to the identification of pig breeds based on their external appearance and geographic origins.
AG_2103_practical_01.pdf
This document identifies and describes several common pig breeds:
Berkshire, Duroc, Hampshire, Landrace, Spotted, and Large White. For each breed, it provides the main purpose for rearing (meat or lard), typical distribution regions, and distinguishing physical characteristics such as size, coloration, ear shape, and other features. The document serves to introduce students to the identification of pig breeds based on their external appearance and geographic origins.
AG_2103_03.pdf
1. Creep feeding of piglets begins at 2 weeks of age until weaning to gradually transition them from milk to dry feed. Creep feed contains 18-21% crude protein.
2. Castration of male pigs under 14 days is performed to make them easier to handle and their meat will have no boar odor. It is done using a scalpel or side-cutters while restraining the piglet.
3. Identification methods include ear notching numbers onto piglets' ears. Basic restraint includes manual restraint or mechanical restraint using a V-trough, snare, or restraining crate.
AG_2103_practical_02.pdf
Non-Ruminant Animal Production – Swine - Design a piggery – for a given number of pigs in different categories and preparation of a BOQ
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- 1. P.A.S.S. Pushpakumara | Advanced Technological Institute- Gampaha AG 2103 - Non-Ruminant Animal Production – Swine Practical No. 02 Design a piggery – for a given number of pigs in different categories and preparation of a BOQ Design a piggery 1. Site selection i. Durability: long-term/ short-term ii. Pig house position Shed Orientations: increasing temperature has a significant impact on odor generation. Buildings orientated with their long axis east-west will minimize the heat load; Shed Positioning: space naturally vented sheds from other buildings or trees by at least five times the height of the nearest building or large object, to maximize wind ventilation iii. Factors of infrastructure facilities: water, electricity etc. iv. Hygiene and safety Shed Ventilation: adequate ventilation is required to remove piggery gases, dust and odor, to control air temperature and relative humidity, to remove excess heat and moisture, to dilute and remove airborne disease organisms and maintain oxygen supply to the pigs. v. Excreta disposal 2. Housing i. Functional area design ii. Production building design: piggery building 1. Foundation 2. Walls 3. Roof 4. Main entrance 5. Floor Type of flooring material affect s pen fouling patterns and the ability to clean them properly; iii. Other buildings: feed stores, health and disinfection unit, medicine and treatment unit, labor facilities iv. Breeding unit- optional Advanced Technological Institute - Gampaha Department of Agriculture Year II Semester I
- 2. P.A.S.S. Pushpakumara | Advanced Technological Institute- Gampaha 3. Effluent Treatment and Utilization Effluent Characteristics: Estimated volume Effluent composition Effluent ponds: bio-gas unit etc. Solid waste storage: 4. Buffer distance Public road- Public road - except as below 200m Public road - unsealed with less than 50 vehicles per day 50 m excluding piggery traffic 50m Major watercourse 200m Major water reservoir 800m Dairy 100m Slaughter house 100m Neighboring rural residence >200m Property boundary 20m 5. Operating/ Management requirements i. Feeders and waterers ii. Manure cleaning equipments and tools iii. Furrowing facilities A typical pig shed design can contain the following features for farrowing accommodation: • Protective side rails to reduce overlays; • Freedom from draught s; • A creep area to allow piglets to escape the sow and eat creep feed without the sow eating it or protective rails to prevent piglets being crushed against the sides of pen walls; • Supplementary heat in creep area. Weaner Section: Newly weaned pigs require suitable environmental conditions to counter the abrupt changes that occur at weaning. A change in diet from milk to solid feed, mixing with other pigs and a change of environment can stress weaners, making them more susceptible to disease. Weaner pigs must be weaned into a warm, dry, draught free environment. Grower/Finisher Section: Grower/finisher housing can be described using t wo basic design types. • Pens in sheds - This is by far the most common system of housing growers. Sheds offer protection from the elements for both the pig and the producer. Close control and supervision of stock is possible with this system to get her with the ability to regulate the environment;
- 3. P.A.S.S. Pushpakumara | Advanced Technological Institute- Gampaha • Eco-hut design - These sheds are a low-cost housing alternative where pigs are housed in a litter bedded shelter which is constructed upon compacted soil or concrete pad with solid walls. Breeding Section: Dry sows are generally housed in a combination of individual stalls and group pens. Stalls are often used for the first five weeks of gestation to allow for individual feeding and attention, sows may be moved to group pens to complete their gestation period. Group housing of sows in “barn” type sheds without pens is less common due to difficulties encountered with feeding and management. Bill of Quantity (BOQ) sample Date Description Qty Unit Rate Total