907471 properties-of-triacylglycerols
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The document discusses various topics related to lipids and their metabolism, including the properties and reactions of triacylglycerols, cholesterol metabolism and its role in atherosclerosis, ketone body formation and their role as an energy source, particularly for the brain during periods of starvation. Atherosclerosis results from elevated cholesterol levels, especially LDL cholesterol, and diet and exercise can help lower cholesterol. Ketone bodies are produced from fatty acids and certain amino acids in the liver during periods of fasting or low carbohydrate availability and serve as an energy source.
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Lipids are organic compounds formed from fatty acids and alcohol combined by ester linkage. They include fats, oils, waxes and related compounds found in plants and animals. Lipids are important as a stored form of energy, as thermal insulators, and as structural components of cell membranes. They can be classified as simple lipids like triglycerides, or compound lipids. Triglycerides are the main constituents of natural fats and oils, consisting of glycerol bonded to three fatty acid molecules. Fats and oils differ in their melting points, with oils being liquid at room temperature due to higher levels of unsaturated fatty acids. Lipids undergo hydrolysis to release fatty acids and glycerol.
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Lipids are organic compounds formed from fatty acids and alcohol. They include fats, oils, waxes and related compounds. Lipids provide energy, essential fatty acids, and aid in the absorption of fat-soluble vitamins. They are important components of cell membranes and play roles in insulation, cushioning of organs, and energy storage. Analysis of lipid properties such as iodine number and saponification number can provide information about degree of unsaturation and fatty acid content. Rancidity reduces lipid quality through hydrolysis or oxidation.
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Lipids are organic compounds that are insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents. They include fatty acids, triglycerides, phospholipids, and sterols. Lipids serve important structural and energy storage functions in living organisms. Fatty acids are the building blocks of lipids and contain long hydrocarbon chains with a carboxyl group. Saturated fatty acids are solid at room temperature while unsaturated fatty acids are liquid. Triglycerides are the main form of lipid storage and are composed of glycerol bonded to three fatty acid molecules. Phospholipids are important structural components of cell membranes. Classification of lipids includes simple, compound, and derived lipids based on their composition.
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The document provides information about lipids including their definition, functions, classification, properties and metabolism. It defines lipids as compounds that are insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents and on hydrolysis yield fatty acids. Lipids include simple lipids like fats and oils, compound lipids like phospholipids and glycolipids, and derived lipids like fatty acids. They serve important functions like energy storage, structure of cell membranes, and as signaling molecules.
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Lipids are organic compounds formed from fatty acids and alcohol combined by ester linkage. They include fats, oils, waxes and related compounds found in plants and animals. Lipids are important as a stored form of energy, as thermal insulators, and as structural components of cell membranes. They can be classified as simple lipids like triglycerides, or compound lipids. Triglycerides are the main constituents of natural fats and oils, consisting of glycerol bonded to three fatty acid molecules. Fats and oils differ in their melting points, with oils being liquid at room temperature due to higher levels of unsaturated fatty acids. Lipids undergo hydrolysis to release fatty acids and glycerol.
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Lipids are organic compounds formed mainly from alcohol and fatty acids combined together by ester
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Lipids include fats, oils, waxes and related compounds.
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Fats
C H 2 ) 16
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O
C
O
C
(C H 2 ) 18
CH 3
H
O
CH 2
O
C
(C H 2 ) 16
CH 3
S te a r o -d io le in
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Lipids perform four major physiological functions in the body: 1) as structural components of biological membranes, 2) as energy reserves, 3) as vitamins and hormones, and 4) bile acids aid in lipid solubilization. There are three main classifications of lipids: simple lipids like triglycerides, compound lipids containing additional groups like phospholipids and sphingolipids, and derived lipids which are hydrolysis products of simple and compound lipids. Fatty acids are mono-carboxylic acids that vary in carbon chain length and saturation, and serve as building blocks for more complex lipids. Phospholipids are major structural components of membranes and act as emulsifying agents. Steroids contain a cyclopentanoperhydrophen
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Lipids are organic compounds formed from alcohol and fatty acids combined by ester linkage. They include fats, oils, waxes and related compounds. Lipids are insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents. They serve important biological functions like energy storage, supplying essential fatty acids, and as structural components of cell membranes. Lipids are classified based on their structure and include simple lipids like triglycerides, compound lipids, and derived lipids. Triglycerides are the most abundant lipids, consisting of a glycerol molecule esterified to three fatty acid molecules.
