This document discusses incubation, hatching, brooding, and the requirements for each process. It describes: 1) The two types of incubation - natural incubation using a broody hen or artificial incubation using an incubator. Requirements for each like temperature, humidity, ventilation and egg turning are explained. 2) The parts and functioning of an incubator including the setter and hatcher sections. Forced air and still air incubators are also defined. 3) Testing incubated eggs on days 5-7 and 17-18 using candling to remove infertile or dead embryos. 4) The definition and purpose of brooding young chicks. The types of brooding - natural using a hen or artificial using

1. INCUBATION, HATCHING AND
BROODING
Name- Deep Prabha
Id. no.- 19212AGC181
Batch- B
Submitted to:- Prof. V K Paswan
Prof. Tarun Verma
Institute Of Agricultural Sciences,
BHU,Varanasi

2. HATCHING
● The care and management of fertile eggs till the day the chicks come out of the egg is known as
hatching or incubation.
● The time period required for the hatching process is known as hatching period or incubation period,
incubation period of a chicken is 21 days.
● This method of hatching is highly unsatisfactory for large-scale production of baby chicks.
● Incubators which provide similar environment as that of Broody hens, but more efficiently, are used
at present for hatching of eggs.

3. Types of Hatching or incubation
There are two types of incubation
(1) natural incubation (Broody hen)
(2) Artificial incubation (incubator)
Natural incubation
It is the process of obtaining chicks by keeping fertile eggs under the hen.During this time, a hen sits on her
egg(s) and maintains a temperature of around 100 degree fahrenheit . This temperature is needed to ensure
proper embryonic development.
Requirements for natural incubation
● A medium sized broody hen characterized by ruffled feathers and losing feathers from under hen’s wing and
legs.
● The broody hen chosen for natural incubation should be healthy and preferably vaccinated with a good
brooding and mothering record.
● 12-15 eggs can be set under the broody hen.
● Dimension of the broody nest 14” ×14 with 16” height.
● The nest should be lined with clean and soft nesting material with insecticide powder.

4. Artificial incubation
In this process, incubation is done artificially by using a machine called Incubator, which warms, turns, humidifies
bird eggs to incubate and eventually hatch them.
INCUBATOR
An apparatus for maintaining optimal conditions (temperature, humidity, etc.) for growth and development,and for
hatching eggs..
Types of incubator
● Still air incubator
● Forced air incubator
Still air incubator
✓ It is simple type of box which have no fans, so the air is allowed to stratify.
✓ Difficult to maintain proper temperature and humidity.
✓ Temperature: °F
✓ Humidity % during incubation and 70-75% at hatching time
✓ Ventilation provided through natural means.
✓ Turning of eggs is done by hand (manually).
.

5. Forced air incubator:
✓ Air circulates for a more even temperature throughout the incubator.
✓ Moving air incubators operate 3°F cooler than still air incubators.
Completely automated
✓Accurate maintenance of temperature and humidity
✓Capacity more than 100,000 eggs.
PARTS OF INCUBATOR
Setter:
➔ This is the part where eggs are set for first 18 days.
➔ It has multiple trays for setting of eggs. Eggs are set with broader
shape up.
➔ temperature= 99.5 °F
Completely automated
incubator
Forced air incubator

6. Requirements of incubation
● Temperature
● humidity
● ventilation (oxygen and carbon dioxide level and air velocity )
● position of eggs
● turning of eggs
Temperature
➔ most critical environmental concern during incubation
➔ Embryo starts developing when the temperature exceeds the Physiological Zero. Physiological zero is the temperature below which
embryonic growth is arrested and above which it is reinitiated.
➔ For chicken eggs, it is about 75 ℉ (24℃).
The optimum temperature for chicken egg in the setter (for first 18 days) ranges from 99.50
to 99.75 o
F and in the hatcher (last 3 days) is 98.5
℉.
Humidity
➔ Incubation humidity determines the rate of moisture loss from eggs during incubation.
➔ In general, the humidity is recorded as relative humidity by comparing the temperatures recorded by wet-bulb and dry-bulb
thermometers.
➔ Eggs remain in hatcher for last three days. i.e days. Eggs lie flat in hatchers.
➔ Temperature= 99 °F
Hatcher

