This ppt contains details on Disorders of lipid metabolism, Hypercholesterolemia, Atherosclerosis, Fatty liver & Obesity.
Book referred: https://www.amazon.in/Biochemistry-2019-Satyanarayana-Satyanarayana-Author/dp/B07WGHCTKZ/ref=sr_1_1?dchild=1&qid=1591592368&refinements=p_27%3AU+Satyanarayana&s=books&sr=1-1
Catabolism of Phenylalanine and Tyrosine | Disorders Of Tyrosine Metabolismkiransharma204
This PPT contains topic related to Catabolism of Phenylalanine and Tyrosine, Disorders Of Tyrosine Metabolism and metabolic disorders like Phenyketonuria, Albinism, Alkaptonuria and Tyrosinemia.
Books referred: https://www.amazon.in/s?k=satyanarayan+biochemistry&i=stripbooks&crid=2UMKA76J0R8WC&sprefix=satya%2Cstripbooks%2C456&ref=nb_sb_ss_i_2_5
Tryptophan is first hydroxylated to form 5-OH-tryptophan in liver. The reaction is analogous to conversion of Phe - to tyrosine. Liver phenyl alanine hydroxylase also can catalyse hydroxylation of tryptophan. In the next step, 5-OH-tryptophan is decarboxylated, by the enzyme 5-OH-tryptophan decarboxylase, in presence of B6-PO4 to form 5-hydroxy tryptamine (5-HT), also called serotonin. The enzyme is present in kidney, liver and stomach. Aromatic-Lamino acid decarboxylase, widely distributed in tissues can also catalyse this reaction.
THIS SLIDE CONTAIN ABOUT QUALITATIVE TEST, STRUCTURE AND USES OF DIFFERENT CARBONYL COMPOUNDS LIKE FORMALDEHYDE, PARALDEHYDE, ACETONE, CHLORAL HYDRATE, HEXAMINE, BENZALDEHYDE, VANILIN AND CINNAMALDEHYDE
Catabolism of Phenylalanine and Tyrosine | Disorders Of Tyrosine Metabolismkiransharma204
This PPT contains topic related to Catabolism of Phenylalanine and Tyrosine, Disorders Of Tyrosine Metabolism and metabolic disorders like Phenyketonuria, Albinism, Alkaptonuria and Tyrosinemia.
Books referred: https://www.amazon.in/s?k=satyanarayan+biochemistry&i=stripbooks&crid=2UMKA76J0R8WC&sprefix=satya%2Cstripbooks%2C456&ref=nb_sb_ss_i_2_5
Tryptophan is first hydroxylated to form 5-OH-tryptophan in liver. The reaction is analogous to conversion of Phe - to tyrosine. Liver phenyl alanine hydroxylase also can catalyse hydroxylation of tryptophan. In the next step, 5-OH-tryptophan is decarboxylated, by the enzyme 5-OH-tryptophan decarboxylase, in presence of B6-PO4 to form 5-hydroxy tryptamine (5-HT), also called serotonin. The enzyme is present in kidney, liver and stomach. Aromatic-Lamino acid decarboxylase, widely distributed in tissues can also catalyse this reaction.
THIS SLIDE CONTAIN ABOUT QUALITATIVE TEST, STRUCTURE AND USES OF DIFFERENT CARBONYL COMPOUNDS LIKE FORMALDEHYDE, PARALDEHYDE, ACETONE, CHLORAL HYDRATE, HEXAMINE, BENZALDEHYDE, VANILIN AND CINNAMALDEHYDE
Formation and utilization of ketone bodies; ketoacidosisJinal Tandel
Formation and utilization of ketone bodies is part of lipid metabolism. After completion of this topic one can understand about Ketogenesis, utilization of Ketone bodies and ketoacidosis
De novo synthesis of fatty acids (Biosynthesis of fatty acids)Ashok Katta
Synthesis of fatty acids in the body. Detailed pathway for de novo synthesis of fatty acids in the body including its energetic and regulation. also cover Multienzyme complex
Catabolism of Heme | Jaundice | Hyperbilirubinemiakiransharma204
This PPT contain topics on Catabolism of heme; hyperbilirubinemia and jaundice
Books referred: https://www.amazon.in/Biochemistry-2019-Satyanarayana-Satyanarayana-Author/dp/B07WGHCTKZ/ref=sr_1_1?dchild=1&qid=1592209115&refinements=p_27%3AU+Satyanarayana&s=books&sr=1-1
UNIT IV Nucleic acid metabolism and genetic information.pptxAshwiniBhoir2
Biosynthesis of purine and pyrimidine nucleotides
Catabolism of purine nucleotides, Hyperuricemia and Gout disease
Organization of mammalian genome
Structure of DNA and RNA and their functions
DNA replication (semi-conservative model)
Transcription or RNA synthesis
explains the palmitate synthesis- which is most common FA stored in Adipose tissue , elongation system and Desaturation system, compares oxidation with synthesis.
