Some of the most used technologies in dairy farms are wearable technologies, like tracking collars, leg tags or rumen boluses. But innovative technologies can also be implanted on animals to detect their sweat constituents, measure body temperature, observe behaviour and movement, detect stress, analyse sound, detect pH, prevent disease, detect analytes and detect presence of viruses and pathogens. Nowadays, a great number of these technologies for producing an accurate health status and disease diagnosis are applicable only for humans, but are being considered for their future use in livestock development and welfare. For example, although wearable sweat analysers have not yet been made commercial, biomonitoring of sweat in animals has great potential for animal health because of its non-invasive nature. These devices include an electrical current to generate a chemical stimulant into the skin (iontophoresis) but also an analyser. Some systems convey levels of sodium, potassium, lactate, glucose, skin temperature and enable sharing and monitoring the measured data by Bluetooth. Furthermore, biosensors can also detect live bacteria in drinking water using Ag nanoparticles. For example, this technology can recognise anthrax spores on nanosphere substrates. In addition, breath monitoring is becoming increasingly important between livestock handlers. The amounts of oxygen and nitric oxide in breath give an understanding of health conditions and ammonia is an indicator of many stomach infections. Besides, the composition of volatile organic compounds in the breath reflects the composition of bloodstream and airways, which gives a comprehensive status of the organism's metabolism. Therefore, it can provide deep knowledge about cardiovascular (CVDs) and chronic respiratory diseases. Smart and precision livestock farming and animal health management will continue to grow in importance. It provides promise to improve the performance, cost, and productivity in disease management. Developing it will allow earlier and specific treatment of diseases, potentially resulting in reduced antimicrobial usage and improved animal welfare. Biosensors, as an application for animal health management, are an emerging market that is quickly gaining recognition in the global market. Globally, a number of sensors being produced for animal health management are at various stages of commercialization. Some technologies for producing an accurate health status and disease diagnosis are applicable only for humans, with few modifications or testing in animal models. Now, these innovative technologies are being considered for their future use in livestock development and welfare. Precision livestock farming techniques, which include a wide span of technologies, are being applied, along with advanced technologies like microfluidics, sound analyzers, image-detection techniques, sweat and salivary sensing, serodiagnosis, and others.

1. Recent advances in the biosensors for Dairy
Health Management
Presented by:
Dr. Subhrajit Das
B.V.Sc & A.H
&
M.V.Sc (LPM)

2. Introduction
• ‘Fourth revolution’ in agriculture.
• Internet of Things, precision agriculture and mobile apps for disease
surveillance.
• Bio-sensing technologies that have the ability to transform whole livestock
health and management.

3. What is biosensor ?
• It is an analytical device which convert a biological response into an electric
signal.(Rutten et.all 2013)
• Word “biosensor” is blend of two component-
-Bio-element(receptor)
-Sensor elements(Transducer)

5. Classification
Biosensor
Wearable
On animal In animal
Non-Wearable
(Rutten et al. 2013)

6. Application of Biosensor in dairy health
management-
Wearable Tail sensors.
Wearable biosensor for animal jaw movement.
Breath analyser
Detection of ovulation
Monitoring animal movement and behaviour
Disease detection
Saliva analyser
Tear analysis
Detection of toxin in feed

7. Tail Biosensor
Tail sensors measuring body surface temperature of ventral tail base for –
-Oestrus detection in cattle
– Prediction of Calving in cattle

8. Oestrus detection in cattle
(Miura et all,2017)

9. Pregnancy detection in cattle
(Koyama et all.2018)

10. Analysis of tears for continuous glucose monitoring
Non-invasive continuous monitoring technique provide information about the concentration of
metabolites in blood.(Iguchi et al., 2007)

11. Biosensors for breath analysis-
• The amount of nitric acid,oxygen and ammonia indicate the health status of animal. (Turner
et al., 2012)
• Analysis of VOCs has been explored to diagnose bovine respiratory disease (Burciaga-
Robles et al., 2009), brucellosis (Knobloch et al., 2009), bovine tuberculosis (Fend et al.,
2005; Peled et al., 2012), Johne's disease (Kumanan et al., 2009), ketoacidosis (Mottram et al.,
1999)
• Useful to provide knowledge about cardiovascular .

12. Monitoring jaw movement of cattle
•Events of grazing activity: chew, bite, and chew–bite,for accurate monitoring of
the diet of animals (Deniz et al., 2017).
•Jaw movement define the grazing behaviour of cattle.
•3 different classes of biosensor- Mechanical sensors (pressure sensors)
acoustic sensors (microphone)
electromyography sensors

14. Fig-Biosensor to monitor jaw movement

15. Wireless microphone to record grazing jaw
movements in dairy cattle
Using a wireless microphone,recorded sounds of three Holstein dairy lactating
cows grazing Microswards consisted of sets of 4-liter plastic pots with either
alfalfa (Medicago sativa) or tall fescue (Lolium arundinaceum, Schreb.) over 5
day period grazing session.(Vanrell et all,2020)

16. (Vanrell et all,2020)

17. Metabolic indicator for early identification of
Retention of fetal membranes (RFM) in cattle
13 RFM cows (7 crossbred and 6 Zebu) and 13 normal cows (7 crossbred and
6 Zebu) were selected for the estimation of blood glucose, total protein
(TP), total cholesterol, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), NEFAand BHBA.
(S. Kumari et al)

24. Conclusions
•Animal health is a serious global issue that demands scientific techniques.
•innovative approaches, like the use of biosensors for animal health
management, might be real game changer in ‘Fourth revolution’ in
agriculture.
•To contact- drdasacademy@gmail.com