The document discusses housing and management practices for swine production. It provides guidelines for housing types, including closed housing in temperate climates and open housing in tropical areas. Recommendations are given for pen sizes and stocking densities depending on the class of pigs. Key factors in housing design include adequate ventilation, drainage, and protection from weather elements.
This document discusses brooding management for raising baby chicks. It covers the objectives of brooding, types of brooders, preparing the brooding area, and the importance of environment control. Natural brooding involves using broody hens, while artificial brooding uses equipment like heat sources, reflectors, and guards. Different heating sources and brooder types are described. Optimal brooding temperatures and the importance of ventilation and humidity control are also outlined. Feeding, vaccination, and general chick care procedures during the brooding period are provided.
Brooding is the process of caring for young chicks through providing optimal environmental conditions after hatching until they are 3-4 weeks old. It involves controlling temperature, humidity, ventilation, lighting, sanitation and other factors to allow for the proper growth and development of young chicks. Brooding can be done naturally with a broody hen or artificially using a brooder, which is a poultry house fitted with heating equipment to deliver controlled heat. Different types of brooders include hover, infrared, electric, gas, incandescent, and coal brooders. Careful management of brooding conditions and practices is important for chick health and survival.
This document discusses different types of poultry housing systems and their characteristics. It describes brooder, grower, layer and breeder houses used for rearing chicks, growing birds, and egg-laying hens. Deep litter and cage systems are covered in detail, along with their advantages like disease control and easier management, and disadvantages such as lower density and foot problems. Factors in selecting a housing system include land costs and climate. The folding unit and intensive systems are also summarized briefly.
Goat farming is gaining popularity in the Philippines due to goats' low capital requirements, suitability to small farms, and fast reproduction rate. However, other factors like climate, food availability, market access, and workload must also be considered before starting a goat business. As of 2013, the Philippines had over 3 million goats, most raised on backyard farms. Goat production and prices have remained steady in recent years. The top producing regions are Luzon, Mindanao, and Visayas. Proper housing, fences, pastures, and herd management are needed to successfully raise goats.
This document summarizes different poultry housing systems and construction details. It discusses the free range, semi-intensive, and intensive systems. The intensive system includes cage rearing (flat deck cages, battery cages, reverse cages) and deep litter systems. Construction details provided include location, orientation, foundation, plinth, side walls, and floor of poultry houses. Basic principles for poultry layout are also outlined.
This document discusses different housing systems for poultry in tropical climates. It describes free range, semi-intensive, deep litter, slatted floor, cage, and environmentally controlled housing systems. For each system, it provides details on stocking density, management approach, advantages, and disadvantages. The document emphasizes that the ideal housing design considers a bird's physiological needs and allows for scientific management to optimize health, welfare and production performance.
This document discusses poultry housing, including different types of houses for different stages of production. It covers brooder houses for young chicks, grower houses for older chicks, layer houses for egg production, and broiler houses for meat birds. The optimal design considers orientation, size, foundations, floors, walls, roofs, ventilation and environmental controls. Well-designed housing is important for bird health and performance.
Introductory presentation to goats in general and a variety of breeds an agriculture student would be likely to encounter. Appropriate for a high school agriculture class
This document discusses brooding management for raising baby chicks. It covers the objectives of brooding, types of brooders, preparing the brooding area, and the importance of environment control. Natural brooding involves using broody hens, while artificial brooding uses equipment like heat sources, reflectors, and guards. Different heating sources and brooder types are described. Optimal brooding temperatures and the importance of ventilation and humidity control are also outlined. Feeding, vaccination, and general chick care procedures during the brooding period are provided.
Brooding is the process of caring for young chicks through providing optimal environmental conditions after hatching until they are 3-4 weeks old. It involves controlling temperature, humidity, ventilation, lighting, sanitation and other factors to allow for the proper growth and development of young chicks. Brooding can be done naturally with a broody hen or artificially using a brooder, which is a poultry house fitted with heating equipment to deliver controlled heat. Different types of brooders include hover, infrared, electric, gas, incandescent, and coal brooders. Careful management of brooding conditions and practices is important for chick health and survival.
This document discusses different types of poultry housing systems and their characteristics. It describes brooder, grower, layer and breeder houses used for rearing chicks, growing birds, and egg-laying hens. Deep litter and cage systems are covered in detail, along with their advantages like disease control and easier management, and disadvantages such as lower density and foot problems. Factors in selecting a housing system include land costs and climate. The folding unit and intensive systems are also summarized briefly.
Goat farming is gaining popularity in the Philippines due to goats' low capital requirements, suitability to small farms, and fast reproduction rate. However, other factors like climate, food availability, market access, and workload must also be considered before starting a goat business. As of 2013, the Philippines had over 3 million goats, most raised on backyard farms. Goat production and prices have remained steady in recent years. The top producing regions are Luzon, Mindanao, and Visayas. Proper housing, fences, pastures, and herd management are needed to successfully raise goats.
This document summarizes different poultry housing systems and construction details. It discusses the free range, semi-intensive, and intensive systems. The intensive system includes cage rearing (flat deck cages, battery cages, reverse cages) and deep litter systems. Construction details provided include location, orientation, foundation, plinth, side walls, and floor of poultry houses. Basic principles for poultry layout are also outlined.
This document discusses different housing systems for poultry in tropical climates. It describes free range, semi-intensive, deep litter, slatted floor, cage, and environmentally controlled housing systems. For each system, it provides details on stocking density, management approach, advantages, and disadvantages. The document emphasizes that the ideal housing design considers a bird's physiological needs and allows for scientific management to optimize health, welfare and production performance.
This document discusses poultry housing, including different types of houses for different stages of production. It covers brooder houses for young chicks, grower houses for older chicks, layer houses for egg production, and broiler houses for meat birds. The optimal design considers orientation, size, foundations, floors, walls, roofs, ventilation and environmental controls. Well-designed housing is important for bird health and performance.
Introductory presentation to goats in general and a variety of breeds an agriculture student would be likely to encounter. Appropriate for a high school agriculture class
This document discusses different housing systems for cattle and poultry. It provides considerations for cattle housing including location, exposure to sun, accessibility, water, flooring, labor, and space per cow. Types of cattle housing described are conventional barns, loose housing, and free range. Poultry housing types include brooder houses, grower houses, layer houses, and different systems like free range, semi-intensive, intensive, slatted floor, and cage systems. Environmental control houses are also discussed.
