This document discusses doors and windows used in buildings. It covers the locations of doors and windows and how they should be placed to allow for ventilation and passage. It also defines various technical terms used for door and window components. Finally, it describes different types of doors and windows, including their sizes and constructions. The types of doors covered include paneled, glazed, flush, louvered, revolving, and collapsible doors. Window types include fixed, pivoted, double hung, sliding, casement, louvered, bay, dormer, gable and skylight windows.

1. DOORS AND
WINDOWS

2. INDEX
Location of Doors and Windows
Definition of Technical Terms
Sizes of Doors and Windows
Types of Doors
Types of Windows

3. LOCATIONS OF DOORS AND
WINDOWS
 There should be minimum number of doors in a
room so as avoid obstruction.
 The door should be so located such that when
opened, it shall not obstruct the required width of
passage way.
 Doors should not be located at the centre of a
long wall but should be located near the corner of
wall nearly 20cm away from the corner.
 In case if there are two doors in a room, these
should be located in opposite walls so that good
ventilation & free circulation of air can take
place.
 The location of door should meet the functional
requirements of the room.

4. LOCATIONS OF DOORS AND
WINDOWS
 In general size of the door should be such that if
two persons walking shoulder to shoulder should
conveniently pass through the doors.
 Windows should be located opposite to each other
or opposite to door wherever possible to achieve
cross ventilation.
 For fresh air & maximum light, window should
be located in the prevailing directions of wind or
on northern side.
 The height of sill of windows from floor level
should be 0.75m.
Cont…..

5. LOCATIONS OF DOORS AND
WINDOWS
 The minimum area of windows should be 1/10th
of
the floor area of the room for hot-dry climate &
1/6th
of the floor area for hot-wet climate.
 The number & sizes of windows depends on the
type of building, privacy, required, ventilation &
light requirements.
 The location of windows depends, on the internal
arrangements of the rooms.

6. TECHNICAL TERMS
 FRAME:- It is an assembly of horizontal &
vertical members, forming an enclosure, to which
shutters are fixed.
 SHUTTERS:- These are the openable parts of a
door or window.
 HEAD:- This is the top or uppermost horizontal
part of frame.
 SILL:- This is the bottom or lowermost
horizontal part of window frame.
 HORN:-The horizontal projection of head or sill
beyond the face of the frame. It is usually 10 to
15 cm.

7. TECHNICAL TERMS
 STYLE:- It is the vertical outside member of the
shutter of a door or window.
 TOP RAIL:- This is the top most horizontal
member of the shutter.
 LOCK RAIL:- It is the middle horizontal
member of the shutter where locking
arrangement is provided.
 BOTTOM RAIL:- This is the lower most
horizontal member of the shutter.
 HOLD FASTS:- It is a mild steel flats, generally
bent into Z-shape, to fix the frame to the opening.
The horizontal length of hold fast is kept about
20 cm and is embedded in the masonry.

8. TECHNICAL TERMS
 TRANSOM:- This is the horizontal member
which is employed to sub-divide window
horizontally.
 MULLION:- This is the vertical member which
is employed to sub-divide window vertically.

9. DOOR FRAME

10. WINDOW FRAME

11. SIZES OF DOORS &
WINDOWS
 DOORS
 RESIDENTIAL BUILDING:-
 EXTERNAL DOOR :- 1.0M X 2.0M TO 1.1M X
2.1M
 INTERNAL DOOR :- 0.9M X 2.0M TO 1.0M X
2.0M
 DOORS FOR BATHROOMS AND WATER
CLOSETS
:- 0.7M X 2.0M TO 0.8M X
2.0M
 GARAGES FOR CARS:- 2.25M X 2.25M TO
2.25 TO 2.40 M


12. SIZES OF DOORS &
WINDOWS
 DS:- DOORS HAVING SINGLE SHUTTER
 DT:- DOORS HAVING DOUBLE SHUTTER
SR.
NO
DESIGNATI
ON
SIZE OF
OPENINGS (MM)
1. 8 DS 20 800 X 2000
2. 8 DS 21 800 X 2100
3. 9 DS 20 900 X 2000
4. 10 DT 20 1000 X 2000
5. 11 DT 21 1100 X 2100
6. 12 DT 20 1200 X 2000

13. SIZES OF DOORS &
WINDOWS
 WINDOWS
 WS:- WINDOW HAVING SINGLE SHUTTER
 WT:- WINDOW HAVING DOUBLE
SHUTTER
SR. NO DESIGNATION SIZE OF
OPENINGS
(MM)
1. 6 WS 12 600 X 1200
2. 10 WT 12 1000 X 1200
3. 12 WT 12 1200 X 1200
4. 6 WS 13 600 X 1300
5. 10 WT 13 1000 X 1300

14. BATTENED & LEDGED
DOOR
 These doors consist of vertical boards called
battens which are nailed or screwed to the
horizontal members called ledges.
 Generally the battens are about 100 to 150 mm
wide and 20 to 30 mm thick.
 Doors made with narrow battens like these have
a better appearance.
 It is better to use boards which are up to 30 cm
wide. These wider boards are less likely to twist
and warp at the ends. The boards should be well
seasoned so that they won't crack at the ends.

