This document provides an overview of file systems. It discusses different types of file systems including continuous, linked, and indexed models. It explains concepts like directories, files, file allocation tables (FAT), master file tables (MFT), and fragmentation. It also briefly mentions future file systems like WinFS and cognitive computing approaches. Finally, it covers HTML meta tags and their uses for search engine optimization and page description.
The document discusses file systems, specifically the System V File System (S5FS) and UNIX File System (UFS). It provides details on how each represents files using inodes and disk maps, and how they allocate and manage disk blocks and free space. The goal of UFS was to lay out files to allow faster access and minimize wasted disk space compared to S5FS. Techniques used in UFS include larger block sizes, grouping related file data together, and allowing block fragmentation to reduce internal fragmentation.
Windows NT 4.0 is a 32-bit, graphical operating system released in 1996 as the successor to Windows NT 3.1. It was available in both workstation and server editions. Windows NT 4.0 was succeeded by Windows 2000, released in 2000.
ReFS is a new file system developed by Microsoft as an advancement to NTFS. It provides high data availability, prevents data corruption, and supports large volumes of storage up to petabytes in size. ReFS uses checksums and auto-repair to ensure data integrity and resilience. While it improves upon NTFS in areas like storage capacity and self-healing of data errors, ReFS lacks some features of NTFS like deduplication, compression, and hard links.
The document discusses file systems and provides details about FAT (File Allocation Table) and NTFS (New Technology File System). FAT divides a hard drive into sectors grouped into clusters and uses a file allocation table to track cluster usage. There are three versions - FAT12, FAT16, FAT32 - which differ in the number of bits used to track clusters. NTFS uses a more complex structure with master file tables and logical cluster numbers to improve reliability, security and capacity compared to FAT. NTFS is the native system for Windows NT, 2000 and XP.
NTFS and FAT32 are two common file systems used in Windows operating systems. NTFS supports larger file and volume sizes, encryption, compression, permissions and auditing while FAT32 only supports smaller file and volume sizes without additional features. NTFS is recommended for modern Windows systems while FAT32 is limited to older systems with size and feature restrictions.
The document discusses different file systems including FAT, FAT12, FAT16, FAT32, and NTFS. FAT (File Allocation Table) was created by Microsoft in 1977 and tracks pieces of files that may be fragmented across disks. FAT8 supported 8-inch floppies. FAT12 was used for floppy disks. FAT16 supported drives up to 16GB. FAT32 supports drives up to 2TB. NTFS (New Technology File System) was introduced in 1993 and supports features like large partition and file sizes, security, reliability, and compression.
The document summarizes the development of the Fast File System (FFS) which improved upon the original UNIX file system. FFS optimized for disk geometry by dividing disks into cylinder groups and placing related data and metadata nearby to reduce seek times. It used larger block sizes, fragmentation, and rotational optimization to improve throughput by 10x over the original file system. FFS also introduced features like longer file names and quotas.
A file system is used to control how data is stored and retrieved.
A filesystem is the methods and data structures that an operating system uses to keep track of files on a disk or partition; that is, the way the files are organized on the disk.
A file allocation table (FAT) is a table that an operating system maintains on a hard disk that provides a map of the clusters (the basic units of logical storage on a hard disk) that a file has been stored in.
File Allocation Table (FAT) is a computer file system architecture and a family of industry-standard file systems utilizing it. The FAT file system is a legacy file system which is simple and robust.
Today, FAT file systems are still commonly found on floppy disks, USB sticks, flash and other solid-state memory cards and modules, and many portable and embedded devices.
The document discusses file systems, specifically the System V File System (S5FS) and UNIX File System (UFS). It provides details on how each represents files using inodes and disk maps, and how they allocate and manage disk blocks and free space. The goal of UFS was to lay out files to allow faster access and minimize wasted disk space compared to S5FS. Techniques used in UFS include larger block sizes, grouping related file data together, and allowing block fragmentation to reduce internal fragmentation.
Windows NT 4.0 is a 32-bit, graphical operating system released in 1996 as the successor to Windows NT 3.1. It was available in both workstation and server editions. Windows NT 4.0 was succeeded by Windows 2000, released in 2000.
ReFS is a new file system developed by Microsoft as an advancement to NTFS. It provides high data availability, prevents data corruption, and supports large volumes of storage up to petabytes in size. ReFS uses checksums and auto-repair to ensure data integrity and resilience. While it improves upon NTFS in areas like storage capacity and self-healing of data errors, ReFS lacks some features of NTFS like deduplication, compression, and hard links.
The document discusses file systems and provides details about FAT (File Allocation Table) and NTFS (New Technology File System). FAT divides a hard drive into sectors grouped into clusters and uses a file allocation table to track cluster usage. There are three versions - FAT12, FAT16, FAT32 - which differ in the number of bits used to track clusters. NTFS uses a more complex structure with master file tables and logical cluster numbers to improve reliability, security and capacity compared to FAT. NTFS is the native system for Windows NT, 2000 and XP.
NTFS and FAT32 are two common file systems used in Windows operating systems. NTFS supports larger file and volume sizes, encryption, compression, permissions and auditing while FAT32 only supports smaller file and volume sizes without additional features. NTFS is recommended for modern Windows systems while FAT32 is limited to older systems with size and feature restrictions.
The document discusses different file systems including FAT, FAT12, FAT16, FAT32, and NTFS. FAT (File Allocation Table) was created by Microsoft in 1977 and tracks pieces of files that may be fragmented across disks. FAT8 supported 8-inch floppies. FAT12 was used for floppy disks. FAT16 supported drives up to 16GB. FAT32 supports drives up to 2TB. NTFS (New Technology File System) was introduced in 1993 and supports features like large partition and file sizes, security, reliability, and compression.