This document provides an overview of broiler management practices from receiving day-old chicks to harvest. It discusses pre-arrival management including housing preparation through disinfection. It emphasizes the importance of an all-in, all-out production system and details best practices for receiving chicks, maintaining optimal house environment, brooder management, nutrition, vaccination schedules, and carcass disposal. The goal of broiler management is to implement efficient practices that maximize production and profits while minimizing disease risks through the 8-week grow-out period.
This document discusses the reproductive system and egg production process in poultry. It describes each part of the reproductive tract and its role in either producing eggs or sperm. It then covers the requirements for incubating eggs both naturally with a hen or artificially in an incubator. Key steps in brooding and raising chicks like temperature control and feeding are outlined. The document concludes with descriptions of housing systems and daily routines for managing layer flocks.
This document discusses the design of different types of poultry houses for large and medium-sized poultry farms. It describes two main types of houses: open-sided houses and controlled environment houses. It provides details on construction components like foundations, floors, walls, ventilators and roofs. It also covers principles for house layout including separating administrative areas and keeping younger birds away from disturbances. Proper ventilation, humidity, temperature zones, lighting and orientation are discussed as important design considerations. Diagrams illustrate examples of house layouts and internal features.
All of the above poultry-keeping methods are used in the developing world,but the majority of the enterprises are backyard poultry and farm flock production. The poultry and egg sectors are highly fragmented. Most of the production is carried out by a large number of farmers, each with a very small flock. The greater part of produce is sold in markets close to the farms.
Day-old chicks are usually obtained from local hatcheries licensed by international hybrid breeding companies. Farmers or cooperatives of farmers may choose between varieties of chickens for egg production and meat production.
The small chicks can be either naturally or artificially brooded. If artificially brooded, small chicks must be placed in a separate house from laying chickens and it is necessary to protect the chicks from predators, diseases and catching colds.
This stage of brooding lasts for eight weeks. In the first four weeks of life, small chicks need to be housed in a brooding box. Some typical types of brooders are shown below and on the previous page.
Typically, a layer’s production cycle lasts just over a year (52-56 weeks). During the production cycle many factors influence egg production; therefore, the cycle must be managed effectively and efficiently in order to provide maximum output and profitability.
This document discusses housing requirements for different types of pigs. Good housing helps farmers successfully raise piglets to market weight. Pigs' housing needs change with their growth stages and temperatures must be regulated. Specific housing guidelines are provided for boar pens, gilt/sow pens, farrowing pens, weaner/finishing houses, and outdoor options. Key factors discussed include pen sizes, ventilation, temperature control, and infrastructure for feeding, watering, and waste removal. Proper housing is important to the health and productivity of pig farming.
This document provides an overview of poultry production. It begins with an introduction to poultry and the importance of poultry farming, particularly for small rural families. It then covers key topics like the domestication of poultry, types of poultry birds, taxonomy and classification of chickens, important chicken breeds, and the reproductive and egg structures of chickens. The document aims to present foundational information on poultry production.
Turkey farming is an important industry in India, particularly in southern states like Kerala and Tamil Nadu. There are three main varieties of turkeys farmed in India - Broad Breasted Bronze, Broad Breasted White, and Beltsville Small White. Turkey meat is leaner than other poultry. Farming practices include artificial incubation, brooding of poults using heat lamps, and both free range and intensive rearing systems. Turkeys mature at around 16 weeks and are ready for market. Females begin laying eggs at 30 weeks of age. Turkey meat is low in fat and cholesterol but high in protein and minerals.
In India, as not much of attention is paid so far as to this important aspect- animal housing, we find different types of animal houses constructed without careful planning and designing.
This document provides guidelines for constructing a pig farm, including housing pigs. It recommends that the pig house be elevated above the ground with spaced floorboards, a rainproof roof and shade. The location should be elevated and protected from sun, rain and wind, away from residences. The pigsty needs to provide ventilation, shade and avoid overheating, drafts or dampness. The building orientation should be east-west. Floor space requirements vary by type of pig from 0.96 square meters for weaners to 7.5 square meters for farrowing sows. Pens need to separate pigs by production phase.
The document discusses different systems for feeding poultry, including ad libitum feeding (free choice feeding), controlled feeding such as forced feeding, restricted feeding, and phase feeding. Restricted feeding involves limiting the amount of feed given to birds below their normal intake in order to control body weight and delay sexual maturity. Phase feeding involves changing the protein level of the laying hen diet during different phases of egg production to match their nutrient requirements.
This document discusses housing and brooding operations for backyard poultry production. It begins by classifying different poultry housing systems such as free range, semi-intensive, intensive, deep litter, slatted floor, and cage systems. It then provides details on each system including their advantages and disadvantages. A significant portion of the document focuses on brooding management, describing the different brooding methods, requirements including temperature, ventilation, space, feeding, and watering during brooding. It concludes with discussing disease prevention, vaccinations, and medications that should be administered during brooding.
This document provides information on housing requirements for poultry, specifically laying hens. It discusses site selection, environmental needs, and various housing systems including deep litter, slatted floors, and cages. Key considerations for housing include adequate ventilation, protection from weather and predators, and appropriate temperatures for different stages of the birds' lives. The document also describes brooding arrangements for young chicks and equipment needed like feeders, nests, and perches.
Livestock production systems and animal land holding patternraoof pattoo
This document summarizes livestock production systems according to agro-climatic zones and land holding patterns. It categorizes livestock systems as solely livestock, mixed-farming, landless, grassland-based, and more. It also describes husbandry systems as intensive, semi-intensive, extensive, migratory and others. For small ruminants, it outlines migrating, semi-migrating and sedentary sheep production systems. Goat systems include extensive-nomadic, transhumant and sedentary. The document also summarizes land holding patterns in India and shows that dairying is dominated by small/marginal landholders and landless workers.
This document discusses poultry production in Pakistan. It begins by defining poultry and describing common poultry species. It then discusses the history and development of the commercial poultry industry in Pakistan from the 1960s onward. Key points include that poultry provides a source of income and employment for many Pakistanis and plays an important role in meeting the country's protein demand. The poultry sector has grown significantly in recent decades and contributes substantially to Pakistan's economy and agriculture.
