In many ways, directories are treated like files. They can be created, deleted, moved and copied from Nautilus or from a shell prompt, using commands similar to those for files. Creating Directories You must have write permissions in a directory in order to create a new sub-directory. Most users have these permissions in their home directory (and its sub-directories) and the /tmp/ directory. To create a new directory with Nautilus, navigate to the location of your new directory. Right-click in a blank portion of the window and select Create Folder. A new folder icon appears with the highlighted text untitled folder. Type a name for your folder and press [Enter]. To create a new directory using a shell prompt, use the command mkdir. Enter: mkdir <directory-name>, replacing <directory-name> with the intended title of the new directory. Deleting Directories To delete a directory from Nautilus, right click on it and choose Move to Trash, or click and drag the icon to the Trash on the Desktop. To delete an empty directory from a shell prompt, enter the command rmdir. To delete a directory that may not be empty (and consequently everything inside that directory), enter the command rm -rf <directory>. Refer to Section 4.5.5 Delete files with rm for more information regarding the rm command. Dot Directories Applications create "dot" directories as well as dot files. Dot files are a single hidden configuration file — a dot directory is a hidden directory of configuration and other files required by the application. The non-configuration files in these directories are generally user-specific, and will be available only to the user who installed them.

1. Chapter three
Managing Files and Directories
Prepare by zkre S Saleh
This chapter explores the general format of your Red Hat Enterprise
Linux system. It bridges the differences between using Nautilus to
manage the files on your system and using a shell prompt to manage
them. It does not go into the minute details of using a shell prompt;
those will be covered in Chapter 4 Shell Prompt Basics. This chapter
orients you to the system as a whole, and then you can choose which
method of management you prefer.

2. File System Terms
 extension
An extension is that part of a filename that is found after the final ".". In the
filename foo.txt ".txt" is the le's extension. Extensions are used to indicate le
type.
 path
A path is the string of directories and sub-directories you would have to navigate
through in order to reach a given location in the le system.

3. File System Terms
 root access
To have root access means to be logged in using the root account. This can be
done from the main login screen, a shell prompt, or any application that requires
your root password. Root access means that the user has permission to do
anything on the system, so use root access with care.
 root directory
The root directory is the top-most directory of the le system. All other les and
directories exist in this directory or one of its sub-directories. Do not confuse the
root directory, /, with root's home directory, /root/.

4. A Larger Picture of the File System
 Every operating system has a method of storing data in files and directories so
that it can keep track
 of additions, modifications, and other changes. In Red Hat Enterprise Linux,
every file is stored in
 a directory. Directories can also contain directories: these subdirectories may
also contain files and
 other subdirectories. You might think of the le system as a tree and
directories as branches.
 away the directories branch, everything is connected to the root directory,
which is represented as a
 singe forward slash (/).

5. Paths
/home/user/

6. Managing Files
 File Types
 Naming Conventions
 Finding the Correct File Extension

7. Managing Files
 File Types

8. Managing Files
 File Types
Compressed and Archived Files
.bz2. a file compressed with bzip2
.gz. a file compressed with gzip
. .tar. a file archived with tar (short for tape
archive), also known as a tar file
. .tbz or .tar.bz. a tarred and bzipped le
. .tgz or .tar.gz. a tarred and gzipped le
. .zip.a le compressed with ZIP compression,
commonly found in MS-DOS applications; most
compressed les for Linux use the gzip
compression, so nding a .zip archive for Linux
les is
rare

9. Managing Files
 File Types
File Formats
.au. an audio le
.gif. a GIF image le (short for Graphics Interchange
Format)
.html or .htm. an HTML le (short for Hyper Text
Markup Language)
.jpg. a JPEG image le (short for Joint Photographic
Experts Group)
.pdf. an electronic image of a document; PDF stands for
Portable Document Format
.png. a PNG image le (short for Portable Network
Graphic)
.ps. a PostScript file; formatted for printing
.txt. a plain ASCII text file
.wav. an audio le
.xpm. an image le (short for X Pixelmap)

10. Managing Files
 File Types
 Programming and Scripting Files
.c . a C program language source code le
.cpp . a C++ program language source
code le
.h . a C or C++ program language header le
.o . a program object le
.pl . a Perl script
.py. a Python script
.so . a library file
.sh. a shell script
.tcl . a TCL script

11. Managing Files
 File Types
 Naming Conventions
 Finding the Correct File Extension

12. Managing Files
 Naming Conventions
 Dot Files
 Using Spaces in File Names
 Using Symbols in File Names
 Files with Multiple Extensions