The document summarizes the development of the Fast File System (FFS) which improved upon the original UNIX file system. FFS optimized for disk geometry by dividing disks into cylinder groups and placing related data and metadata nearby to reduce seek times. It used larger block sizes, fragmentation, and rotational optimization to improve throughput by 10x over the original file system. FFS also introduced features like longer file names and quotas.
A file system is used to control how data is stored and retrieved.
A filesystem is the methods and data structures that an operating system uses to keep track of files on a disk or partition; that is, the way the files are organized on the disk.
A file allocation table (FAT) is a table that an operating system maintains on a hard disk that provides a map of the clusters (the basic units of logical storage on a hard disk) that a file has been stored in.
File Allocation Table (FAT) is a computer file system architecture and a family of industry-standard file systems utilizing it. The FAT file system is a legacy file system which is simple and robust.
Today, FAT file systems are still commonly found on floppy disks, USB sticks, flash and other solid-state memory cards and modules, and many portable and embedded devices.
This document discusses file systems and their components. It covers topics like file processing, file organizations and access methods, directories, mounting file systems, file protection, disk space allocation, interfaces between file systems and IOCS, file sharing semantics, reliability of file systems, and journaling file systems. The document provides details on how files are organized, stored, accessed and shared in operating systems.
A presentation on the Ext4 file system and the evolution of Ext filesystem in Linux operating system. Linux uses virtual filesystem. The comparison of the ext filesystem generations is provided.
The document discusses and compares different file systems, including FAT, FAT32, NTFS, and their key features and limitations. FAT is the oldest file system and was designed for small disks and simple structures. It uses a file allocation table to organize files. NTFS is proprietary to Windows and offers improvements like larger volume sizes, security features like encryption, compression and quotas. It also has better performance, especially on large volumes.
A fast file system for unix presentation by parang saraf (cs5204 VT)Parang Saraf
This is the presentation of the paper "A fast file system for unix"
In case if you need a copy of these slides feel free to contact me at parang[DOT]saraf[AT]gmail
The document discusses file system implementation and storage management. It covers topics like file system structure, file control blocks, directory implementation methods, file allocation methods including contiguous, linked, and indexed allocation, and free space management techniques like bit vectors, linked lists, and address counting. The key aspects of different file allocation and free space tracking methods are compared.
This document provides an overview of FAT and NTFS filing systems. It discusses key terms like files, directories, sectors, and clusters. FAT was first developed by Bill Gates in 1976 and includes versions like FAT12, FAT16, and FAT32. NTFS was developed later by Microsoft for Windows NT. It provides more security, reliability, and efficiency compared to FAT. The document outlines the advantages and disadvantages of both filing systems.
This presentation discusses NTFS and inodes. It provides an overview of NTFS, including its architecture, metadata files like the master file table, directories, files, security features, and clusters. It also describes Unix file systems and how they use inodes to store metadata about each file, such as the file size, owner, and pointers to data blocks. Inodes are allocated from a free inode list and contain information about the file as well as pointers to data blocks.
This document discusses getting started with Linux, including types of Linux installations, selecting a distro such as Debian, partitioning drives, directory structure, file permissions, and ownership. It recommends Debian as a stable, quality distro with a large developer base and non-profit status. Key directories like /bin, /boot, /home, and /usr are explained, as are file permission modes and commands like chown and chmod.
This document provides an overview of PKZIP and instructions for accessing help resources and technical support. It introduces PKZIP as a command line-based data compression utility that allows users to customize compression tasks. The document describes how to view license and version information, access online help, and contact PKWARE technical support via the internet, CompuServe, PKWARE's BBS, phone, or fax.
The document discusses file systems and their components. It covers directory organization, allocation schemes, file attributes, operations, structures and access methods. It also compares different file systems like FAT, FAT32 and NTFS in terms of their compatibility, volume size limits, fault tolerance and other advantages/disadvantages.
The document discusses Linux file systems and permissions. It describes the Virtual File System (VFS) interface and how it interacts with filesystems, inodes, and open files. It then discusses the EXT2 filesystem in more detail, including how inodes store file metadata and pointers to data blocks. It also covers how permissions and ownership are represented, and commands to view and modify permissions like chmod, chown, and umask. Finally, it briefly discusses hard and soft links, and sticky bits.
The document discusses the FAT32 file system. It describes FAT32 as a file allocation table that stores files and locates them on a hard drive using 32-bit values instead of 16-bit like the original FAT. FAT32 supports larger volume sizes than FAT16 while maintaining compatibility. It is commonly used for removable drives and supports file sizes up to 4GB. The document also describes the volume boot record structure of a FAT32 system including fields like bytes per sector, sectors per cluster, and total number of sectors.
The document provides an overview of file systems, including their purpose of organizing and storing information on storage devices. It discusses key aspects of file systems such as how they separate information into individual files and directories, use metadata to store attributes about files, allocate storage space in a granular manner (which can result in unused space), become fragmented over time, and use various utilities and structures to implement these functions while maintaining integrity of data and restricting access. File systems are a critical component of operating systems that allow for efficient organization, retrieval and updating of user data on different types of storage media and devices.
The document discusses Microsoft file structures. It explains that sectors are grouped into clusters to store files, and that clusters are numbered sequentially starting at 0 in NTFS and 2 in FAT. The Master Boot Record stores partition information, and files deleted in FAT have their directory entry marked with a sigma while files deleted in NTFS are removed from the Master File Table listing. The Master File Table in NTFS tracks file metadata in records containing attribute IDs.
In many ways, directories are treated like files. They can be created, deleted, moved and copied from Nautilus or from a shell prompt, using commands similar to those for files.
Creating Directories
You must have write permissions in a directory in order to create a new sub-directory. Most users have these permissions in their home directory (and its sub-directories) and the /tmp/ directory.