This document summarizes different breeds of cattle found in Asia, Europe, and America. It describes the characteristics of six cattle breeds: Philippine Cattle, American Brahman, Red Shindi, Santa Gertrudes, Nelore, and Therparker. For each breed, it provides details on their origin, appearance, traits, and purposes for raising such as for meat, milk, or as work animals. The breeds discussed vary in color, size, presence of humps, and whether they are raised for dairy or beef production.
Poultry litter is a mixture of bedding materials like rice husks, wood shavings or straw along with chicken manure. It is used in poultry housing to absorb moisture and protect birds' feet. Proper litter management is important to control moisture levels below 30% and prevent health issues for birds like coccidiosis or foot problems. Litter quality is also important for bird welfare and productivity.
Goat care and management depends on factors like age, health, nutrition, and facilities. Young kids have very different needs than mature goats. Goats are bred for milk, meat, fiber, and other purposes. Worldwide there are over 460 million goats producing milk and meat. Housing can be confinement or pasture systems. Feeding requires energy, protein, vitamins, minerals, fiber, and water. Newborn kids need colostrum. Proper health, breeding, and disease prevention are also important for goat management.
The document provides guidance on caring for piglets from birth through weaning. Key points include:
- Ensuring piglets receive colostrum within the first day to acquire immunity and nutrients.
- Maintaining warm temperatures in the creep area and providing supplemental iron if needed.
- Performing procedures like tail docking, teeth clipping, and castration within the first week.
- Starting creep feeding around 2-3 weeks and monitoring for common diseases prior to weaning between 4-8 weeks of age.
The document discusses housing and equipment requirements for dairy cows. It provides guidelines for proper location, design, and construction of dairy barns and sheds. Key considerations include adequate drainage, exposure to sunlight, accessibility, and space per cow. Different housing systems like loose housing and conventional barns are compared. Design features of cow sheds like mangers, alleys, and manure gutters are specified. Separate accommodation for calves, sick cows, and young stock is also recommended.
Housing is the most important component in poultry production, constituting 85% of capital investments. A good poultry house protects birds from extreme weather, predators, and theft while enabling better management of feeding, disease control, and breeding. Key characteristics include comfort, sufficient space, temperature regulation, and protection from rain, sun, and wind. Proper site selection and design/construction materials along with practices like all-in/all-out flock housing systems and adequate distance between houses prevent disease spread. Ventilation, insulation, roof/floor design, and rat proofing are also important housing considerations.
This document discusses different housing systems for cattle and poultry. It provides considerations for cattle housing including location, exposure to sun, accessibility, water, flooring, labor, and space per cow. Types of cattle housing described are conventional barns, loose housing, and free range. Poultry housing types include brooder houses, grower houses, layer houses, and different systems like free range, semi-intensive, intensive, slatted floor, and cage systems. Environmental control houses are also discussed.
This document provides an overview of broiler management practices from receiving day-old chicks to harvest. It discusses pre-arrival management including housing preparation through disinfection. It emphasizes the importance of an all-in, all-out production system and details best practices for receiving chicks, maintaining optimal house environment, brooder management, nutrition, vaccination schedules, and carcass disposal. The goal of broiler management is to implement efficient practices that maximize production and profits while minimizing disease risks through the 8-week grow-out period.
This document discusses the reproductive system and egg production process in poultry. It describes each part of the reproductive tract and its role in either producing eggs or sperm. It then covers the requirements for incubating eggs both naturally with a hen or artificially in an incubator. Key steps in brooding and raising chicks like temperature control and feeding are outlined. The document concludes with descriptions of housing systems and daily routines for managing layer flocks.
This document discusses the design of different types of poultry houses for large and medium-sized poultry farms. It describes two main types of houses: open-sided houses and controlled environment houses. It provides details on construction components like foundations, floors, walls, ventilators and roofs. It also covers principles for house layout including separating administrative areas and keeping younger birds away from disturbances. Proper ventilation, humidity, temperature zones, lighting and orientation are discussed as important design considerations. Diagrams illustrate examples of house layouts and internal features.
All of the above poultry-keeping methods are used in the developing world,but the majority of the enterprises are backyard poultry and farm flock production. The poultry and egg sectors are highly fragmented. Most of the production is carried out by a large number of farmers, each with a very small flock. The greater part of produce is sold in markets close to the farms.
Day-old chicks are usually obtained from local hatcheries licensed by international hybrid breeding companies. Farmers or cooperatives of farmers may choose between varieties of chickens for egg production and meat production.
The small chicks can be either naturally or artificially brooded. If artificially brooded, small chicks must be placed in a separate house from laying chickens and it is necessary to protect the chicks from predators, diseases and catching colds.
This stage of brooding lasts for eight weeks. In the first four weeks of life, small chicks need to be housed in a brooding box. Some typical types of brooders are shown below and on the previous page.
Typically, a layer’s production cycle lasts just over a year (52-56 weeks). During the production cycle many factors influence egg production; therefore, the cycle must be managed effectively and efficiently in order to provide maximum output and profitability.
This document discusses housing requirements for different types of pigs. Good housing helps farmers successfully raise piglets to market weight. Pigs' housing needs change with their growth stages and temperatures must be regulated. Specific housing guidelines are provided for boar pens, gilt/sow pens, farrowing pens, weaner/finishing houses, and outdoor options. Key factors discussed include pen sizes, ventilation, temperature control, and infrastructure for feeding, watering, and waste removal. Proper housing is important to the health and productivity of pig farming.
This document provides an overview of poultry production. It begins with an introduction to poultry and the importance of poultry farming, particularly for small rural families. It then covers key topics like the domestication of poultry, types of poultry birds, taxonomy and classification of chickens, important chicken breeds, and the reproductive and egg structures of chickens. The document aims to present foundational information on poultry production.
Turkey farming is an important industry in India, particularly in southern states like Kerala and Tamil Nadu. There are three main varieties of turkeys farmed in India - Broad Breasted Bronze, Broad Breasted White, and Beltsville Small White. Turkey meat is leaner than other poultry. Farming practices include artificial incubation, brooding of poults using heat lamps, and both free range and intensive rearing systems. Turkeys mature at around 16 weeks and are ready for market. Females begin laying eggs at 30 weeks of age. Turkey meat is low in fat and cholesterol but high in protein and minerals.