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Lipids are organic compounds formed mainly from alcohol and fatty acids combined together by ester
Lipids are insoluble in water, but soluble in fat or organic solvents (ether, chloroform, benzene, acetone).
Lipids include fats, oils, waxes and related compounds.
They are widely distributed in nature both in plants and in animals.
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Lipids are organic compounds that are relatively insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents. They can be classified as simple lipids, which include fats and oils, or complex lipids, which include phospholipids, glycolipids, and lipoproteins. Fats and oils are composed of fatty acids and glycerol and serve important functions such as energy storage, structural components of cell membranes, and as precursors to hormones and vitamins. Phospholipids and glycolipids are complex lipids that contain fatty acids bonded to a phosphate or carbohydrate group respectively. Lipoproteins transport lipids through the bloodstream.
Fats
C H 2 ) 16
C
O
C
O
C
(C H 2 ) 18
CH 3
H
O
CH 2
O
C
(C H 2 ) 16
CH 3
S te a r o -d io le in
(m ix e d tria c ylg ly c e r o l)
1. Fats provide energy, carry fat-soluble vitamins, and act as insulation. Only 10% of our diet should come from fat.
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This document provides an overview of lipids, including their classification and properties. It begins by defining lipids as organic substances that are insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents. It then classifies lipids into simple lipids like triglycerides and waxes, and compound lipids like phospholipids and glycolipids. Key points include that triglycerides are the main form of lipid storage, phospholipids are the major components of cell membranes, and various tests can characterize lipids based on properties like iodine number and saponification number.
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Lipids are organic compounds composed mainly of fatty acids and glycerols. They are insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents due to nonpolar hydrocarbon portions. Lipids serve important functions like energy storage, cell membrane structure, insulation, and as precursors to hormones. They can be classified as simple lipids like triglycerides or complex lipids containing additional groups like phospholipids and sphingolipids. Common reactions include esterification, hydrolysis, hydrogenation and oxidation. Lipids are essential for various biological processes.
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This document provides an overview of lipid chemistry. It begins by defining lipids as water-insoluble organic molecules that can be extracted by non-polar solvents. Lipids make up 18-25% of body mass and include fats, oils, steroids, waxes, and related compounds. The document then discusses the biomedical importance of lipids as an energy source, for protection, insulation, in lipoproteins, bile salts, prostaglandins, hormones, and vitamins. It provides classifications of lipids including simple lipids like triglycerides, complex lipids, derived lipids, and others. The document concludes with discussions of fatty acid chemistry including saturated and unsaturated fatty acids, essential fatty acids, and lipid degradation
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This document provides an overview of lipid chemistry and classification. It discusses that lipids are a heterogeneous group of compounds that include fats, oils, steroids, waxes and related compounds. They are insoluble in water but soluble in nonpolar solvents. Lipids serve important biological functions like energy storage, structural components of cell membranes, and as insulating materials. The document further classifies lipids into simple lipids, complex lipids, and precursor and derived lipids. It provides details on the structure and function of important lipid subgroups such as fatty acids, triglycerides, phospholipids, and glycolipids.
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This document summarizes key information about lipids and fats:
1. Lipids are organic compounds that are greasy to touch and insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents. They contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and phosphorus and are a concentrated source of energy.
2. Fats are composed of triglycerides, which are esters of glycerol and fatty acids. Fatty acids are the building blocks of several lipid classes. Unsaturated fatty acids contain one or more double bonds and are important for growth and health.
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Lipids perform four major physiological functions in the body: 1) as structural components of biological membranes, 2) as energy reserves, 3) as vitamins and hormones, and 4) bile acids aid in lipid solubilization. There are three main classifications of lipids: simple lipids like triglycerides, compound lipids containing additional groups like phospholipids and sphingolipids, and derived lipids which are hydrolysis products of simple and compound lipids. Fatty acids are mono-carboxylic acids that vary in carbon chain length and saturation, and serve as building blocks for more complex lipids. Phospholipids are major structural components of membranes and act as emulsifying agents. Steroids contain a cyclopentanoperhydrophen
Lipids
This document provides an introduction to lipids, including their structure and functions. It discusses that lipids are made up of glycerol and fatty acids. Glycerol contains three carbon atoms with hydroxyl groups. Fatty acids contain a hydrocarbon chain with a carboxyl group. Triglycerides are formed through condensation reactions between a glycerol molecule and three fatty acid molecules. Phospholipids contain a phosphate group replacing one of the fatty acids in a triglyceride. Lipids contain both hydrophobic and hydrophilic groups, allowing them to be used in biological structures.