To create a new directory with Nautilus, navigate to the location of your new directory. Right-click in a blank portion of the window and select Create Folder. A new folder icon appears with the highlighted text untitled folder. Type a name for your folder and press [Enter].
To create a new directory using a shell prompt, use the command mkdir. Enter: mkdir <directory-name>, replacing <directory-name> with the intended title of the new directory.
Deleting Directories
To delete a directory from Nautilus, right click on it and choose Move to Trash, or click and drag the icon to the Trash on the Desktop.
To delete an empty directory from a shell prompt, enter the command rmdir. To delete a directory that may not be empty (and consequently everything inside that directory), enter the command rm -rf <directory>. Refer to Section 4.5.5 Delete files with rm for more information regarding the rm command.
Dot Directories
Applications create "dot" directories as well as dot files. Dot files are a single hidden configuration file — a dot directory is a hidden directory of configuration and other files required by the application. The non-configuration files in these directories are generally user-specific, and will be available only to the user who installed them.
NTFS is a file system introduced by Microsoft in 1993 for Windows NT operating systems. It improved on previous file systems with features like larger storage capacity support, redundancy, security, and performance improvements important for businesses. NTFS formats volumes with system files including the Master File Table that stores metadata for all files and folders. It provides security, compression, encryption and other advanced features through file attributes. NTFS also supports features like sparse files, recoverability, and alternate data streams.
- FAT (File Allocation Table) was the original file system developed by Microsoft for early versions of Windows to organize files on disks. It stored metadata in a file allocation table and used a linked list data structure.
- NTFS (New Technology File System) was developed later to replace FAT as disk sizes increased. NTFS uses more advanced data structures like B-trees and provides features like security, compression, encryption, and journaling.
- In NTFS, files are stored in clusters across the disk. The master file table stores metadata about every file and directory, including attributes like security and extended properties. System files also store information to enable features like recoverability.
AOS Lab 9: File system -- Of buffers, logs, and blocksZubair Nabi
The document describes the file system layers in xv6, including the buffer cache, logging, and on-disk layout. The buffer cache synchronizes access to disk blocks and caches popular blocks in memory. The logging layer ensures atomicity by wrapping file system updates in transactions written to a log on disk before writing to the file system structures. The on-disk layout divides the disk into sections for the boot sector, superblock, inodes, bitmap, data blocks, and log blocks.
The document discusses file systems and their components. It describes how files are organized logically and mapped to physical storage. It covers key file system concepts like directories, file allocation schemes, file attributes, and file operations. It also summarizes common file systems like FAT, FAT32, and NTFS and compares their features such as supported drive sizes, cluster sizes, and compatibility with different operating systems.
Comparative Study of Windows And Linux.pptxBibus Poudel
The document compares and contrasts Linux and Windows operating systems. It discusses their system requirements, costs, file systems, and common uses. For system requirements, it provides the minimum specifications for Ubuntu 17.04 and Windows 10. It notes that Linux distributions are typically free and open source, while Windows costs between $119-199 depending on the version. The document also outlines the main file systems supported by each OS, including Ext2-4, FAT, FAT32, NTFS for Linux and FAT/FAT32, NTFS, ReFS for Windows. Finally, it lists some common uses like troubleshooting, hosting, and gaming for Linux, and document creation, applications, and databases for Windows.
This document discusses file systems and their components. It covers topics like file processing, file organizations and access methods, directories, mounting file systems, file protection, disk space allocation, interfaces between file systems and IOCS, file sharing semantics, reliability of file systems, and journaling file systems. The document provides details on how files are organized, stored, accessed and shared in operating systems.
A presentation on the Ext4 file system and the evolution of Ext filesystem in Linux operating system. Linux uses virtual filesystem. The comparison of the ext filesystem generations is provided.
The document discusses and compares different file systems, including FAT, FAT32, NTFS, and their key features and limitations. FAT is the oldest file system and was designed for small disks and simple structures. It uses a file allocation table to organize files. NTFS is proprietary to Windows and offers improvements like larger volume sizes, security features like encryption, compression and quotas. It also has better performance, especially on large volumes.
A fast file system for unix presentation by parang saraf (cs5204 VT)Parang Saraf
This is the presentation of the paper "A fast file system for unix"
In case if you need a copy of these slides feel free to contact me at parang[DOT]saraf[AT]gmail
The document discusses file system implementation and storage management. It covers topics like file system structure, file control blocks, directory implementation methods, file allocation methods including contiguous, linked, and indexed allocation, and free space management techniques like bit vectors, linked lists, and address counting. The key aspects of different file allocation and free space tracking methods are compared.
This document provides an overview of FAT and NTFS filing systems. It discusses key terms like files, directories, sectors, and clusters. FAT was first developed by Bill Gates in 1976 and includes versions like FAT12, FAT16, and FAT32. NTFS was developed later by Microsoft for Windows NT. It provides more security, reliability, and efficiency compared to FAT. The document outlines the advantages and disadvantages of both filing systems.
This presentation discusses NTFS and inodes. It provides an overview of NTFS, including its architecture, metadata files like the master file table, directories, files, security features, and clusters. It also describes Unix file systems and how they use inodes to store metadata about each file, such as the file size, owner, and pointers to data blocks. Inodes are allocated from a free inode list and contain information about the file as well as pointers to data blocks.
This document discusses getting started with Linux, including types of Linux installations, selecting a distro such as Debian, partitioning drives, directory structure, file permissions, and ownership. It recommends Debian as a stable, quality distro with a large developer base and non-profit status. Key directories like /bin, /boot, /home, and /usr are explained, as are file permission modes and commands like chown and chmod.