In India, as not much of attention is paid so far as to this important aspect- animal housing, we find different types of animal houses constructed without careful planning and designing.
This document provides guidelines for constructing a pig farm, including housing pigs. It recommends that the pig house be elevated above the ground with spaced floorboards, a rainproof roof and shade. The location should be elevated and protected from sun, rain and wind, away from residences. The pigsty needs to provide ventilation, shade and avoid overheating, drafts or dampness. The building orientation should be east-west. Floor space requirements vary by type of pig from 0.96 square meters for weaners to 7.5 square meters for farrowing sows. Pens need to separate pigs by production phase.
The document discusses different systems for feeding poultry, including ad libitum feeding (free choice feeding), controlled feeding such as forced feeding, restricted feeding, and phase feeding. Restricted feeding involves limiting the amount of feed given to birds below their normal intake in order to control body weight and delay sexual maturity. Phase feeding involves changing the protein level of the laying hen diet during different phases of egg production to match their nutrient requirements.
This document discusses housing and brooding operations for backyard poultry production. It begins by classifying different poultry housing systems such as free range, semi-intensive, intensive, deep litter, slatted floor, and cage systems. It then provides details on each system including their advantages and disadvantages. A significant portion of the document focuses on brooding management, describing the different brooding methods, requirements including temperature, ventilation, space, feeding, and watering during brooding. It concludes with discussing disease prevention, vaccinations, and medications that should be administered during brooding.
This document provides information on housing requirements for poultry, specifically laying hens. It discusses site selection, environmental needs, and various housing systems including deep litter, slatted floors, and cages. Key considerations for housing include adequate ventilation, protection from weather and predators, and appropriate temperatures for different stages of the birds' lives. The document also describes brooding arrangements for young chicks and equipment needed like feeders, nests, and perches.
Livestock production systems and animal land holding patternraoof pattoo
This document summarizes livestock production systems according to agro-climatic zones and land holding patterns. It categorizes livestock systems as solely livestock, mixed-farming, landless, grassland-based, and more. It also describes husbandry systems as intensive, semi-intensive, extensive, migratory and others. For small ruminants, it outlines migrating, semi-migrating and sedentary sheep production systems. Goat systems include extensive-nomadic, transhumant and sedentary. The document also summarizes land holding patterns in India and shows that dairying is dominated by small/marginal landholders and landless workers.
This document discusses poultry production in Pakistan. It begins by defining poultry and describing common poultry species. It then discusses the history and development of the commercial poultry industry in Pakistan from the 1960s onward. Key points include that poultry provides a source of income and employment for many Pakistanis and plays an important role in meeting the country's protein demand. The poultry sector has grown significantly in recent decades and contributes substantially to Pakistan's economy and agriculture.
This document summarizes different breeds of cattle found in Asia, Europe, and America. It describes the characteristics of six cattle breeds: Philippine Cattle, American Brahman, Red Shindi, Santa Gertrudes, Nelore, and Therparker. For each breed, it provides details on their origin, appearance, traits, and purposes for raising such as for meat, milk, or as work animals. The breeds discussed vary in color, size, presence of humps, and whether they are raised for dairy or beef production.
Poultry litter is a mixture of bedding materials like rice husks, wood shavings or straw along with chicken manure. It is used in poultry housing to absorb moisture and protect birds' feet. Proper litter management is important to control moisture levels below 30% and prevent health issues for birds like coccidiosis or foot problems. Litter quality is also important for bird welfare and productivity.
Goat care and management depends on factors like age, health, nutrition, and facilities. Young kids have very different needs than mature goats. Goats are bred for milk, meat, fiber, and other purposes. Worldwide there are over 460 million goats producing milk and meat. Housing can be confinement or pasture systems. Feeding requires energy, protein, vitamins, minerals, fiber, and water. Newborn kids need colostrum. Proper health, breeding, and disease prevention are also important for goat management.
The document provides guidance on caring for piglets from birth through weaning. Key points include:
- Ensuring piglets receive colostrum within the first day to acquire immunity and nutrients.
- Maintaining warm temperatures in the creep area and providing supplemental iron if needed.
- Performing procedures like tail docking, teeth clipping, and castration within the first week.
- Starting creep feeding around 2-3 weeks and monitoring for common diseases prior to weaning between 4-8 weeks of age.
The document discusses housing and equipment requirements for dairy cows. It provides guidelines for proper location, design, and construction of dairy barns and sheds. Key considerations include adequate drainage, exposure to sunlight, accessibility, and space per cow. Different housing systems like loose housing and conventional barns are compared. Design features of cow sheds like mangers, alleys, and manure gutters are specified. Separate accommodation for calves, sick cows, and young stock is also recommended.
Housing is the most important component in poultry production, constituting 85% of capital investments. A good poultry house protects birds from extreme weather, predators, and theft while enabling better management of feeding, disease control, and breeding. Key characteristics include comfort, sufficient space, temperature regulation, and protection from rain, sun, and wind. Proper site selection and design/construction materials along with practices like all-in/all-out flock housing systems and adequate distance between houses prevent disease spread. Ventilation, insulation, roof/floor design, and rat proofing are also important housing considerations.
This document provides guidelines for smallholder farmers on constructing and maintaining poultry housing for village chickens. It discusses why housing chickens is important, factors to consider when siting housing, characteristics of good housing, and materials used for simple to more advanced housing structures. Specific guidelines are provided on constructing shelters, adding equipment like perches and nests, and maintaining housing hygiene to promote chicken health and prevent disease spread. Routine cleaning, parasite control methods, and avoiding overcrowding are emphasized.
A chicken house requires certain essential features to house chickens properly, including a waterproof roof, good ventilation without drafts, easy-to-clean interior surfaces, adequate floor space, and ratproof walls. It should be located in a well-drained area away from other buildings to allow for ventilation but close enough to the farmer's home. The floor must allow for thorough cleaning between flocks and should have adequate space per bird to prevent overcrowding and aggression. Equipment like feeders and waterers must also be sturdy, at the proper height, and prevent chickens from contaminating the feed and water supply.