This presentation contains topic related to
CHOLESTEROL, CHOLESTEROL METABOLISM & CHOLESTEROL BIOSYNTHESIS.
Books referred: https://www.amazon.in/Biochemistry-2019-Satyanarayana-Satyanarayana-Author/dp/B07WGHCTKZ/ref=sr_1_1?dchild=1&qid=1591114482&refinements=p_27%3AU+Satyanarayana&s=books&sr=1-1
Formation and utilization of ketone bodies; ketoacidosisJinal Tandel
Formation and utilization of ketone bodies is part of lipid metabolism. After completion of this topic one can understand about Ketogenesis, utilization of Ketone bodies and ketoacidosis
De novo synthesis of fatty acids (Biosynthesis of fatty acids)Ashok Katta
Synthesis of fatty acids in the body. Detailed pathway for de novo synthesis of fatty acids in the body including its energetic and regulation. also cover Multienzyme complex
Catabolism of Heme | Jaundice | Hyperbilirubinemiakiransharma204
This PPT contain topics on Catabolism of heme; hyperbilirubinemia and jaundice
Books referred: https://www.amazon.in/Biochemistry-2019-Satyanarayana-Satyanarayana-Author/dp/B07WGHCTKZ/ref=sr_1_1?dchild=1&qid=1592209115&refinements=p_27%3AU+Satyanarayana&s=books&sr=1-1
UNIT IV Nucleic acid metabolism and genetic information.pptxAshwiniBhoir2
Biosynthesis of purine and pyrimidine nucleotides
Catabolism of purine nucleotides, Hyperuricemia and Gout disease
Organization of mammalian genome
Structure of DNA and RNA and their functions
DNA replication (semi-conservative model)
Transcription or RNA synthesis
explains the palmitate synthesis- which is most common FA stored in Adipose tissue , elongation system and Desaturation system, compares oxidation with synthesis.
This presentation contains topic related to
CHOLESTEROL, CHOLESTEROL METABOLISM & CHOLESTEROL BIOSYNTHESIS.
Books referred: https://www.amazon.in/Biochemistry-2019-Satyanarayana-Satyanarayana-Author/dp/B07WGHCTKZ/ref=sr_1_1?dchild=1&qid=1591114482&refinements=p_27%3AU+Satyanarayana&s=books&sr=1-1
Hypolipidemic drug, also called lipid-lowering drug, any agent the reduces the level of lipids and lipoproteins (lipid-protein complexes) in the blood.
obesity diseases--is a medical condition in which excess body fat has accumulated to the extent that it may have a negative effect on health.
Its hazards
Treatment of Obesity
Lipid metabolism is the synthesis and degradation of lipids in cells.
It involves the breakdown or storage of fats for energy and the synthesis of structural and functional lipids, such as those involved in the construction of cell membranes.
In animals, these fats are obtained from food or synthesized by the liver.
Similar to Disorders of lipid metabolism | Hypercholesterolemia | Atherosclerosis | Fatty liver | Obesity | (20)
Catabolism of Purine Nucleotides | Hyperuricemia | Goutkiransharma204
This PPT contains topic on Catabolism of purine nucleotides, Hyperuricemia and Gout.
Book referred: https://www.amazon.in/BIOCHEMISTRY-SATYANARAYANA-5TH-2017/dp/B073Y7XGH4
Biosynthesis of Purine and Pyrimidine Nucleotideskiransharma204
This PPT contains topic on Biosynthesis of Purine and Pyrimidine Nucleotides.
Book referred: https://www.amazon.in/BIOCHEMISTRY-SATYANARAYANA-5TH-2017/dp/B073Y7XGH4
This PPT contains topic on Serotonin pathway, degradations of Serotonin, functions of Serotonin, Melatonin pathway and functions of Melatonin.
Book referred: https://www.amazon.in/Biochemistry-2019-Satyanarayana-Satyanarayana-Author/dp/B07WGHCTKZ/ref=sr_1_1?dchild=1&qid=1592209115&refinements=p_27%3AU+Satyanarayana&s=books&sr=1-1
Urea Cycle | Energetics of Urea Cycle | Regulation of Urea Cycle | Metabolic ...kiransharma204
This PPT contains topics related to Urea Cycle, Energetics of Urea Cycle, Regulation of Urea Cycle, Metabolic disorder of Urea Cycle & Clinical Importance.