This document provides an overview of PKZIP and instructions for accessing help resources and technical support. It introduces PKZIP as a command line-based data compression utility that allows users to customize compression tasks. The document describes how to view license and version information, access online help, and contact PKWARE technical support via the internet, CompuServe, PKWARE's BBS, phone, or fax.
The document discusses file systems and their components. It covers directory organization, allocation schemes, file attributes, operations, structures and access methods. It also compares different file systems like FAT, FAT32 and NTFS in terms of their compatibility, volume size limits, fault tolerance and other advantages/disadvantages.
The document discusses Linux file systems and permissions. It describes the Virtual File System (VFS) interface and how it interacts with filesystems, inodes, and open files. It then discusses the EXT2 filesystem in more detail, including how inodes store file metadata and pointers to data blocks. It also covers how permissions and ownership are represented, and commands to view and modify permissions like chmod, chown, and umask. Finally, it briefly discusses hard and soft links, and sticky bits.
The document discusses the FAT32 file system. It describes FAT32 as a file allocation table that stores files and locates them on a hard drive using 32-bit values instead of 16-bit like the original FAT. FAT32 supports larger volume sizes than FAT16 while maintaining compatibility. It is commonly used for removable drives and supports file sizes up to 4GB. The document also describes the volume boot record structure of a FAT32 system including fields like bytes per sector, sectors per cluster, and total number of sectors.
The document provides an overview of file systems, including their purpose of organizing and storing information on storage devices. It discusses key aspects of file systems such as how they separate information into individual files and directories, use metadata to store attributes about files, allocate storage space in a granular manner (which can result in unused space), become fragmented over time, and use various utilities and structures to implement these functions while maintaining integrity of data and restricting access. File systems are a critical component of operating systems that allow for efficient organization, retrieval and updating of user data on different types of storage media and devices.
The document discusses Microsoft file structures. It explains that sectors are grouped into clusters to store files, and that clusters are numbered sequentially starting at 0 in NTFS and 2 in FAT. The Master Boot Record stores partition information, and files deleted in FAT have their directory entry marked with a sigma while files deleted in NTFS are removed from the Master File Table listing. The Master File Table in NTFS tracks file metadata in records containing attribute IDs.
In many ways, directories are treated like files. They can be created, deleted, moved and copied from Nautilus or from a shell prompt, using commands similar to those for files.
Creating Directories
You must have write permissions in a directory in order to create a new sub-directory. Most users have these permissions in their home directory (and its sub-directories) and the /tmp/ directory.
To create a new directory with Nautilus, navigate to the location of your new directory. Right-click in a blank portion of the window and select Create Folder. A new folder icon appears with the highlighted text untitled folder. Type a name for your folder and press [Enter].
To create a new directory using a shell prompt, use the command mkdir. Enter: mkdir <directory-name>, replacing <directory-name> with the intended title of the new directory.
Deleting Directories
To delete a directory from Nautilus, right click on it and choose Move to Trash, or click and drag the icon to the Trash on the Desktop.
To delete an empty directory from a shell prompt, enter the command rmdir. To delete a directory that may not be empty (and consequently everything inside that directory), enter the command rm -rf <directory>. Refer to Section 4.5.5 Delete files with rm for more information regarding the rm command.
Dot Directories
Applications create "dot" directories as well as dot files. Dot files are a single hidden configuration file — a dot directory is a hidden directory of configuration and other files required by the application. The non-configuration files in these directories are generally user-specific, and will be available only to the user who installed them.
NTFS is a file system introduced by Microsoft in 1993 for Windows NT operating systems. It improved on previous file systems with features like larger storage capacity support, redundancy, security, and performance improvements important for businesses. NTFS formats volumes with system files including the Master File Table that stores metadata for all files and folders. It provides security, compression, encryption and other advanced features through file attributes. NTFS also supports features like sparse files, recoverability, and alternate data streams.
- FAT (File Allocation Table) was the original file system developed by Microsoft for early versions of Windows to organize files on disks. It stored metadata in a file allocation table and used a linked list data structure.
- NTFS (New Technology File System) was developed later to replace FAT as disk sizes increased. NTFS uses more advanced data structures like B-trees and provides features like security, compression, encryption, and journaling.
- In NTFS, files are stored in clusters across the disk. The master file table stores metadata about every file and directory, including attributes like security and extended properties. System files also store information to enable features like recoverability.
AOS Lab 9: File system -- Of buffers, logs, and blocksZubair Nabi
The document describes the file system layers in xv6, including the buffer cache, logging, and on-disk layout. The buffer cache synchronizes access to disk blocks and caches popular blocks in memory. The logging layer ensures atomicity by wrapping file system updates in transactions written to a log on disk before writing to the file system structures. The on-disk layout divides the disk into sections for the boot sector, superblock, inodes, bitmap, data blocks, and log blocks.
The document discusses file systems and their components. It describes how files are organized logically and mapped to physical storage. It covers key file system concepts like directories, file allocation schemes, file attributes, and file operations. It also summarizes common file systems like FAT, FAT32, and NTFS and compares their features such as supported drive sizes, cluster sizes, and compatibility with different operating systems.
Comparative Study of Windows And Linux.pptxBibus Poudel
The document compares and contrasts Linux and Windows operating systems. It discusses their system requirements, costs, file systems, and common uses. For system requirements, it provides the minimum specifications for Ubuntu 17.04 and Windows 10. It notes that Linux distributions are typically free and open source, while Windows costs between $119-199 depending on the version. The document also outlines the main file systems supported by each OS, including Ext2-4, FAT, FAT32, NTFS for Linux and FAT/FAT32, NTFS, ReFS for Windows. Finally, it lists some common uses like troubleshooting, hosting, and gaming for Linux, and document creation, applications, and databases for Windows.
