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Poultry production management

This document discusses the reproductive system and egg production process in poultry. It describes each part of the reproductive tract and its role in either producing eggs or sperm. It then covers the requirements for incubating eggs both naturally with a hen or artificially in an incubator. Key steps in brooding and raising chicks like temperature control and feeding are outlined. The document concludes with descriptions of housing systems and daily routines for managing layer flocks.

Science◦
POULTRY PRODUCTION Management Margie Lumanggaya-Bibat, MSA
Poultry REPRODUCTION SYSTEM MLBibat2020 2
Testicles Produce sperm MLBibat2020 3
Vas Deferens Carries seminal fluid and sperm inside the female’s reproductive tract MLBibat2020 4
Ovary Produces the ovum MLBibat2020 5
Infundibulum • Receives yolk from ovary, where sperm is stored, and fertilization takes place MLBibat2020 6
Magnum • Secretes the thick white of the egg (3 hours) MLBibat2020 7
Isthmus • 2 shell membranes are placed around the yolk and thick white (1 ¼ hours) MLBibat2020 8
Uterus • Thin white and outer shell are added to the egg (20 hours) MLBibat2020 9
Vagina • Completed egg is stored for a short time till laid (2-27 hours) MLBibat2020 10
Environmental requirements to hatch chicken eggs MLBibat2020 11
Natural  the hen lay eggs (1 per day) over period of several days after 21 days, the eggs hatch a hen who is laying on her eggs is referred to as “broody” MLBibat2020 12
Artificial Incubation • the hen lay eggs and they are placed in an incubation  incubator keeps eggs at proper temperature and humidity  temperature: 97-102  humidity: 60% • Eggs are turned 3-5 times daily to prevent embryo from sticking to the shell. MLBibat2020 13
Selection of Hatching Eggs MLBibat2020 14
Grading Exterior Quality 1-Cleanliness – shell should be free of debts or organic matter 2-Shape – small end and large end. Not round or oblong 3-Soundness-no cracks 4-size-not very small nor extremely large MLBibat2020 15
Grading Interior Quality 1-Air cell 2-Viscosity of Albumen (white) 3-Check for abnormalities (Blood/Meat Spots, cracks or leaks in shell) MLBibat2020 16
Candling • It is done to test for fertility and viability • done by placing the eggs against a bright light such that the outline of the contents of the eggs is seen from the outside • Used a Candler or tester Done in 3 periods: 4th or 5th day – to remove infertile eggs 13th or 14th day and on the 18th day – removed dead Embryos • Candle eggs to determine their interior and exterior quality grade MLBibat2020 17
Brooding MANAGEMENT MLBibat2020 18
Brooding • starts as soon as the chicks are placed in the brooder area where heat is supplied until the chicks gave grown to the point where they no longer need additional heat comfortable. • This period lasts for approximately 4 weeks MLBibat2020 19
Types of Brooder 1. Battery-type brooder • Composed called tiers constructed on top of another, each compartment equipped with separate heater and provisions for feeding and drinking. MLBibat2020 20
Types of Brooder 2. Cage Brooder • Can be evaluated slatted- floor or litter-floor type with capacity varying from few to several hundreds MLBibat2020 21
Temperature requirement Day old - 1 week 90 - 95°F (32.2 – 35 °C) 1 - 2 weeks 85 - 90°F (29.4 – 32.2 °C) 2 - 3 weeks 80 - 83°F (26.7 – 29.4 °C) 4 - 4 weeks 80 - 80°F (26.7 and below) MLBibat2020 22
Growing Period • 75 °F or cooler temperature. The chick’s psychological reaction to existing environmental temperature will indicate whether the temperature is right, too low or too high. MLBibat2020 23
Does your brooder’s temperature is right? MLBibat2020 24
Floor requirements • Egg type chickens 1 day – 3 weeks 0.3 sq.ft/bird 3 - 8 weeks 0.5 sq. ft/bird 8 – 12 weeks 1.0 sq. ft/bird • Meat type 1 day – 2 weeks 2 weeks – market age MLBibat2020 25
Sources of heat for brooders • Electricity • LPG (liquefied petroleum gas) • Infrared lamp • Charcoal MLBibat2020 26
House features • Construction materials  Bamboo slats, nipa shingles, coco lumber  GI sheets, aluminum sheet, wood, welded wire, plastic nets • Shape  long and narrow with east-west orientation • Width  10 to 12 meters • Height  floor height (1.8 m or 5.9 ft.)  floor to ceiling (2.4 m or 8 ft.) MLBibat2020 27
Roof styles MLBibat2020 28 Shed type Combination type Gable type Monitor type Semi-monitor type Gambrel type