Books referred: https://www.amazon.in/Biochemistry-2019-Satyanarayana-Satyanarayana-Author/dp/B07WGHCTKZ/ref=sr_1_1?crid=3FLX88MWT4Y30&dchild=1&keywords=satyanarayan+biochemistry&qid=1591701828&s=books&sprefix=satyanarayan+%2Cstripbooks%2C387&sr=1-1
This PPT is on Amino acid metabolism. And the topics covered under this ppt are Transamination, deamination
Book referred: https://www.amazon.in/Biochemistry-2019-Satyanarayana-Satyanarayana-Author/dp/B07WGHCTKZ/ref=sr_1_1?dchild=1&qid=1591608419&refinements=p_27%3AU+Satyanarayana&s=books&sr=1-1
De Novo Synthesis of fatty acids | Biosynthesis Of Fatty Acids |kiransharma204
This presentation contains De Novo Synthesis of fatty acids & Regulation of fatty acid synthesis
Books referred: https://www.amazon.in/Biochemistry-2019-Satyanarayana-Satyanarayana-Author/dp/B07WGHCTKZ/ref=sr_1_1?dchild=1&keywords=satyanarayan+books+biochemistry&qid=1590834248&sr=8-1
Diabetes Mellitus | Types of Diabetes Mellitus kiransharma204
This presentation contains content on Diabetes Mellitus, Types of Diabetes Mellitus especially on Type 1 DM, Type 2 DM, Gestational DM and Other specific DM
Video link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OpTpZnCpHz0
Insulin | Discovery of Insulin | Structure of insulin | Biosynthesis of Insul...kiransharma204
This presentation contains content on Discovery of Insulin, Structure of insulin, Biosynthesis of Insulin, Regulation of Insulin, Degradation of Insulin, Metabolic Effect of insulin & Mechanism of action of insulin
Video link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Qxb5AcPwV3k&t=14s
This PPT contains HMP Shunt, Reactions of the pathway i.e. Oxidative & Non-oxidative. Glucose-6-Phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency, Regulation of Pathway, Significance of HMP shunt
This PPT contains content of Gluconeogenesis, Steps involved in Gluconeogenesis, (Gluconeogenesis from Pyruvate, Gluconeogenesis from lactate, Gluconeogenesis from amino acids, Gluconeogenesis from glycerol, Gluconeogenesis from Propionate), Regulation and significance of Gluconeogenesis
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
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Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
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3. It is observed in many disorders
Diabetes mellitus: Due to increased cholesterol synthesis since
the availability of acetyl CoA is increased.
Hypothyroidism: Due to decrease in the HDL receptors on
hepatocytes.
Obstructive jaundice:Obstructive jaundice: Due to an obstruction in the excretion of
cholesterol through bile.
Nephrotic syndrome: Increase in plasma globulin
concentration is the characteristic feature of nephrotic
syndrome. Cholesterol elevation is due to increase in plasma
lipoprotein fractions in this disorder.
4. Control of hypercholesterolemia
Consumption of PUFA: Dietary intake of polyunsaturated fatty acids
(PUFA) reduces the plasma cholesterol level. PUFA will help in transport
of cholesterol by LCAT mechanism and its excretion from the body.
Dietary cholesterol: Dietary cholesterol influence on plasma cholesterol
is minimal. However, avoidance of cholesterol-rich foods is advocated,
and a dietary intake of <300 mg/day is advised.and a dietary intake of <300 mg/day is advised.
Plant sterols: Certain plant sterols and their esters reduce plasma
cholesterol levels. They inhibit the intestinal absorption of dietary
cholesterol.
Dietary fiber: Fiber present in vegetables decreases the cholesterol
absorption from the intestine.
5. Avoiding high carbohydrate diet: Diets rich in carbohydrates
(e.g. sucrose) should be avoided to control
hypercholesterolemia.
Impact of lifestyles: Elevation in plasma cholesterol is obseved
in people with smoking, abdominal obesity, lack of exercise,
stress, high blood pressure, consumption of soft water etc.stress, high blood pressure, consumption of soft water etc.
Moderate alcohol cosumption: The beneficial effects of
moderate alcohol intake are masked by the ill effects of
chronic alcoholism.
Use of drugs: Drugs such as lovastatin which inhibit HMG CoA
reductase and decrease cholesterol synthesis are used.
6. Atherosclerosis
It is a complex disease characterized by thickening or hardening of
arteries due to the accumulation of lipids, collagen, fibrous tissue,
proteoglycans, calcium deposits etc. in the inner arterial wall.
It is a progressive disorder that narrows and ultimately blocks the
arteries.arteries.
Coronary arteries - are most commonly affected leading to myocardial
infarction or heart attacks.