Windows 7 has several editions including Starter, Home Basic, Home Premium, Professional, Enterprise, and Ultimate. It supports two main file systems: FAT and NTFS. FAT is simpler and supports up to 32GB of storage, while NTFS is the default for disks over 32GB and supports access controls and encryption. A newer file system called ReFS is designed for Windows 8 servers and provides resilience through features like copy-on-write that prevent overwriting of data.
The document discusses file systems and provides details about FAT (File Allocation Table) and NTFS (New Technology File System). FAT divides a hard drive into sectors grouped into clusters and uses a file allocation table to track cluster usage. There are three versions - FAT12, FAT16, FAT32 - which differ in the number of bits used to track clusters. NTFS uses a more complex structure with master file tables and logical cluster numbers to improve reliability, security and capacity compared to FAT. NTFS is the native system for Windows NT, 2000 and XP.
The document discusses managing hard disks and installing multiple operating systems. It covers partitioning hard disks, using boot managers to enable multi-boot systems, and tools for managing partitions like FDISK, Partition Magic, and Norton Ghost. Popular file systems like FAT, FAT32, NTFS and Linux extensions are also summarized.
This document provides an overview of the file system in Windows XP. It discusses the NTFS file system used in Windows XP and others it supports like FAT, FAT16, CDFS, and UDF. It describes hardware support and limitations of different file systems regarding hard disk size. The document also covers file naming conventions in Windows including the 8.3 format and newer 255 character names. It defines file extensions and their importance in associating files with the proper application to open them.
The document presents an overview of various operating systems including MS-DOS, Windows 95, 98, 2000, XP, 7, Linux, Unix, and compares Linux and Windows. It discusses the history, features, and system requirements of these operating systems. The presentation contains information about the structure, services, and types of operating systems.
Disk areas allocation in flash disks include:
1) Boot sector which contains information about other areas sizes
2) FRT area which stores file records
3) FAT area which consists of FAT sectors for allocation data
4) Data area which contains actual data sectors of files
5) Transaction journal area which caches modified sectors during disk transactions
The document discusses file systems and how they organize files on storage devices. It covers key concepts like directories, file allocation tables (FAT), file attributes, and different file systems like FAT, FAT32, NTFS, and Ext3. It compares the capabilities and limitations of different file systems and how they are used depending on factors like hardware, software, security needs and disk size.
This document provides an overview of Linux, including:
- A brief history noting its origins from Unix and development by Linus Torvalds and others as an open source alternative.
- An introduction mentioning that Linux is cheap, has a huge community, is open source, and is used in most servers and supercomputers.
- Descriptions of Linux partitions, file systems, and permission structures.
- Explanations of common Linux commands like Bash shell scripting.
The document discusses the FAT32 file system. It describes FAT32 as a file allocation table that stores files and locates them on a hard drive using 32-bit values instead of 16-bit like the original FAT. FAT32 supports larger volume sizes than FAT16 while maintaining compatibility. It is commonly used for removable drives and supports file sizes up to 4GB. The document also describes the volume boot record structure of a FAT32 system including fields like bytes per sector, sectors per cluster, and total number of sectors.
The document compares several filesystems including EXT2, EXT3, EXT4, ReiserFS, NTFS, FAT12, FAT16, and FAT32. It provides information on key specifications for each filesystem such as developer, introduction date, maximum file size, supported date range, and supported operating systems. The tables show differences in parameters such as partition identifier, directory structure, file allocation technique, maximum volume size, allowed filename characters, and whether features like forks, compression, encryption or deduplication are supported.
This document provides information about the file system in Windows XP. It discusses the Windows file system, hardware support, file naming conventions, and common file extensions. The key points are:
- The Windows file system (NTFS) works as an interface between the user and storage devices to retrieve files when requested.
- NTFS and FAT/FAT16 file systems support different maximum hard disk sizes - NTFS supports over 2GB while FAT/FAT16 only supports up to 2GB.
- File names can have a maximum of 255 characters and extensions can be 4 or more characters under Windows, compared to the 8.3 format with 8 character names and 3 character extensions in DOS.
This document provides an overview of an operating system course for beginners to experts. It covers 20 topics related to the Windows 10 operating system, including installation, interface basics, user management, partitions, file systems, security features like Windows Firewall and Defender, command line terminals, utilities, the registry editor, antivirus software, policies, services, the task manager, connecting to networks and the internet, remote access, computer terms, and backup and restore. The course aims to provide a comprehensive guide to using and managing the Windows 10 operating system.
bccon-2014 adm04 ibm-domino-64bit-all-you-need-to-knowICS User Group
Native 64bit applications are more and more standard in many customer environments. This session is about the benefits and technical background for 32bit IBM Domino on 64bit OS and 64bit native IBM Domino. We'll provide best practices and also best combinations and choices that you have for IBM Domino with add-on applications from IBM and other vendors. We'll also discuss recent changes in a mixed bit environment and the pitfalls to avoid. You will also learn what business partners and IBM have to do to port their applications to understand in more detail how Domino 64bit works in your daily operations. The session mainly covers Domino 9.0 64bit for Windows and Linux (new in Domino 9).
The document discusses various topics related to file systems, partitions, and the Windows boot process. It describes the FAT and NTFS file systems, how partitions and volumes are used to organize disk space, and the steps involved in booting Windows, including the roles of the boot loader, kernel, and services.
This document provides an overview of file systems and storage options in Windows Server 2016. It discusses the four main file systems - FAT, FAT32, NTFS, and ReFS. NTFS and ReFS are the two file systems supported by Windows Server 2016. ReFS provides advantages like availability, scalability, data integrity and application compatibility. It allows the system to continue functioning despite errors. NTFS also provides features like disk quotas, file encryption, dynamic volumes, self-healing and security. The document concludes by covering initializing disks using MBR or GPT partition styles.