Light requirement • light management is very important in the development of new layers. • The correct light to dark ratio in the rearing house will influence the production of larger eggs. • During the first few days of brooding, lighting the chicks throughout the night (24 hours light) is favorable for growth because there is eating time if food is available. • The light in the brooder will encourage the birds to keep close to source of heat, feed and water. MLBibat2020 29
One cardinal rule • Never increase light growing period and never decrease light during the laying period. MLBibat2020 30
• Increasing day length (light) during the growing period of birds will hasten their sexual maturity, which will result, to production of more pullet eggs (small eggs), layers are prone to prolapsed and shorter egg production cycle. • Under local conditions where there is only slight variation day length, it is recommended day must not exceed 11-12 hours during the growing stage (4-16 weeks) of the developing pullet. MLBibat2020 31
Feeds, Feeding and Watering • the availability of drinking water to the chicks must be emphasized. • the addition of 5-10% of sugar in the drinking water can be done for the first 6-8 hours during the arrival of the day-old chick (DOC). • Supplementation of water-soluble vitamin- mineral antibiotic preparation can give the chicks a good start too. MLBibat2020 32
Adequate feeder and watering space should be provided to the birds. The following allowances are considered minimum for bird: MLBibat2020 33 Feeder (linear) Waterer Day old – 2 weeks 2.5 cm 0.5 cm (1 gal/100 chicks) 2-6 weeks 4.5 1.0 6-10 weeks 7.5 2.0
Vaccination, Medication and Debeaking Age Medication Route Day old chick Mareks vaccine Mass method/spray 5-12 days NCD or Avian Pest Vaccine Intranasal/Intraocular 21 days NCD Mass method via drinking water 6-8 weeks Fowl pox Wing web MLBibat2020 34
Cannibalism among growing chickens Cannibalism • is a bad habit developed by some growing birds, it is usually starts from feather or toe picking which may result to serious wounding and death of birds. MLBibat2020 35
The possible causes of cannibalism are: 1) Imbalanced ration – a high energy diet with low protein leads to this problem. 2) Overcoming and insufficiency of feeding and drinking space 3) Extended period without feed and water 4) Poor ventilation 5) Excessive heat and too much light 6) It may also be a strain characteristics MLBibat2020 36
Factor affecting length of brooding period • Weather/climatic conditions – longer during cold and rainy months, shorter during dry and warm months. • Rate of feathering – shorter for fast feathering breeds/varieties/strains, longer for slow feathering: can be due to genetic make-up or nutrition of the birds. MLBibat2020 37
Growing MANAGEMENT MLBibat2020 38
System of Rearing • Range System • Semi-confinement system • Complete-confinement MLBibat2020 39
Range system • this is a good system, but because of more land area required, this system is commonly practice by native chicken growers and by duck raisers. MLBibat2020 40
Semi-confinement • This is a system of raising poultry where the birds are provided with shed or housing and an area to graze or pasture. e.i. in native chicken, organic chicken production. MLBibat2020 41
Complete-confinement • The modem trend in raising commercial strains.  Birds tend to lay eggs early when feed of high protein content. This is not desirable since early sexual maturity results in smaller pullets and consequently production of smaller eggs. MLBibat2020 42
Rearing of Pullets 1. Feeding requirements of growing pullets. Note: Feeding through should not be filled more than 1/3 to prevent feed wastage. The feeder should be replenished 3-4 times a day to stimulate feed consumption. MLBibat2020 43 6-14 weeks Grower ration 16% protein 14-20 weeks Pullet developer ration 14% protein
1. Feed wastage (conventional feeding through & a mash ration) Completely full 30% of feed is wasted 2/3 full 10% of feed is wasted ½ full 3% 1/3 full 1% MLBibat2020 44
• Change in appearance of the secondary sexual characters.  Comb and wattles begin to increase in size and the color becomes red.  Pullets become friendly and cackle  Pullets instinctively looks for nest  Pullets become docile (easily manage) and gregarious (sociable)  The vent and abdomen become enlarge. MLBibat2020 45 2. Signs of Sexual maturity Note: the surest sign of sexual maturity is the laying of the 1st egg.