This document discusses housing and equipment needs for animal herds and flocks. Shelters provide comfort and promote health, protecting animals from environmental factors. This increases profits through higher production of eggs, milk and meat, and lower disease risks. Building shelters requires time, effort and money. For poultry housing, a well-drained sloped location with trees is ideal, providing shade and wind protection near a water source and market. Basic equipment like perches, dropping boards, nests and waterers are also important to support the birds' needs and support productive farming.
Farm stead is the heart of the farm. there are many individual structures in the farm stead such as residential building, grain storage,etc.Farm structures must be located in suitable areas for a farmer's ease of use. Therefore, siting is very important in the construction of farm structures and buildings. Sitting refers to locating an area where a particular farm structure or building is to be constructed.
Cattle lose heat primarily by respiration (from moist tissues in the respiratory system) as well as through transference of heat into the air and by evaporation of water from sweat.
Providing shelter enables cattle to shade from direct sun, reducing the extra heat load they take on by up to 50 per cent. Heat stress and exhaustion should not occur if cattle are able to find shade and rest during the hottest part of the day.
It has been shown that cattle prefer shade over water in hot conditions and will spend more time resting and less time chewing their cud as the ambient temperature increases.
Cattle at highest risk of heat stress
Animals at highest risk of heat stress include:
overfat stock
young cattle
dark coloured cattle
high producing dairy cows
sick cattle or cattle that have previous history of respiratory disease.
Reduced appetites of cattle in extreme heat
Appetite is reduced during extreme heat and can result in decreased daily weight gains and feed efficiency. Provision of good quality, highly palatable feed and plenty of shelter during periods of hot weather will reduce the heat load of the cattle and assist in maintaining normal feed intakes.
Any new feed should be gradually introduced to reduce the risk of acidosis or metabolic disease.
Dairy cattle under heat stress
A study on the economic effects of heat loads on dairy cattle production in Australia has shown that extreme heat has the following effects on dairy production:
reduced milk yield
reduced milk fat and protein percentages
lower first service conception rates
lower calf birth weights
larger number of services per pregnancy.
The effect of extreme heat was more pronounced for high producing cows, and resulted in reductions of up to 461 litres of milk per cow per year on farms that did not provide shade for their herds.
A further study found that milk production was 3 per cent greater for shaded cows than for unshaded cows.
For more information about heat stress in Australian dairy herds can be found at the Cool Cows website.
Cows and their calves
Research also shows a higher mortality rate in calves subjected to heat stress in their first week of life. Cows may be observed trying to shade their calves and it has been shown that cows will actively seek sheltered areas in which to calve.
Artificially reared calves must have access to shelter in hot weather with natural air flow important for cooling of the environment.
Shelter suitable during hot weather
The best type of shelter during extreme heat protects cattle from the sun and allows for the cooling effect of the wind. Some options for shelter in hot weather are:
constructed shelters using materials such as shade cloth, corrugated iron or timber
shadebelts – these are usually a single line of deciduous trees, planted in an east-west direction to give shade on the south side
trees with large canopies —- planted individually in fields
shelterbelts — thick hedges of trees usually fenced off from stock.
IMPROVING GUINEA PIGS QUALITY AND QUANTITY IN CAMEROONserge sonfack
Guinea pigs are herbivorous mammals that are popular pets in Cameroon where some local families raise them for food and income. The document discusses rearing techniques for guinea pigs such as housing them in enclosures with solid floors and adequate bedding. It also covers health, nutrition, reproduction and behaviors of guinea pigs. Rearing guinea pigs requires preventative healthcare to address common illnesses and ensure their welfare.
This document discusses different types of agriculture structures. It begins by discussing dairy barns, including types like stanchion barns, loose housing barns, and open air barns. It also discusses cow stalls and barn equipment. Next, it covers farm fencing types such as woven wire, barbed wire, plain wire and electric fencing. Poultry house types including wire floored houses and deep litter houses are then described. Finally, it briefly mentions storage structures, silos, sheep and goat houses, and biogas production.
This document discusses hooped shelters, which are low-cost alternative housing structures for finishing hogs or gestating sows. Hooped shelters use arched metal frames covered with tarps to create greenhouse-like structures. They are designed to take advantage of hogs' natural behaviors by separating sleeping, dunging, and feeding areas. Deep bedding of organic materials like straw is used to control odors and manure runoff. Hooped shelters have both advantages and disadvantages compared to confinement facilities, such as lower costs but poorer feed efficiency in winter. Proper management of ventilation, bedding levels, and group sizes is important for successful use of hooped shelters.
Poultry housing systems generally fall into four categories: (1) free-range/extensive systems which provide the most space for birds but are less common now, (2) semi-intensive systems which provide some outdoor space, (3) folding unit systems which move portable housing daily for fresh ground, and (4) intensive systems where birds are confined indoors. The most common intensive systems are battery cages which confine each bird in a small cage, or deep litter systems which house many birds together indoors on a thick bed of litter.
Experienced pastured-poultry producer Robert Plamondon discusses various housing designs for outdoor poultry production in 3 sentences or less:
1) He describes daily-move pens, which are moved by hand daily and leave manure behind to fertilize pasture, as well as examples like Joel Salatin's design using a wood frame and aluminum roof/walls;
2) He also discusses machine-portable housing that is moved periodically by tractor to new pastures; and
3) Fixed housing and other options are mentioned, along with considerations for range operations like winds, production impacts, and predator protection.
This document discusses housing and management of poultry. It describes different types of poultry farms including layer farms for egg production, broiler farms for meat production, and hatcheries. It also discusses various housing systems like free range, semi-intensive, and intensive housing. Key considerations for poultry housing include orientation, size, lighting, ventilation, and floor space requirements. Hatchery management includes maintaining optimal temperature, humidity and turning eggs during incubation. New chicks require attention to sanitation, brooding temperature, floor space, feeding and debeaking.
The integration of fish and ducks farmingfrancis mlay
The document discusses the integration of fish and duck farming. Ducks are raised on the surface of fish ponds. Their droppings fertilize the pond and help release nutrients. Ducks also control weeds, aerate the water, and consume food waste. This integrated system has advantages like increased fish production and yields. Optimal stocking densities are 200-300 ducks and 20,000 fish per hectare of pond area. The system can produce 450-500 kg of fish, 3000-3300 duck eggs, and 30-35 kg of duck meat annually from one hectare.