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Lipids are organic compounds formed from alcohol and fatty acids combined by ester linkage. They include fats, oils, waxes and related compounds. Lipids are insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents. They serve important biological functions like energy storage, supplying essential fatty acids, and as structural components of cell membranes. Lipids are classified based on their structure and include simple lipids like triglycerides, compound lipids, and derived lipids. Triglycerides are the most abundant lipids, consisting of a glycerol molecule esterified to three fatty acid molecules.
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Lipids are a group of naturally occurring molecules that include fats, waxes, sterols, and fat-soluble vitamins. They serve important functions like storing energy, signaling, and as structural components of cell membranes. The document defines lipids and discusses their chemistry, classifications, structures, and biological importance. Key points covered include that lipids are insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents, and include triglycerides, fatty acids, and other compounds.
Lipids
Lipids are extracted from tissues using organic solvents. Adsorption chromatography separates lipids by polarity. Gas-liquid chromatography analyzes fatty acid methyl esters. Specific enzymatic hydrolysis and mass spectrometry are used to deduce lipid structures. Minor lipids serve as essential cofactors, while phospholipids generate signaling molecules. Membrane lipids include glycerophospholipids and sphingolipids.
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Triacylglycerols are the main form in which animals store fat and are composed of glycerol bonded to three fatty acid chains. They are insoluble in water and primarily function as energy reserves, being stored in adipose tissue. Triacylglycerols can be either simple, containing the same fatty acid at each position, or mixed, containing different fatty acids. They undergo hydrolysis for digestion and energy release and can become rancid if exposed to air, moisture, or bacteria through oxidative or hydrolytic processes. Antioxidants help prevent rancidity.
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This document provides information about fatty acids and triglycerides. It discusses the structure, properties, and reactions of fatty acids, including their length, degree of saturation, and location of double bonds. Triglycerides are introduced as esters composed of glycerol and three fatty acid chains. Their physical properties depend on the fatty acid components, and they undergo hydrolysis, saponification, and hydrogenation reactions. The learning outcomes are to understand fatty acids and triglycerides, and distinguish between their physical and chemical properties.
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Lipids include fats, oils, waxes, sterols, fat-soluble vitamins and phospholipids, and serve important functions as energy stores, structural components of cell membranes, and signaling molecules. Triglycerides are the main type of fat and are made of glycerol bonded to three fatty acid molecules, while phospholipids contain glycerol, two fatty acids and a phosphate group. Steroids include cholesterol, bile salts and hormones with a carbon ring structure that are important biomolecules.
B4 lipid
1) Lipids include triglycerides, phospholipids, and steroids. Triglycerides are composed of a glycerol molecule bonded to three fatty acid molecules via condensation reactions.
2) Phospholipids are similar to triglycerides but contain a phosphate group instead of a third fatty acid. This makes one end hydrophilic and able to form bilayer cell membranes.
3) Steroids do not contain fatty acids but have similar properties and are synthesized from common intermediates, containing a 17-carbon skeleton. Some function as hormones.
TRIGLYCERIDES
Triglycerides are composed of glycerol bonded to three fatty acid chains. They are the main constituents of body fats and oils. Triglyceride structure consists of a glycerol backbone bonded to fatty acid chains through ester linkages. The physical properties of triglycerides, such as melting point, depend on the length and saturation of the fatty acid chains. Saturated fatty acid chains pack tightly, causing triglycerides with more saturated chains to be solid at room temperature. Unsaturated chains do not pack as tightly, making triglycerides with more unsaturated chains liquid at room temperature. Triglycerides undergo three main reactions: hydrolysis, saponification, and hydrogenation.
Structure and function of cell membrane
The cell membrane is made of a phospholipid bilayer that is selectively permeable. It controls what enters and leaves the cell. The fluid mosaic model describes the cell membrane as being made up of phospholipids, proteins, and cholesterol that move fluidly within the bilayer. The membrane contains transport proteins that allow substances to pass through, including ion channels, carrier proteins, receptor proteins, and enzymes. Carrier proteins can facilitate diffusion or active transport of molecules in or out of the cell.
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This document provides an overview of a lecture on large biological molecules. It discusses the four main classes of large molecules - carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. It focuses on the structures and functions of carbohydrates like sugars and polysaccharides, lipids like fats and phospholipids, and proteins. Carbohydrates serve roles in energy storage and structure. Lipids are hydrophobic and include fats, phospholipids, and steroids. Proteins have diverse structures allowing a wide range of functions such as structure, storage, transport, and catalysis by enzymes.