The document discusses recommendations for enhancing knowledge sharing and decision making among project teams at T@llyCo. It identifies current obstacles as mobility, education, and collaboration. It recommends improving technological resources with laptops and software, providing educational opportunities and certifications, and utilizing collaboration tools like Microsoft SharePoint and Skype. These changes would help T@llyCo continue its success by enabling mobility, connectivity, a stable environment, and collaboration.
This document provides an agenda and summary for a technology and strategy class. It includes the following:
- An agenda covering administrative announcements, IT news, and a discussion on technology and strategy.
- A discussion of concepts like Web 1.0 vs 2.0, what is Web 3.0, and critical questions about how organizations use IT and evaluate new technologies.
- Models for information, technology, and the systems development life cycle.
The document provides an overview and review of CSS (Cascading Style Sheets) and discusses different methods for applying CSS styles, including internal/embedded styles, external stylesheets, inline styles, and using multiple style sheets. It covers CSS selectors like classes, IDs, divs, and spans. It also lists some common CSS properties that can be changed, such as backgrounds, fonts, text properties, and margins. The document emphasizes that when multiple styles conflict, more specific or later declared styles will override earlier, less specific styles.
The document discusses an agenda for a CSS and XHTML class, including announcements about Google Summer of Code and upcoming course due dates and exams. It then provides an overview of CSS, including its benefits of separating style from content, allowing one CSS file to control formatting for many pages, and enabling different styles for different devices. The document explains CSS rules, specificity, order, and the different methods of applying CSS - internally, externally, via import, and inline. It provides examples of code for each method and defines key CSS concepts like selectors and declarations. Finally, it previews an assignment for students to work with CSS.
This document provides an overview of networking topics covered in week 11. It begins with an agenda for the class session, including a discussion of IT news and bringing laptops to the next class. The document then covers why networks are used, including reducing costs, sharing resources, and enabling collaboration. It defines basic networking concepts like clients, servers, and topologies. The rest of the document discusses additional topics like how LANs work, different network types, protocols, cables, connection speeds, and wireless networking standards.
The document discusses technologies like RSS, podcasts, and social media. It provides information on RSS, including what RSS is (Real Simple Syndication), how it allows aggregating web content in one place, and examples of news and academic sites that use RSS feeds. The document also discusses podcasting, defining it and describing how it can be used for things like distance learning and mobility. Finally, the document outlines a group assignment for students to create a website and marketing plan about using social media to promote an academic discipline.
This document provides an agenda and summary for a technology and strategy class. It includes the following:
- An agenda covering administrative announcements, IT news, and a discussion on technology and strategy.
- A discussion of concepts like Web 1.0 vs 2.0, what is Web 3.0, and critical questions about how organizations use IT and evaluate new technologies.
- Models for information, technology, and the systems development life cycle.
The document discusses a technology and security class. It provides an agenda that covers IT news, an exam follow-up, and a focus on security. Under security news, it lists several recent computer virus and hacking incidents. It then discusses common security myths and holds a quick security assessment activity. The rest of the document outlines various security topics like definitions of security concepts, security risks, protection methods, and ways to assess security risks. It emphasizes the importance of backups, strong passwords, and keeping systems updated with patches.
The document discusses HTML, XML, and XHTML technologies. It provides an overview of HTML 4.01 and validation, introduces XML as an extensible meta-language for defining customized markup languages, and describes XHTML as a stricter version of HTML defined as an XML application. It also discusses document type definitions (DTDs) and how they are used to specify the syntax for XHTML documents.
The document discusses crowdsourcing and provides an agenda for an upcoming class. It defines crowdsourcing as soliciting contributions from a large group of people, especially online, and mentions that the class will learn more about this topic. It also announces that the second group assignment involves a link and tells students to get started on it.
This document discusses digital photography and images for the web. It provides an overview of digital camera history and technology, pixel and file size considerations for web images, and common file formats like JPEG, GIF and PNG. Key recommendations include keeping the longest side of photos under 1000px for websites, using PNG for small graphics and GIF for animations, and disabling GPS metadata embedding on cameras.
This document provides an overview of HTML and websites. It discusses HTML tags for basic webpage structure like <html>, <head>, and <body>. It also covers other common tags for formatting text, images, links, lists, and tables. The document demonstrates how to write basic HTML code and view a webpage in a browser. It briefly introduces iSpace, the web hosting service for FSU students to publish websites.
The document discusses the agenda for week 5 which includes IT news, a 5 week check in, slides on strategy, sourcing, and hardware. The slides cover topics like life cycle, innovation and change, sourcing definitions and types, crowdsourcing, operating systems functions over time, types of operating systems, and operating system battles and functions. The assignment is to review videos for the week located at the provided URL.
This document provides an overview of new technologies including wikis, blogs, Twitter, and Facebook. It begins with administrative announcements for an upcoming class. Short videos are embedded to introduce each topic. Wikis are defined as freely editable web pages that allow users to add or modify content. Blogs are described as regularly updated web content, like online journals. Key features of Twitter and Facebook are outlined, such as how Twitter allows sharing of updates in 140 characters and how Facebook enables social networking. Usage statistics are also presented for Twitter and Facebook.
This document discusses new technologies and computing basics. It covers:
- The evolution of computers from mainframes to personal computers to wireless devices.
- How computers work based on the von Neumann model of input, operation, and output.
- How digital information is represented using binary digits (1s and 0s) and Boolean logic.
- Basic logic gates and how more complex circuits are built up from these.
- Storage media technologies over time from tape to hard drives to USB drives.
- The importance of evaluating online resources for credibility.
The document discusses new technologies and changes in an LIS 3353 class. It covers administrivia such as distributing the syllabus and assignment. It discusses new technologies including social media, tablets, location-based services and cloud computing. It also discusses how IT jobs are changing to require versatile skills in technology and business, and how technology impacts jobs and industries outside of IT.