This document provides information and guidelines for raising poultry, specifically chickens. It discusses the types of chicken breeds that are good for egg production or meat production. It also provides housing requirements like space, feeding areas, and watering spaces. The document outlines best practices for brooding day-old chicks, including maintaining proper temperatures and ventilation. It discusses transferring growing stock and layers to different housing, and tips for managing layers in hot climates like increasing ventilation and floor space. The overall document aims to provide technology and management strategies for effectively raising poultry.
Demonstration of housing and layout plans for poultry [autosaved]Usama Usama
It's for businessmen as well as for poultry manager. Very simple and brief informations about housing. If you want to learn more You can connect by email Id
m.musama191@yahoo.com.
Backyard poultry farming is a small-scale system where a rural household keeps 5-25 birds primarily for family use and consumption. Any surplus eggs or birds are sold locally to generate additional income. It is an important source of nutrition, income and asset building for poorer families. The birds require adequate housing that protects them from weather and predators while providing access to feed, water, light and ventilation. Though production is low, backyard poultry is low-cost and the birds can find food by scavenging, making it a valuable system for rural livelihoods.
The document discusses duck farming, focusing on the Khaki Campbell and Pekin duck breeds. It provides information on:
- The Khaki Campbell is a breed of egg-laying duck originating in England in the 20th century. The Pekin duck is a meat and egg producing breed developed from the Mallard in China and brought to the US in 1873.
- Housing and care requirements are discussed for different stages of growth, including brooding temperatures for ducklings and space requirements. Commercial housing systems include total confinement and semi-confinement.
- Feeding, watering needs, and health considerations are also outlined. While swimming is not essential, ducks need water deep enough to submerge their
The document discusses duck farming, focusing on the Khaki Campbell and Pekin duck breeds. It provides information on:
- The Khaki Campbell is a breed of egg-laying duck originating in England in the 20th century. The Pekin duck is a meat and egg producing breed developed from the Mallard in China and brought to the US in 1873.
- Housing and care requirements are discussed for different stages of growth, including brooding temperatures, space needs, flooring types, feeders, and waterers.
- While swimming is not essential, ducks should have access to water deep enough to submerge their heads for drinking and eye health.
Executive Directors Chat Leveraging AI for Diversity, Equity, and InclusionTechSoup
Let’s explore the intersection of technology and equity in the final session of our DEI series. Discover how AI tools, like ChatGPT, can be used to support and enhance your nonprofit's DEI initiatives. Participants will gain insights into practical AI applications and get tips for leveraging technology to advance their DEI goals.
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
The simplified electron and muon model, Oscillating Spacetime: The Foundation...RitikBhardwaj56
Discover the Simplified Electron and Muon Model: A New Wave-Based Approach to Understanding Particles delves into a groundbreaking theory that presents electrons and muons as rotating soliton waves within oscillating spacetime. Geared towards students, researchers, and science buffs, this book breaks down complex ideas into simple explanations. It covers topics such as electron waves, temporal dynamics, and the implications of this model on particle physics. With clear illustrations and easy-to-follow explanations, readers will gain a new outlook on the universe's fundamental nature.
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
2. It is the raising and breeding of domestic
pigs as livestock. Pigs are farmed principally
for food(e.g. pork, bacon, gammon) and skins.
They were valued as a source of meat and fat,
and for their ability to convert inedible food
into meat, and were often fed household food
waste when kept on a homestead.
Pigs have been farmed to dispose of
municipal garbage on a large scale.
3.
4.
5.
6. Pigs are amenable to many different styles of
farming:
Extensive farming .
Semi intensive farming .
Intensive farming.
Integrated pig farming.
7. Two type of housing are generally built
depending on climatic conditions and
topography.
In temperate climate, closed housing is
required.
In tropics, loose housing which is also called
open housing is recommended .
8.
9. Advantages:
Cheapest method of rearing.
Less labour as daily cleansing is not required.
Availability of plenty of sunshine.
Freedom of movement.
Benefit of exercise .
Disadvantages:
Pigs get no balanced feed.
Controlled breeding not possible.
Insanitary conditions.
More chances of diseases.
High mortality rate.
10. Exposure to adverse weather.
Reduced growth rate.
Lack of care to pregnant and lactating sows.
More area requirement.
Prone to parasitic diseases .
Low profit .
11.
12. Advantages :
Cheaper than indoor system .
Enough sunlight and fresh air.
More area for exercise.
Disadvantages :
High initial investment .
Scientific knowledge of rearing is essential .
More labour .
Restricted exercise.
15. Advantages of intensive system:
Better care as per requirements of pigs
Proper controlled breeding possible
Better sanitation
Disease occurrence minimized
Less mortality
Better growth rate
Better care and supervision
Parasitic infection minimized
Less area needed
Controlled weather conditions
Balanced feeding possible
More profitable
16.
17. The fish utilize the food spilled by pigs and their excreta which is
very rich in nutrients.
The pig dung acts as a substitute for pond fertilizer and
supplementary fish feed. Hence, the cost of fish production is
greatly reduced.
No additional land is required for piggery operations.
Pond provides water for washing the pig - sties and pigs.
It results in high production of animal protein per unit area.
It ensures high profit through less investment.
The pond muck which gets accumulated at the pond bottom due
to constant application of pig dung can be used as fertilizer for
growing vegetables and other crops and cattle fodder.
18. Housing management of pigs is important as
the immediate vicinity to which they are
affected the most are its housing only.
A pig whether standing or in recumbent
condition it is in direct contact with one of the
component of housing i.e floor or wall.
Same type of housing or design cannot be
recommended for all the regions of India which
is harbouring diverse climatic condition.
19.
20. Boars, pregnant and dry sows, gilts and growing pigs
are usually kept in open yards with partially sheltered
area.
Farrowing sows - completely enclosed houses or
pens.
Individual or group housing in cages made up of
vertical G.I. pipes/M S rods .
Farrowing crates can be adopted in large high-tech
farms.
Uncastrated males and females should not be housed
together beyond the age of four months.