15. BATTENED & LEDGED
DOOR
 The ledges should be as long as possible to
prevent cupping of the battens and to provide a
solid attachment.
 The ledges are usually 100 to 200 mm thick and
25 to 30 mm thick. When this construction is
used for an external door, the tops of the ledges
should be beveled.
 The ledged and battened door is the simplest
type of door. It is often used for narrow openings.
 It is relatively cheap to construct, but
unfortunately it tends to sag because of its
weight.

16. BATTENED & LEDGED
DOOR

17. BATTENED, LEDGED &
BRACED DOOR
 This is a ledged and battened door to which
braces have been added to prevent sagging .
 These braces must slope upwards from the hinge
edge of the door and they are housed with a skew
notch into the ledges.
 The skew notch helps to distribute the force from
the weight of the door so that the ledges have an
even pressure on them.
 This type of door construction may be used for
large openings because of its greater strength.

18. BATTENED, LEDGED &
BRACED DOOR

19. FRAMED AND PANELLED
DOOR
 The styles are continuous from top to bottom i.e.
they are in single piece.
 Various rails are jointed to the styles at the
bottom.
 The entire frame is grooved on all the inside
faces to receive the panels.
 The minimum width of style is kept as 100 mm.
the minimum width of bottom rail and lock rail is
kept as 100 mm.

20. PANELED DOOR

21. DOUBLE SHUTTERED
PANELED DOOR

22. GLAZED DOOR

23. FLUSH DOOR
 The flush door consists of a frame which has
stiles(a), top and bottom rails (b & c) and top
narrow intermediate rails (d). It is covered on
each side by a sheet of plywood (e).
 When two additional members are placed
between the rails (g) a pane of glass can be set in
them to provide additional light for the room.
 Sometimes flush doors for the outside of the
building are covered on one or both sides by
sheets of thin metal usually aluminum or
galvanized iron.

24. FLUSH DOOR
 Well seasoned wood is used for the frame.
 Plywood-covered flush doors cannot be used
where they will be exposed to rain and sun.
 There are two types of flush doors
 Solid Core Flush Door or Laminated Core Flush
Door.
 Hollow and Cellular Core Flush Door

25. FLUSH DOOR

26. FLUSH DOOR

27. LOUVERED DOOR
 Louvered Doors permit free ventilation through
them and at the same time maintain the privacy
of the room.
 However, these doors dust which is very difficult
to be cleaned.
 These doors are generally used for bath rooms of
residential and public buildings.
 The door may either be louvered to its full height
or it may be partly louvered and partly panelled
as shown in fig.
 The louvers are arranged at such an inclination
that vision is obstructed while they permit free
passage of air.

28. LOUVERED DOOR

29. LOUVERED DOOR

30. REVOLVING DOOR
 Such doors are provided only in public buildings
such as libraries, museums, banks etc. where
there are constant visitors.
 Such door provide entrance to the one and exit to
the other person simultaneously, and close
automatically when not in use.
 This door also suitable for air-conditioned
buildings or for building situated at a place
where strong breeze blow throughout the year.
 The door consists of centrally placed mullion to
which four radiating shutters are attached, as
shown in fig.

31. REVOLVING DOOR

32. REVOLVING DOOR

33. COLLAPSIBLE DOOR

34. COLLAPSIBLE DOOR

35. SLIDING DOOR

36. ROLLING STEEL
SHUTTER

37. ROLLING STEEL
SHUTTER

38. WINDOW
S

39. FIXED WINDOW

40. PIVOTED WINDOW
 In this windows, the shutter are allowed to swing
round pivots fixed to the window frame.
 The shutter can swing or rotate either
horizontally or vertically.

41. PIVOTED WINDOW

42. PIVOTED WINDOW

43. DOUBLE HUNG WINDOW
 This type of window consists of frame and pair of
shutters, arranged one above the other.
 The shutter can slide vertically within the
grooves provided in window frame.
 By provision of sliding, the window can be
cleaned effectively and at the same time
ventilation can be controlled effectively since the
window can opened at top and bottom at desired
extent.

44. DOUBLE HUNG WINDOW

45. SLIDING WINDOW

46. CASEMENT WINDOW
 These are the main and common types of window
usually provided in buildings.
 The shutters of the window open like shutters of
the door.
 The shutter consists of styles, top rails, bottom
rails and intermediate rails, thus dividing into
panels.

47. CASEMENT WINDOW

48. LOUVERED WINDOWS

49. BAY WINDOW
 Bay windows projects outside the external wall of
the room.
 The projection may be triangular, circular,
rectangular or polygonal in plan.
 They are provide extra space in the room and
improve overall appearance of the building.

50. BAY WINDOW

51. DORMER WINDOW
 A dormer window is a vertical window provided
on the slopping roof as shown in image.
 Such a window provides ventilation and lighting
to the enclosed space below the roof .
 This window very much improve the appearance
of the building.

52. DORMER WINDOW

53. GABLE WINDOW

54. SKY LIGHTS
 A sky light is provided on a sloping roof to admit
light.
 The window projects above the top slopping
surface.
 They run parallel to the sloping surface.

55. SKY LIGHT

56. VENTILATORS
 Ventilators are small windows, fixed at a greater
height than the window, generally about 30 to 50
cm below roof level.
 The ventilator has a frame and a shutter,
generally glazed, which is horizontally pivoted.
 The top edges of the shutter opens inside and
bottom edge open outside, so that rain water is
excluded.