This document provides an agenda and overview for an information technologies course. It introduces the instructor and their contact information. It outlines the course structure, including meeting times, assignments, exams, and group work. It also includes a course flow chart and overview of topics to be covered, including technologies, collaboration tools, information systems, automation, and presentation. The grading breakdown is provided, with assignments making up 40% of the grade, group work 15%, and exams 40%, plus 5% for attendance/participation. Finally, the instructor reviews the syllabus and asks if there are any questions.
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
Thinking of getting a dog? Be aware that breeds like Pit Bulls, Rottweilers, and German Shepherds can be loyal and dangerous. Proper training and socialization are crucial to preventing aggressive behaviors. Ensure safety by understanding their needs and always supervising interactions. Stay safe, and enjoy your furry friends!
How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleCeline George
In Odoo, the chatter is like a chat tool that helps you work together on records. You can leave notes and track things, making it easier to talk with your team and partners. Inside chatter, all communication history, activity, and changes will be displayed.
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Executive Directors Chat Leveraging AI for Diversity, Equity, and InclusionTechSoup
Let’s explore the intersection of technology and equity in the final session of our DEI series. Discover how AI tools, like ChatGPT, can be used to support and enhance your nonprofit's DEI initiatives. Participants will gain insights into practical AI applications and get tips for leveraging technology to advance their DEI goals.
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Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
4. file systems (week 6)
File Systems
File system: a data structure on a disk that
holds files
File systems in different OSs have different
internal structures
Types
– Continuous
– Linked
– Indexed
How do you file your bills?
– LIFO or FIFO or GCM
– Organize on a disk? Reorganize?
5. file systems (week 6)
File Systems
directory
0 1 2 3 4 Continuous
5 6 7 8 9 File Start Length Model
count 0 2 – ++ Good
10 11 12 13 14
tr 14 3 performance
15 16 17 18 19 mail 19 6 (minimal seek time)
list 28 2 (IBM VM/CMS)
20 21 22 23 24
f 6 2 – -- fragmented
25 26 27 28 29 – -- space allocation
6. file systems (week 6)
File Systems
Linked Model
– ++ minimal
fragments
– -- broken links
– -- seek time
7. file systems (week 6)
File Systems
Indexed Model
– ++ random access
– ++ minimal space
loss
– -- need index table
9. file systems (week 6)
File Systems
The OS uses a file system to keep track
of the names and locations of files that
reside on a storage medium
– Mac OS – Hierarchical File System (HFS)
– Mac OS X – HFS+
– Linux – Ext2fs
– Windows NT, 2000, XP – NTFS
• Master File Table
– Windows 95, 98, ME - FAT32
– Windows 3.1 - FAT16
10. file systems (week 6)
File Systems
FAT (File Allocation Table) file system was
introduced with MSDOS in the late 70s
Evolved in response to:
– changes in names of files and structure
– Increasing size of hard drives
3 FAT file system types
– FAT12
– FAT16
– FAT32 CHECK THIS OUT!
– More info here
11. NTFS vs FAT
file systems (week 6)
File Systems
Criteria NTFS5 NTFS exFAT/FAT64 FAT32 FAT16 FAT12
DOS v7 and higher
Windows NT Windows 98
Windows 2000
Windows 2000 Windows ME
Windows XP Windows CE 6.0
Windows XP Windows 2000 DOS DOS
Windows 2003 Windows Vista SP1
Operating System Windows 2003 Windows XP All versions of All versions of
Server Windows 7
Server Windows 2003 Microsoft Windows Microsoft Windows
Windows Vista WinXP+KB955704
Windows Vista Server
Windows 7
Windows 7 Windows Vista
Windows 7
Limitations
32GB for all OS. 2GB for all OS.
Max Volume Size 2TB 2TB 64ZB 16MB
2TB for some OS 4GB for some OS
Max Files on Volume Nearly Unlimited Nearly Unlimited Nearly Unlimited 4194304 65536
Limit Only by Limit Only by 2GB (Limit Only 16MB (Limit Only
Max File Size 16ZB 4GB minus 2 Bytes
Volume Size Volume Size by Volume Size) by Volume Size)
Max Clusters Number Nearly Unlimited Nearly Unlimited 4294967295 4177918 65520 4080
Max File Name Standard - 8.3
Up to 255 Up to 255 Up to 255 Up to 255 Up to 254
Length Extended - up to 255
Overall Performance
Yes
Built-In Security Yes Yes No No No
minimal ACL only
Yes
Recoverability Yes Yes No No No
if TFAT activated
12. file systems (week 6)
File Systems
directory entry
name start block
test 217
0 FAT (File Allocation Table)
FAT has an entry for each
217 618
disk block.
FAT entries rather than
339 EOF blocks themselves are
217
linked.
339 Example:
618 339
618 – MS-DOS and
OS/2
#blocks -1
FAT
13. file systems (week 6)
File Systems
Disk sectors are grouped into clusters
FAT (File Allocation Table) - an operating
system file that maintains a list of files and
their physical location on the disk
– Like a table of contents (what is the address of the files?)
