The document discusses various elements of civil engineering including beams, lintels, stairs, and roofs. [1] It defines beams and describes the main types as simply supported, fixed, cantilever, continuous, and overhanging. Lintels are defined as horizontal members above openings and the main types are timber, stone, brick, reinforced brick, steel, and reinforced concrete. [2] Stairs are described as connecting different floors and the main types include straight, doglegged, quarter turn, open newel, three quarter turn, bifurcated, geometric, and circular. [3] Roofs are defined as covering the space below. Common roof styles are gable, hip,

1. Silver Oak College
Of Engineering
JEMISH SONANI [AE-10]
aeronautical engineering
1

2. Sub:- Element Of Civil Engineering
(ECE)
Topic:-
 Beam
 Lintel
 Stairs
 Roof
Guided by :- Nikhil Sir
2

3. Beam :-
Definition :- It is defined as
a horizontal structural member
provided below the slab and
rested above walls or/and
columns
3

4. 4
Types of BEAMS
 SIMPLY SUPPORTED BEAM
 FIXED BEAM
 CANTILEVER BEAM
 CONTINUOUS BEAM
 OVERHANGING BEAM

5. 5 Simple supporte beam
It is a beam supported freely at
the two ends on walls or
columns. In actual practice, no
beam rests freely on the
supports (walls or columns).

6. 6 Fixed beam
In this beam, both ends of the beam
are rigidly fixed into the supports.
Also, Main reinforcement bars and
stirrups are provided.

7. 7 Cantilever beamCantilever beam
It is fixed in a wall or column at one end
and the other end is free, it is called
cantilever beam. It has tension zone in the
top side and compression zone in the
bottom side

8. 8 Continuous beam
It is supported on more than
two supports . This beam is
more economical for any
span lengths.

9. 9 Overhanging beam
In overhanging beam, Its end
extends beyond the wall or column
support. Overhanging of the beam is
the unsupported portion of the
beam. It may be one side or both the
sides of the support.

10. 10
 Lintel
Definition :- It is defined as a horizontal
structural member provided across the
opening of door or window

11. 11  Types of lintel :-
 [1] Timber lintels
 [2] Stone lintels
 [3] Brick lintels
 [4] Reinforced Brick lintels
 [5] Steel lintels
 [6] Reinforced cement concrete lintels

12. 12 Timber lintels
Easily available in hilly area.
Relatively costly, structurally weak and
vulnerable to fire.
Easily decay, if not properly taken care.
TIMBER
LINTEL

13. 13 Stone lintels
Used , where stones are easily available.
Consists of a simple stone slab of greater
thickness.
Due to high cost and its inability to with stand
the transverse stress load.
STONE
LINTEL

14. 14
Brick lintels
The brick are hard, well burnt , first class
bricks .
Suitable for small span.
The bricks having frogs are more suitable.
BRICK LINTEL

15. 15
Reinforced Brick lintels
For large spans and heavy loads .
They are reinforced with mild steel bars.
Very common due to durability, strength
and fire resisting properties.
Joints are filled with cement concrete

16. 16 Steel lintels
Provided at large opening and where the
super-imposed loads are heavy.
It consists of rolled steel joists .
Either used singly or in combination of two
or three units.
Joint with bolts.
ROLLED STEEL JOIST

17. 17 REINFORCED CEMENT CONCRETE
LINTEL
Common in used.
They may be pre-cast .
For smaller span, the pre-cast concrete
lintels are used.
Depth of lintel depend on span.
R.C.C. LINTEL

18. 18
Stair
Definitions :- The stair is a series
of steps arranged to connect the
different floors of a building.

19. 19 Types of Stairs :
1. Straight Stair
2. Dog legged Stair
3. Quarter turn Stair
4. Open newel Stair
5. Three quarter turn Stair
6. Bifurcated Stair
7. Geometrical Stair
8. Circular Stair

20. 20
Straight Stair :
•These are the stairs along which there is no
change in direction on any flight.
•It is used where stair case hall is long and narrow
Quarter turn Stair :
•A stair turning through one right angle is known as
quarter turn stair.
•The change in direction can be affected by either
introducing a landing or by providing winders.

21. 21 Dog legged Stair :
•It consists of two straight flights of steps
with abrupt turn between them. A level
landing is placed across the two flights at
the change of direction.
•This type of stair is useful where the width
of the staircase hall is just sufficient to
accommodate two width of stair.

22. 22
Open Newel Stair :
•In these type of stair there is a well or opening
between the flights in plan.
•This well may be rectangular or of any geometrical
shape and it can be used for fixing lift.
Three Quarter Turn Stair :
•A stair turning through right angles (270 degree) is
known as three quarter turn stair.
•In this case an open well is formed.

23. 23
Bifurcated Stair :
•These stair are so arranged that there is a wide
flight at the start which is further sub-divided into
two narrow flights at the mid-landing.
•The two narrow flight starts from either side of the
mid-landing.
Geometrical Stair :
•These stairs have no newel post and are of any
geometrical shape.
•The change in direction is achieved through
winders

24. 24 Spiral or Circular Stair :
It is known as spiral stair.
When viewed from top it appears to follow
a circle with a single centre of curvature.
The spiral stairs are provided where space
available is limited and traffic is low.
These stairs can be constructed in R.C.C.,
Steel or Stone

25. 25
 Roof
Definition :- A roof is the
uppermost part of a building to
cover the space below

26. 26
Types of Roofs
 The roof greatly affects the overall
appearance of a home.
 There are many standard styles from which to
choose.
 Choose a style that complements the basic
design of the house being planned.

27. 27 Gable Roof
The gable roof is a very popular type
of roof. It is easy to build, sheds water
well, provides for ventilation, and can
be applied to most house designs.
Hip Roof
The hip roof is slightly more
difficult to build than a gable
roof. It is a popular choice, but
does not provide for ventilation
as well as some designs.

28. 28 Flat Roof
A flat roof is the most economical
roof to build, but it adds little to the
design of most houses. It requires a
“built-up” or membrane roof
covering.
Shed Roof
A shed roof is similar to a flat
roof but has more pitch. It is
frequently used for additions or
with other roof styles.

29. 29 Mansard Roof
The mansard roof is a French
design and is more difficult to
construct than the hip or
gable roof.
Dutch Hip Roof
The Dutch hip roof is basically a
hip roof with a small gable at
either end. The gables can be used
for ventilation.

30. 30
Frame Roof Construction
 Several features of traditional frame roof construction
should be considered before designing a roof.
 The roof framing is designed to support the roof covering
materials.
 Framing must be strong and rigid.
 Roof framing consists of several distinct structural
elements.

31. 31