Commercially, large-scale swine producers raise pigs
indoors in very large, climate-controlled buildings.
21.
22.
23. The site should be at an elevated place that
cannot be flooded by rain water.
The site should be protected from the sun
(shade from trees) and have ample fresh air. Site
should be such that the structure could be
oriented east to west .
Away from residences (around 8-10 meter away
downwind).
In case of a large-scale pig farm, the site
selected needs also to be: well connected to
roads throughout the year,Suitable for manure
disposal, connected to reliable water and
electricity sources.
24.
25. It should be free from pollution.
It should be closer to veterinary aid.
Select a pig farming location in areas where
enough labourers are available.
It is better to be close to any town which can
make marketing of pigs easy.
26. Construct a shelter that can protect pigs from
adverse climatic conditions, to prevent
diseases, to control parasites and to protect
from external predators.
The pig house should have good cross-
ventilation and air-flow.
Build separate pens for boar, farrowing, dry
sow and weaner.
House flooring can be covered with straw or
paddy husk to keep the pigs warmer in
winters .
27.
28. Use heat lamp in extremely cold winters. In
summer times, sprinkle the water on the roof
and cover with any cooling material.
Keep the pig house always clean and dry.
The house floor should be built with a rough
surface.
Make proper draining channels to dispose of
any effluents.
You can build 3-meter x 3-meter pens under
village conditions .
29. Housing walls should be 4 feet to 5 feet high
from the ground.
Guard rails and creep space should be
provided for the piglets in any corner of the
house.
Provide shade in prolonged sunshine
conditions as pigs can be overheated.
Ensure availability of clean water in the
house.
Disinfect the pens especially when keeping
the pregnant pigs.
30. Units Stocking density
Low Medium High
A. Farrowing
/ Suckling
pen
Resting area, if
weaner pens
are not used
Sq.m/pig 10 7.5 6.0
Resting area, if
weaner pens
are used
Sq.m/pig 8 6 5
Manure alley
width
m/pig 1.7 1.5 1.3
Farrowing pen Sq.m /pig ----- 4.5 4.0
Farrowing
crate, length
excluding
trough
m/ pig 2.0 2.0 2.0
31. Width depending
on size of sow of
farrowing crate
m/pig 0.65-0.75 0.6-0.7 0.55-0.65
Free space behind
the crate
m/pig 0.4 0.35 0.3
Piglet
creep(including
resting area )
Sq.m/pig 2.0 1.5 1.0
A. BOAR PEN
1. Pen with yard
Resting area
(shaded)
2.Yard area
( paved)
Sq.m/pig
Sq.m/pig
6
12
5
10
4.5
8
1. Pen with out
yard
Sq.m/pig 9 8 7
32. A. Gestating
sow pens in
groups of 5-
10 sows
1.loose resting
area ( shaded)
Yard area (
paved)
Feeding stalls,
depth* width
Sq.m/pig
Sq.m /pig
m/ pig
2
3.5
2*0.6
1.5
3.0
1.8* 0.55
1.1
2.5
1.7* 0.5
2.indivudual stalls
with access to
manure alley ,
length of the stalls
excluding trough
Width of stalls
Width of the
manure alley
m
m
m
2.2
0.65-0.75
1.5
2.1
0.6-0.7
1.4
2.0
0.55-0.65
1.3
1. Confined in
individual
m 2.2*0.70 2.1*0.65 2*0.6
33. A. WEANER
PEN ( to 25
kg or 12
weeks )
Low Medium High
Resting area
excluding trough
m²/pig 0.35 0.3 0.25
Manure alley
width
m 1 1 1
A. GROWING
PEN ( to 40
kg or 17
weeks )
Resting area
excluding trough
m²/pig 0.5 0.45 0.40
Manure alley
width
m 1.1 1.1 1.1
34. A. FINISHING
PEN,
RESTING
AREA
EXCL.
TROUGH
For porkers upto
60 kgs or 21 kgs
m²/pig 0.7 0.6 0.5
For baconers to
90 kg or 27 wks
m²/pig 0.9 0.75 0.60
For heavy hog to
120 kgs or 33wks
m²/pig 1.0 0.85 0.70
Manure alley
width
m 1.2-1.4 1.2-1.3 1.2
35.
36.
37.
38.
39. Floor - Concrete floor should be laid on a good foundation and
will need to be 5-6 cm thick. It should be hard and impervious
to water and easy to clean and the floor should be laid with
concrete and slope towards the drainage.
40. Type of animal Floor space requirement
(m2/animal)
Maximum
number of
animals /pen.
Covered area Open paddock
Boar 6-7 8.8 - 12 Individual
pens
Farrowing pen 7 -9 8.8 - 12 Individual
pens
Fattener
(3-5 mths )
0.9-1.2 0.9-1.2 30
Fattener
(Above 5 mths )
1.3 – 1.8 1.3 – 1.8 30
Dry sow/Gilt 1.8-2.7 1.4 – 1.8 3-10
41. Generally, the floor of the sty is made up of wooden planks
with a gap of 1-2 inch in between them so that the excreta
directly fall down on the ground and do not accumulate under
sty preventing health hazard to pigs.
The floor of sty in front side is kept at least one foot high
from the ground so that feeding and other management is easy.
Floor should be kept rough to prevent pig from falling and get
injured.
42. Description Space (m²/pig)
Growing pigs; up to 10 kg 0.14
11-20 kg 0.22
21-40 kg 0.36
41-60 kg 0.47
61-80 kg 0.57
81-100 kg 0.66
Sows (in crates) and litters 3.2
Adult sows in stalls 0.6 m x 2.2 m
Adult boars in stalls 0.7 m x 2.4 m
43. ROOF -The roof may be RCC flat type or gable roof. Materials for
roofing may be asbestos cement sheets or corrugated steel
sheets.In the regions of extreme climatic conditions, the roof may
be insulated by providing a layer of thatching to reduce severity of
the heat inside the pig sty.
44.
45. In climates where a clear sky predominates , a high
building of 3m, or more, under the eaves, gives more
efficient shade than a low building. A wide roof
overhang is necessary to ensure shade and to protect
the animals from rain.
Materials like aluminium can be used as they reflect
heat well as long as they are not too oxidized.