Causes of atherosclerosis and CHD : It is directly correlated with plasma
cholesterol and LDL. On the other hand, plasma HDL is inversely
correlated with CHD.
7. Disorders that may cause atherosclerosis:
• These include:
Diabetes mellitus,
Hyperlipoproteinemias,Hyperlipoproteinemias,
Nephrotic syndrome,
Hypothyroidism etc.
Other factors like obesity, excessive smoking, lack of
physical exercise, hypertension, stress etc.
8. FATTY LIVER
Liver is not a storage organ for fat, unlike adipose
tissue. However, in certain conditions, lipids
accumulate excessively in liver, resulting in fatty
liver.liver.
In the normal liver, Kupffer cells contain lipids in the
form of droplets. In fatty liver, droplets of
triacylglycerols are found in the entire cytoplasm
of hepatic cells.
9. This causes impairment in metabolic functions
of liver. Fatty liver is associated with fibrotic
changes and cirrhosis.
Fatty liver may occur due to two main causes:Fatty liver may occur due to two main causes:
1. Increased synthesis of triacylglycerols
2. Impairment in lipoprotein synthesis.
10. Increased triacylglycerol synthesis:
• Mobilization of free fatty acids from adipose tissue and
their influx into liver is much higher than their
utilization. This leads to the overproduction of
triacylglycerols and their accumulation in liver.
Diabetes mellitus, starvation, alcoholism and high fat
triacylglycerols and their accumulation in liver.
• Diabetes mellitus, starvation, alcoholism and high fat
diet are associated with increased mobilization of fatty
acids that often cause fatty liver. Alcohol also inhibits
fatty acid oxidation and, thus, promotes fat synthesis
and its deposition.
11. Impaired synthesis of lipoproteins:
The synthesis of very low density lipoproteins (VLDL)
actively takes place in liver. VLDL formation requires
phospholipids and apoprotein B. Fatty liver caused by
impaired lipoprotein synthesis may be due to :impaired lipoprotein synthesis may be due to :
• a defect in phospholipid synthesis;
• a block in apoprotein formation;
• a failure in the formation/secretion of lipoprotein.
12. OBESITY
Obesity is an abnormal increase in the body weight due to excessive
fat deposition.
Nutritional basis:
• Men and women are considered obese if their weight due to fat• Men and women are considered obese if their weight due to fat
exceeds more than 20% and 25% of body weight respectively.
• Obesity is basically a disorder of excess calorie intake (overeating).
• Overeating and lack of physical exercise can contribute to obesity.
• Every 7 calories of excess consumption leads to 1 g fat deposit and
increase in body weight.
13. Obesity due to virus infection :
15% of people with more than 120 kg weight had antibodies to
adenovirus-36 in their blood.
Implying that this virus infection by an unknown mechanism
contributes to obesity.
14. Body mass index (BMI)
Clinical obesity is represented by body mass index.
• Healthy reference range for BMI: 18.5–24.9 kg/m2.
• Grade I obesity - BMI 25–30 kg/m2
• Grade II - BMI > 30 kg/m2
• Grade III - BMI > 40 kg/m2
15. Genetics, obesity and leptin
Obesity has genetic basis. A child born to two obese people have
higher chances of being obese.
One gene namely ob gene, expressed in adipocytes (of white adipose
tissue) producing a protein called leptin is associated with obesity.
Leptin is regarded as a body weight regulatory hormone. It binds to aLeptin is regarded as a body weight regulatory hormone. It binds to a
specific receptor in the brain and functions as a lipostat. When the
fat stores in the adipose tissue are adequate, leptin levels are high.
This signals to restrict the feeding behaviour and limit fat
deposition. Further, leptin stimulates lipolysis and inhibits
lipogenesis.
16. Obesity and adipose tissue
Obesity is due to an increase in both the number and size of
adipocytes (of adipose tissue). There are two types of
adipose tissues
White adipose tissue: The fat is mostly stored and this tissue isWhite adipose tissue: The fat is mostly stored and this tissue is
metabolically less active.
Brown adipose tissue: The stored fat is less but the tissue is
metabolically very active.
17. Brown adipose tissue possesses high proportion of
mitochondria and cytochromes but low activity of ATP
synthase. This is an active centre for the oxidation of fat and
glucose and is responsible for the diet-induced
thermogenesis.
The peculiarity of mitochondria of brown adipose tissue is that
the oxidation and phosphorylation are not coupled.the oxidation and phosphorylation are not coupled.
Mitochondrial oxidation produces more heat and less ATP.
Thermogenin functions like an uncoupler and dissipates the
energy in the form of heat, and thus blocks the formation of
ATP.
Brown adipose tissue is almost absent in obese persons.