13. Managing Files
 Naming Conventions
 Dot Files
 Using Spaces in File Names
 Using Symbols in File Names
 Files with Multiple Extensions

14. Managing Files
 Naming Conventions
 Dot Files
 Using Spaces in File Names
 Using Symbols in File Names
 Files with Multiple Extensions
Files whose name begins with a ".", called "dot" files, are
hidden files. These files can be viewed in both graphical file
managers like Nautilus and from the shell prompt, but require
an extra step to reveal them. command ls –al used for view
the hidden files in your home directory,
How to make hidden file or
folder ?
Touch .extension
Mkdir .extension

15. Managing Files
 Naming Conventions
 Dot Files
 Using Spaces in File Names
 Using Symbols in File Names
 Files with Multiple Extensions
While Linux allows file names with spaces in them,
manipulating these files from a shell prompt can be
quite cumbersome.

16. Managing Files
 Naming Conventions
 Dot Files
 Using Spaces in File Names
 Using Symbols in File
Names
 Files with Multiple Extensions
It is possible to use punctuation marks in your file
names. However, be aware that these special characters
have special meaning to the shell and may cause errors
at a shell prompt. It is generally recommended that you
avoid using special characters in file names for this
reason. If you choose to use file names with special
characters, use quotes around the file names when
manipulating them from a shell prompt.
You cannot use a "/" — this indicates a directory.

17. Managing Files
 Naming Conventions
 Dot Files
 Using Spaces in File Names
 Using Symbols in File
Names
 Files with Multiple Extensions

18. File Compression and Archiving
File Compression and Archiving
It is useful to store a group of files in one file for easy backup, for
transfer to another directory, or for transfer to another computer. It
is also useful to compress large files; compressed files take up less
disk space and download faster via the Internet.
It is important to understand the distinction between an archive file
and a compressed file. An archive file is a collection of files and
directories stored in one file. The archive file is not compressed —
it uses the same amount of disk space as all the individual files and
directories combined. A compressed file is a collection of files and
directories that are stored in one file and stored in a way that uses
less disk space than all the individual files and directories
combined. If disk space is a concern, compress rarely-used files, or
place all such files in a single archive file and compress it.

19. File Compression and Archiving with
GUI
 Applications >> accessories >> archive manager

20. File Compression and Archiving
 Shell prompt
Compression Tool File
Extension
Decompression Tool
bzip2 .bz2 bunzip2
gzip .gz Gunzip
zip .zip Unzip

21. File Compression and Archiving
 Shell prompt
Bzip2 and Bunzip2
bzip2 filename. extinction
bunzip2 filename.ext.bz2

22. File Compression and Archiving
 Shell prompt
gzip2 and gunzip2
Gzip filename. extinction
Gunzip filename.ext.gz

23. File Compression and Archiving
 Shell prompt
Zip unzip
To compress a file with zip, enter the following command: zip -r
filename.zip filesdir
The -r option specifies that you want to include all files
contained in the filesdir directory recursively.
Zip –r filename.zip collection items
Zip –r z.zip a b s q.png

24. File Compression and Archiving
 Tar
Tar –cvf coll.tar 1 2 3 4 5 6 dirA dirB dirC
Filename for
archiving

25. File Compression and Archiving
List Content of tar Archive File
Tar –tvf coll.tar
Add Files or Directories to tar Archive File
Tar –rvf coll.tar 1 2 3 4 5 6
Check the Size of the tar, tar.gz and tar.bz2 Archive File
Tar –czf – coll.tar | wc -c

26. File Compression and Archiving
 Tar
Compression and Archiving
z.Tar >>>> z.tar.gz
Gzip z.tar

27. Managing Files and Directories
 Creating Directories
 Deleting Directories
 Dot Directories .

Right-click on Desktop
select Create Folder
Change name with you want
To create a new directory using a shell prompt, use the
command mkdir. Enter: mkdir

28. Managing Files and Directories
 Creating Directories
 Deleting Directories
 Dot Directories .

right click on it and choose Move to Trash, or click and drag
the icon to the Trash on the Desktop.
To delete an empty directory from a shell prompt, enter the
command rmdir.
To delete a directory that may not be empty (and consequently
everything inside that directory), enter the command rm - rf
<directory>.

29. Managing Files and Directories
 Creating Directories
 Deleting Directories
 Dot Directories

Mkdir .name

30. Thank you for watched