– A damaged FAT results in losing data
– Deleting a file means that the OS simply changes the
status of the file’s clusters to “empty” and removes the
filename from the index file
– Data is still there
14. file systems (week 6)
File Systems
MFT (Master File Table):An array of records,
each holding the attributes for a different file
File reference MFT
63 47 0
Sequence File Number File record: name, security, and data
For consistency MFT entry - 1
check
Run(extent) Run(extent)
Cluster numbers Cluster numbers
Disk 86 87 88 89 505 506 507 508
15. file systems (week 6)
File Systems
Fragmentation
– As computer files are added/deleted, parts of
files tend to become scattered all over the
disk
– “Holes” are left in the file system that are too
small to fill (non-contiguous clusters)
– New files are scattered across the drive
– Slows the performance of read/write/access
– Defrag must be run to rearrange files as
contiguous blocks
17. file systems (week 6)
File Systems
Types Fragmentation
– Internal – allocate storage without using it
– External – free space divided into small
pieces over time
– Data – data broken in memory into many
small pieces due to external fragmentation
18. file systems (week 6)
File Systems
WinFS (Future Storage) is the code name of a
Windows storage subsystem on Vista
– WinFS is a relational database using NTFS, and
represents itself to the operating system as a file
storage subsystem.
– WinFS intended to link the worlds of traditional
relational databases, objects, XML, and file systems
with unstructured documents by using metadata.
– Instead of representing a file solely by directory path
and filename, WinFS represents individual domain
objects - e.g., images, e-mails, address book entries,
and any kind of “regular” file - with indexed and
searchable context and keyword information.
19. file systems (week 6)
File Systems
The OLD (static):
– FAT or NTFS has its contents organized in a hierarchal directory structure,
and is relatively slow in searching the content by particular attributes. If
you organize your pictures in folders “by Dates,” there would be no way to
access them “by Persons”, “by Events,” etc. You are forced to use third
party custom software, like Adobe PhotoAlbum (c), to perform this task.
The NEW (dynamic):
– WinFS overcomes the traditional hierarchy and "flattens" the storage of
individual files (i.e., there is no "hierarchy" based on directory and file
names), and it enables users to search for items by attributes (e.g., date
the photograph was taken, who or what is in the picture, what camera was
used to take the picture, etc.).
– WinFS also extends this idea beyond the kinds of information that have
been traditionally stored as files on a file system. WinFS can understand
any arbitrary defined set of data, such as a "Photo," or an "E-mail," or a
"Calendar".
20. file systems (week 6)
File Systems
Search Benefits
– Data is easily found
– Information is organized in the way people think about it
– There is an integrated view of information
– Use of metadata tags and relations
– Discovery of data is easy
WinFS is different:
– WinFS stores items
– Items have properties
• Properties can be integers, strings, XML, etc.
• An item’s properties depend on its type
• Each item type is defined by a schema
• An item’s schema can be extended
– Items are associated via relationships
– WinFS stores an item’s properties
• Including its file stream, if there is one
26. file systems (week 6)
File Systems
June 26, 2006 (IDG News Service) -- Microsoft Corp. has found a new
home for WinFS, a file system that the company originally planned
to include in Windows Vista.
The company now will include WinFS in the next version of its SQL
Server database, code-named Katmai, according to an entry on the
WinFS team blog by Quentin Clark, director of program management at
Microsoft. WinFS will handle the storing of unstructured data and auto-
administration features of SQL Server.
Microsoft made considerable noise around WinFS when it was
announced at its Professional Developers Conference in 2003, but then
later scrapped plans to include WinFS in Vista.
However, pieces of WinFS may still end up in a future version of
Windows, according to Clark. He said Microsoft will continue to work on
other aspects of WinFS that were expected to be a part of Windows Vista
and include them in products as the company sees fit.
PARTS released in 2010 SQL Server (“Denali”)
27. file systems (week 6)
Future File Systems
Mind mapping
IBM Chip (Cognitive chip) - Called cognitive computers,
systems built with these chips won’t be programmed the same
way traditional computers are today. Rather, cognitive
computers are expected to learn through experiences, find
correlations, create hypotheses, and remember – and learn
from – the outcomes, mimicking the brains structural and
synaptic plasticity.
28. file systems (week 6)
HTML: Meta Tags
Primary use is to provide direction and information for
search engine robots, as well as general information about
the Web page
Meta tags are only viewable through source code
Meta tags are added to the (hidden) HEAD section
The Meta element is used to describe properties of the
document – such as Author and Keywords
29. file systems (week 6)
HTML: Meta Tags
Examples
– <meta name="author" content=“Joe Smith”>
– <meta name="copyright" content="(c) 2006 FSU Web
page Info">
– <meta name="description" content=“The information
that goes into my web page is in this document">
– <meta name="keywords" content=“florida state
university, florida, tallahassee, college of information,
information technology, IT, technology foundation”>
30. file systems (week 6)
HTML: Meta Tags
When you type the phrase “College of Information” into a
search engine, that phrase is a keyword, and the search
engine examines its database for pages that have that
keyword
If you have included “College of Information” in your
keyword META tag, your page will be one of the pages
returned to the user
Most search engines will index all the text on your Web site,
not just the keywords, but you can use the META tag to
specify additional keywords, acronyms or synonyms that
describe the content of your site
Keywords increase the chance of “hits” on your page
Not all search engines use META keywords, but it does not
hurt to include them
31. file systems (week 6)
HTML: Meta Tags
Some Web Page Generators, such
as FrontPage, automatically add
some of the other tags (e.g. Content-
type).
Why do we care?
– Search Engine Optimization
– Indexing/Sorting
– Sources
32. file systems (week 6)
HTML: Meta Tags
META tags with an HTTP-EQUIV attribute control the actions of
browsers, and may be used to refine the information provided by
the actual headers. Some browsers may ignore them.
<META HTTP-EQUIV ="name" CONTENT="content">
Examples:
– If you include sections of your site in another language, you
might want to identify this additional language in the Meta
Tags.
< META HTTP-EQUIV =“Content-Language" CONTENT=“fr">
– The following tag causes the browser to reload the document
every two seconds.
< META HTTP-EQUIV ="REFRESH" CONTENT=“2”>
– This tag tells the browser when the page expires.
< META HTTP-EQUIV ="Expires" CONTENT =“Fri, 30 Aug 2006 11:25:27 GMT">