46. Door - The number of doors provided in each sty shall depends
on the dimensions of the house.Door made up of iron angle and the
width of the individual door to individual pen may range from 0.75
– 1.00 m.The doors should be fitted without any gap to the floor up
to the height of 2-3 ft.
47. Drainage - Each pig sty shall be provided with atleast one
drain on each pig pen.The drain shall have a minimum width
of 250 mm and a slope of 25 mm.
48. Height of the wall should be 4 feet above the floor.
Brick and concrete can be used up to height of 3 ft. from
floor and 1 ft. Can be made up of wood or the railing of
pipe.
Walls should be smooth otherwise it may injure the animal.
Wooden or bamboo walls are cheaper, but less durable. In
this case, the pillars are made up of wooden logs or cement.
In side walls, the bamboo or wood is fixed in such a way
that enough gap exists between them to allow sufficient
ventilation.
Corners of the wall should be rounded to ease
cleaning.
49. WINDOWS:
The size of the window should be such that it can provide cross
ventilation and sun light to the sty .
GUARD RAILS :
It should be made of galvanized iron pipes (2 inch diameter)
which may be fitted about 8-10 inches away from the walls of
the farrowing pen in order to prevent crushing of piglets.
CENTRAL PASSAGE :
The central way should be constructed in such a way that the
carrying of goods by labourers is easy.
Regular cleaning of central passage should be undertaken. The
wall of the central passage should also be inclined.
50. Hog Watering : Because pigs don’t sweat, access to
lots of fresh water is important to help keep them cool.
From drinking cups and bowls, to hose fittings
designed to fit the mouths of sows and piglets.
Transmitters are also available to keep track of water
consumption to help with monitoring costs.
51.
52. Pig Feeding :Automatic feeders are available to help the pig
maintain a healthy diet. Troughs can be used in instances.
Feeding carts are available to walk the feed to the pigs. Feeding
mats are also available to keep food from falling through holes
in the floor.
53. There should not be any wastage of feed so the trough should
be made of concrete and with tough walls.
A trough space of 2.5 feet length for each pig is sufficient for
proper feeding without scrambling and fighting.
Galvanized sheet feeding troughs are also available.
54. Heat Lamps : There are many heat lamp and brooder options
available to keep the pigs warm during winter. Heating pads
are also available to give the pigs a warm place to walk and
rest also helps in keeping new piglets safe.
55.
56. 1.Phenols and related compounds: Phenols are bactericidal and
fungicidal.
Cresol
Lysol
Synthetic phenolic disinfectant(chloroxylenol).
2. Alcohols:
Glycols are active in aerosal forms and are vviridical.
Ethyl alcohol(about 70%) are effective against bacterial flora of skin .
3. Halogens :
i.Chlorine compounds:
Sterilizing farm utensils. These are bactericidal.
5% sodium hypochlorite
5% calcium hypochlorite .
57. 4.Iodine :
Powerful germicide and effective against vegetative organisms,
spores, bacteria, virus, fungus etc.
Sodium carbonate is used effectively against FMD virus , fowlpox
etc.
Sodium hydroxide is more effective against viruses and gram
positive bacteria.
Ammonia: Effective agent for the destruction of coccidial oocyst in
10% aqueous solution.
Quaternary ammonium compounds.
Quick lime (CaO) .
Slacked lime (CaOH).
Gaseous and aerial fumigation :
Formaldehyde:
Detrimental to bacteria and spores even in presence of organic
matter.
58. Crates : When it comes to having the pigs tagged
or checked for veterinary purposes, crates can help
keep the animals safe and secure.
59. Fencing : Pigs are natural foragers and like to explore the
land for things to eat. To ensure they don’t get too far away,
fencing options can keep the pigs secure and safe from
outside predators .
60. Ear notching pliers :
These special pliers are used to cut v-shaped
notches from baby pigs’ ears for identification
purposes.
Scoop shovel / pitchfork :
These are handy items for cleaning pens and
removing manure
Wheelbarrow :
A handy tool for transferring manure from a pen to
manure storage area
Pig snare :
A pig snare is a device that loops around the pig’s
upper jaw and holds it still while you perform
necessary management practices.
61.
62. Medication storage area :
Some medications and nearly all vaccines must be
refrigerated or they quickly lose effectiveness.
Side-cutting pliers :
Baby pigs are born with eight sharp teeth.
These teeth can cause scratches and cuts to the sow’s
udder.
the tips of these teeth are made blunt using side-cutting
pliers.
63.
64. Many diseases can affect the health of pigs.
Some are caused by micro-organisms, which
normally inhabit the pig's gut and, therefore,
are also present in manure.
In unhygienic sheds, these organisms can
infect pigs via dung or airborne dust particles.
Pig sheds that have effluent channels, where
manure is submerged in water within the
channels, can reduce dust, odour and airborne
bacteria levels.
65.
66. A swine disease prevention strategy should be a
common practice for all swine farmers.It is a
combination of:
Good herd management practices.
Careful observation.
Quarantining.
Feed them healthy.
Maintaining health and hygiene.
Providing a clean environment for the animals.
67.
68. Pigs lack functional sweat glands and are almost
incapable of panting. To thermoregulate, they rely on
wallowing in water or mud to cool the body.
Adult pigs under natural or free-range conditions can
often be seen to wallow when air temperature exceeds 20
°C.
Mud is the preferred substrate; after wallowing, the wet
mud provides a cooling, and probably protecting, layer on
the body.
Although temperature regulation seems to be the main
motivation for wallowing in pigs, they will still wallow in
colder weather.
69.
70. Wallowing tank may be provided in pig
breeding farm suited to zones.The wallowing
tank made of cement concrete and dimension
of the tank is less than 2.5 m x 1.2 m x 0.15
m.
Alternatively overhead sprinklers and
showers may be provided in order to keep the
animals cool during summer.
71. Handbook of pig husbandry by Anubrata das ,M.K.Tamuli
,Mohan .
Farm Animals and their management by James
stewatson,Wattie J .Mills .
ICAR Handbook on animal husbandry.
Commercial pig farming project report.
agritech.tnau.ac.in/animal husbandry
extension.psu.edu/swine
daf.qld.gov.au/pig production
thepigsty.com
agropedia .