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Lipids are a diverse group of compounds that are insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents. They include fats, oils, waxes, sterols, and phospholipids. The document discusses the structure, function, and classification of various lipids. It describes simple lipids like triglycerides and waxes, as well as complex lipids including phospholipids. Phospholipids are important structural components of cell membranes and contain a phosphate group, alcohol, and fatty acids. Glycerophospholipids are the major class of phospholipids, with phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, and others playing important roles in cells and tissues.
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Chemistry of lipids phospholipids
- Phospholipids are amphipathic lipids that contain fatty acids, glycerol, and a phosphate group. They form bilayer structures in cell membranes.
- Examples include phosphatidylcholine (lecithin), sphingomyelin, phosphatidylethanolamine. They play important structural and functional roles in membranes.
- Phospholipids can form micelles and liposomes in aqueous solutions due to their amphipathic nature. Liposomes are used as carriers for drug delivery.
- Lung surfactants contain lecithin and help reduce surface tension in the lungs. Deficiencies can cause respiratory distress in infants.
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This document provides an overview of lipid classification and functions. It discusses the main classes of lipids including fatty acids, triacylglycerols, phospholipids, glycolipids, lipoproteins, and steroids. Within each class, specific lipid types are defined along with their structures and functions. The document also briefly outlines some lipid metabolism disorders and the clinical significance of lipids.
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Lipid metabolism involves the breakdown and storage of fats. Key processes include beta-oxidation of fatty acids in the mitochondria, ketogenesis in the liver during fasting or diabetes, and de novo synthesis of fatty acids like palmitic acid. Cholesterol is important for cell membranes and can be converted to bile acids, steroid hormones like estrogen and testosterone, and vitamin D. Disorders of lipid metabolism include hypercholesterolemia, atherosclerosis, fatty liver disease, and obesity.
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Ketone bodies, ketosis & it’s pathogenesis
Ketone bodies (acetoacetate, beta-hydroxybutyrate, and acetone) are water-soluble molecules produced by the liver from fatty acids during periods of low food intake (fasting or starvation), prolonged intense exercise, and uncontrolled diabetes. The liver exports ketone bodies to be used as an energy source by the brain, heart, and skeletal muscles in place of glucose. Ketone body production is regulated by controlling fatty acid release from adipose tissue, fatty acid oxidation in the liver, and partitioning of acetyl-CoA between ketogenesis and the citric acid cycle. Excessive ketone body accumulation can overwhelm acid-base buffering mechanisms and lead to ketoacidosis, as
Ketone body metabolism
This document discusses ketone bodies, their metabolism, and conditions of excess ketone body production. Ketone bodies are produced in the liver from acetyl-CoA when fatty acid breakdown exceeds the ability of the citric acid cycle to process acetyl-CoA. They can be used as an energy source by other tissues. Excess ketone body production occurs in starvation and uncontrolled diabetes, leading to ketosis or ketoacidosis as ketone levels rise and pH decreases due to ketone acid buildup.
Ketonebodies2014
The document discusses ketone bodies, their production through ketogenesis in the liver from acetyl-CoA, and their utilization as an energy source by extrahepatic tissues. It notes that ketone body production is regulated by lipolysis in adipose tissue and the availability of acetyl-CoA. Conditions like starvation and uncontrolled diabetes can result in diabetic or starvation ketoacidosis if ketone bodies are produced in excess, overwhelming the body's pH buffering mechanisms and leading to metabolic acidosis.
KETONE BODY METABOLISM. FOR MBBS, BDS, LABORATORY MEDICINE pptx
Ketone bodies are produced from acetyl-CoA, mainly in the mitochondrial matrix of liver cells when carbohydrates are so scarce that energy must be obtained from breaking down of fatty acids.
Ketone bodies
Ketone bodies (acetoacetate and β-hydroxybutyrate) are produced in the liver from fatty acids and serve as an important source of energy for tissues when glucose levels are low. They can pass through the blood-brain barrier to fuel the brain during periods of starvation. Ketone body production is controlled by insulin and glucagon levels. In times of low insulin and high glucagon, lipolysis is increased in fat cells and ketogenesis is increased in the liver. High levels of ketone bodies in the blood can result in ketoacidosis, a dangerous condition where ketones overwhelm the body's ability to regulate pH levels. Ketoacidosis is most commonly seen in uncontrolled diabetes but can also
Lipid metabolism
The document discusses lipid metabolism, including β-oxidation of fatty acids, formation and utilization of ketone bodies, de novo synthesis of fatty acids, and disorders of lipid metabolism such as hypercholesterolemia, atherosclerosis, fatty liver and obesity. It provides details on the multi-step processes of β-oxidation of fatty acids, ketogenesis, fatty acid synthesis, and cholesterol conversion to bile acids and steroid hormones. Disorders are discussed in relation to abnormalities in lipid metabolism and risk factors.