7. .
➔ Recommended incubation relative humidity for the first 18 days ranging between 55 and 60% (in setter)
and for the last 3 days ranging between 65 and 75%.
➔ Higher humidity during hatching period is given to avoid dehydration of chicks.
Ventilation
➔ Ventilation is incoming of fresh air (oxygen) and removal of foul gases (Carbon Dioxide). It is necessary for
respiration of embryos.
➔ Tolerance level of oxygen is 21%. For every 1% drop in oxygen there is 5% reduction in hatchability.
➔ The tolerance level of CO2 for the first 4 days in the setter is 0.3%. CO2 levels above 0.5% in the setter
reduce hatchability and completely lethal at 5.0%.
Position of eggs
➔ Artificially incubating eggs should be held with their large ends up.
➔ When the eggs are incubated with the small end up, about 60% of the embryos will develop with the head
near the small end. Thus, chick is unable to break the shell to initiate pulmonary respiration.
➔ Eggs positioned horizontally will incubate and hatch normally as long as they are turned frequently.
Under normal circumstances eggs are set with large end up for the first 18 days (in setter) and in
horizontal position for the last 3 days (in hatcher).

8. .
. 5. Turning of eggs
➔ Turning of eggs during incubation prevents the developing embryo adhering to the extra-embryonic
membranes and reduces the possibility of embryo mortality.
➔ Eggs should be turned at least 8 times a day. In large commercial incubators the eggs are turned
automatically each hour i.e. 24 times a day.
➔ Most eggs are turned to a position of 45° from vertical, and then reversed in the opposite direction to 45°
from vertical. Rotation less than 45° are not adequate to achieve high hatchability.
➔ Turning is not required in Hatcher.

9. Testing of Incubated Eggs
● The eggs are candled from fifth to seventh days of incubation to remove
infertile eggs and on 18th day to remove dead germs.
● In most commercial establishments, candling is done on 17th or 18th day of
incubation to save labour.
● Depending upon the passage of light through the egg, the eggs are classified
as:
Transparent - infertile
Translucent - dead germ
Opaque - eggs with live embryos
● Eggs with live embryos only are transferred to the hatcher. For pedigree
hatching of eggs they are to be set sire and dam wise in the incubator and also
should be placed in the hatcher compartment wise, one compartment for each
dam.

10. BROODING
● Brooding can be defined as the process of application of heat to the birds at early part of their life.
● Brooding is the care of young chicks by provision of optimum environment.
● The temperature by external heat source provided until the cheeks not become able to regulate its body
temperature efficiently
PURPOSE OF BROODING
➔ proper growth of body tissue
➔ better immune system
➔ good body framework
➔ activate Endocrine system
➔ good feather cover
➔ well activated digestive system

11. Types of brooding
Brooding can be classified into natural and artificial brooding.
Natural brooding
It is done with the help of broody hens after hatching, up to 3 to 4 weeks of age.
Artificial brooding
In artificial brooding large number of baby chicks are reared in the absence of broody hen. Equipments used
for brooding are called brooders.
Brooder comprises of three elements:
1. Heating source ( Heating source may be electrical, gases like
natural gas, LPG and methane, liquid fuel like kerosene, solid fuel
like coal, wood can be used as a heating material.)
2. Reflectors
3. Brooder guard

12. (1) Heating sources
Charcoal stove / kerosene stove Gas brooder
Where electricity is not available, ordinary
charcoal / kerosene stoves are used to provide
supplementary heat to chicks. These stoves are
covered with plate / pans to dissipate the heat.
Natural gas, LPG or methane is connected to
heating element which is hanged 3 to 5 feet above
the chick to provide heat.

13. .
Electrical brooder:
It is also thermostatically controlled heating
system that spread required amount of heat
uniformly above large area, this avoid
crowding of chicks under brooder directly.
One electrical brooder can be used for 300 to
400 chicks.
Infrared bulbs:
It is a self reflecting bulb.One 250 Watts IR bulb can
provide brooding for about 150 to 250 chicks.

14. (2) Reflectors
● Also called Hovers.
● Flat type hover – These hovers are provided
with heating element, heating mechanism and pilot
lamp and in some cases thermometer is also there
in order to record the temperature.
● Canopy type hover – These reflectors are in
concave shape consisting of ordinary electrical
bulb, thermostat mechanism and in some cases
thermometer.
(3) Brooder guard / chick guard
They are used to prevent chicks from straying too far
away from heat supply until they learn the source of heat.
We have to provide brooder guard with a diameter of 5
feet, height of the brooder should not exceed 1.5 feet. For
this purpose, we can use materials like cardboard sheet,
GI sheet, wire mesh, and mat etc. depending upon the
season of brooding. During winter season, brooding is
done for 5-6 days. In summer season it is 2-3 weeks.

15. Thank you