Layer Flock MANAGEMENT MLBibat2020 46
• Range system • Semi-confinement • Complete confinement Please see slide 40-42 for the definition MLBibat2020 47 Systems of rearing of layer flocks
Housing • Small poultry housing – shed or gable type • Large poultry house monitor or semi-monitor • Open sided • Housing units for layers MLBibat2020 48
Brooder house • 4 to 6 weeks old; slatted or litter floor MLBibat2020 49
Growing house • 4 to 6 weeks old to 14- 16 weeks, old; slatted or litter floor MLBibat2020 50
Layer house • 14-16 weeks onwards; Cages  single, multiply 2-10 pullets) or colony (20-30 pullets)  local conditions – ¾ birds/cage give good performance MLBibat2020 51
Daily routine of work in the layer house A. Feeding • Layers must be fed a dietary composition referred to as layer ration or breeder ration. • layer ration will generally contain a 15- 18% protein level MLBibat2020 52
• Day-old six weeks old – chicks starter mash (20% CP) • Six to twelve weeks old – grower feeds; 16% CP • Twelve to 18 weeks old – developer feeds; 14% CP • 18 to 42 weeks old – layer 1 feed; 18% CP • 42 weeks to culling – layer 2 feeds; 17% CP Note: Mature laying hens will consume about as low as 90 grams to as high as 140 grams a day. One year consumption varies from 40 to 42 kilos per layer MLBibat2020 53
B. Watering  drinking water must be available to the layers all the time  the egg is about 65 to 70% water.  one hundred layers can consume about 7 gallons of water during a nomal day and will drink much more when the temperature of the environment becomes higher. MLBibat2020 54 Daily routine of work in the layer house
C. Egg collection  they are capable of laying one a day but it is next to impossible to realize one-egg-one-day for long period of time.  they are expected to skip some days in egg production.  Oviposition ( the act of egg laying) takes place normally as early as 7:00 am as late as 4:00 pm MLBibat2020 55 Daily routine of work in the layer house
MLBibat2020 56 Daily routine of work in the layer house C. Egg collection  majority of hens lay their egg b/w 10:00 am to 2:00 pm  the concentration of egg laying takes place before noon as a common observation. * Egg must be collected in wire baskets to provide good air circulation
Egg Collection MLBibat2020 57
Flock replacement Program • Programs of replacement can vary from a set of one flock every 3 months. • It can be as often as a monthly set up of replacement stocks depending on the program and availability of facilities. MLBibat2020 58
Feeds and Feed supplement • Feed is the biggest item in the operational cost. MLBibat2020 59
Capitalization • Broiler raising needs intensive capital returns are quick but investments are high. MLBibat2020 60
REFERENCES • Green Empire Licensure Examination Reviewer for Agriculturist • http://www.clovegarden.com/ingred/bd_chknutz.html • https://www.vcbio.science.ru.nl/en/virtuallessons/embryolo gy/chicken/ • https://www.mdpi.com/2306-7381/4/4/66/htm • https://theconversation.com/curious-kids-why-do-hens-still- lay-eggs-when-they-dont-have-a-mate-104077 • https://www.backyardchickencoops.com.au/blogs/learning- centre/how-to-deal-with-a-broody-hen • https://www.strombergschickens.com/category/battery- brooders MLBibat2020 61
• https://www.galleon.ph/appliances-c863/farm-ranch- c13436/chicken-amp-quail-brooder-chick-cage-poultry- p39016238 • https://www.purinamills.com/chicken- feed/education/detail/caring-for-baby-chicks-what-to-do- once-they-arrive • https://www.123rf.com/photo_105060293_stock-vector- science-chicken-life-cycle-vector-illustration.html • https://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?pid=S1516- 635X2019000200341&script=sci_arttext • https://www.pakissan.com/2017/02/04/poultry-housing- systems/ • https://www.theprairiehomestead.com/2016/06/homemade- chicken-feed-recipe.html MLBibat2020 62 REFERENCES
• https://www.storey.com/article/chick-care-feeding-watering- dos-donts/ • https://www.freedomrangerhatchery.com/blog/choosing-the- right-chickens-to-start-your-flock/ • https://www.bigstockphoto.com/image-264235351/stock- photo-%28noise-and-blur-some-chicken%29 • https://poultryfeedformulation.com/how-to-choose-the-best- chicken-breeds-for-your-poultry-business/ • http://thepoultryguide.com/poultry-farming-in-china/ • https://www.chinachickencage.com/chicken- cage/341.html?1548828248= MLBibat2020 63 REFERENCES
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7MlitVqKquQ • https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fm.youtube.c om%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DOuInNjPnnWM&psig • https://www.thehappychickencoop.com/chicken-diseases/ • https://silverlakefarms.com/how-many-eggs-does-a-chicken-lay-in-a- year/ • https://www.pinterest.ph/pin/162270392793726201/ MLBibat2020 64 REFERENCES
Thank You MLBibat2020 65
STUDENT LEARNING ACTIVITIES • Situational Analysis Mr. Albu’s farm is situated in a hilly terrain about 3.2 kilometers from the town proper. He has about 15 head of ready-to-lay native and Hampshire hens. 3 roosters and around 2 dozens of chicks. The old poultry house made of nipa built about 6 years ago showed signs of being toppled down. Five kilometers to the east of the farm is a hill where cogon grass grows abundantly and a friend nearby has a half hectare of mature bamboo. On the other hand, hardware stores in town sell G.I. sheets and cement for construction purposes. MLBibat2020 66
Mr Albu has a hard time deciding whether to use G.I. sheets and lumber in repairing his old poultry house or avail of the free cogon and buy a number of bamboo from his friend. Furthermore, Mr.Abu also had no plans of increasing the number of his stock but is instead content of maintaining the status quo. Questions: 1. What will you suggest to Mr. Albu regarding his plans of repairing his poultry house? 2. What equipment are needed in different poultry enterprises? 3. What are the factors to consider in putting up buildings for poultry? MLBibat2020 67 STUDENT LEARNING ACTIVITIES