Fatty acid oxidation & ketone bodies
Fatty Acids are Aliphatic carboxylic acids and each animal species will have characteristic pattern of fatty acid composition. Thus, human body fat contains 50% oleic acid, 25% palmitic acid, 10% linoleic acid and 5% stearic acid.
Metabolism of cholesterol -
Cholesterol is one of the most studied molecules in biology. It plays essential roles in animal cell membranes and is a precursor for bile acids, steroid hormones, and vitamin D. Cholesterol is synthesized endogenously through a complex multi-step process and is also obtained through diet. High levels of cholesterol are linked to atherosclerosis and heart disease, while adequate levels are important for various biological functions. Tight regulation of cholesterol homeostasis is necessary for health.
Ketone Bodies.pptx
Ketone bodies are produced by the liver and used peripherally as an energy source when glucose is not readily available.
DIGESTION, ABSORPTION AND METABOLISM OF LIPIDS.docx
This document provides information on the digestion, absorption, and metabolism of lipids. It discusses how dietary lipids are broken down by lipases in the mouth, stomach, and small intestine. Pancreatic lipase plays a major role in digesting triglycerides into fatty acids and monoacylglycerides. These products are absorbed via micelles in the small intestine and resynthesized into triglycerides for transport to the liver and peripheral tissues. The document also outlines the pathways of beta-oxidation of fatty acids in mitochondria, ketogenesis in the liver from fatty acids, and utilization of ketone bodies by extrahepatic tissues.
Lipid metabolism
Lipid Metabolism
The document discusses lipid metabolism, including:
1. Lipids are digested in the small intestine by pancreatic enzymes and emulsified into micelles.
2. The products of digestion including fatty acids are absorbed into the blood as chylomicrons or transported to the liver.
3. In the liver and other tissues, fatty acids undergo beta-oxidation to generate acetyl-CoA for energy production or ketone bodies during fasting.
Metabolism of Lipids PT.pdf explanation for presentation
This document provides an overview of lipid metabolism. It discusses the classification of lipids and lipoprotein systems. The major pathways discussed include the oxidation and synthesis of fatty acids, metabolism of unsaturated fatty acids, metabolism of acylglycerols, degradation of phospholipids, and cholesterol synthesis. Key aspects of lipid metabolism covered are the beta-oxidation of fatty acids, biosynthesis of fatty acids from acetyl-CoA, and the role of the liver in producing ketone bodies from fatty acids.
What are Ketone Bodies,Why Are Ketone Bodies Formed?
Ketone bodies, or simply ketones are substances produced by the liver during gluconeogenesis, a process which creates glucose in times of fasting and starvation. There are three ketone bodies produced by the liver. They are acetoacetate, beta-hydroxybutyrate, and acetone. These compounds are used in healthy individuals to provide energy to the cells of the body when glucose is low or absent in the diet.
Metabolism of Lipids
This document provides an overview of lipid metabolism. It discusses β-oxidation of fatty acids, formation and utilization of ketone bodies, de novo fatty acid synthesis, the biological significance of cholesterol and its conversion to bile acids, steroid hormones and vitamin D. It also covers disorders of lipid metabolism like hypercholesterolemia and atherosclerosis. The key points are: β-oxidation breaks down fatty acids in the mitochondria, ketone bodies are energy sources formed from acetyl-CoA, and cholesterol is essential for cell membranes and is a precursor for other steroids.
Ketone bodies
They are water soluble substances.
2. They are synthesized at a relatively low rate in well nourished individuals.
3. Plasma level of ketone bodies < 1mg/dl.
4. Urinary level of ketone bodies <3 mg/24 hour urine.
presenatation on ketone bodies
Hello friends ,this presentation is all about ketone bodies .this will help you to understand what are ketone bodies and their functioning .it will benefit specially bpharmacy students.
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KETONE BODY METABOLISM. FOR MBBS, BDS, LABORATORY MEDICINE pptx
KETONE BODY METABOLISM. FOR MBBS, BDS, LABORATORY MEDICINE pptx
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DIGESTION, ABSORPTION AND METABOLISM OF LIPIDS.docx
Metabolism of Lipids PT.pdf explanation for presentation
Metabolism of Lipids PT.pdf explanation for presentation
What are Ketone Bodies,Why Are Ketone Bodies Formed?
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