The roundhouse was a common dwelling in Britain during the Neolithic and Celtic periods. To build a roundhouse, mark a circular floor plan with a center peg and string. Dig post holes along the circle and set upright posts in the holes. Attach a horizontal wall plate to the tops of the posts to create the wall frame. Weave thin branches between the posts and seal the walls with a clay mixture to make them weatherproof. Construct a conical thatched roof by erecting a tripod of rafters in the center and adding additional rafters outward until the roof is complete.
This presentation takes you through the various theoretical aspects of FLOORS. This comprehensive presentation has self explanatory diagrams which are very easy to comprehend.
This presentation takes you through the various theoretical aspects of FLOORS. This comprehensive presentation has self explanatory diagrams which are very easy to comprehend.
De Bieb Bende, http://www.debiebbende.nl
Het eerste hoofdstuk van de Bieb Bende is gratis te lezen op TenPages.com. De rest van het verhaal gaat er alleen komen, als 2000 aandelen verkocht worden in mijn manuscript.
Jij kunt één van die aandeelhouders worden! Voor maar 5 euro ben je erbij en help je mee om het boek daadwerkelijk in de winkel te krijgen. Hoe meer aandelen je besluit te kopen, hoe meer je gaat verdienen met de verkoop van de boeken. Als beloning verschijnt jouw naam uiteindelijk in het boek als "ontdekker".
Ga naar de site en klik op de oranje button "Koop een aandeel"
http://www.tenpages.com/manuscript/de_bieb_bende
Wil je meer over de Bieb Bende te weten komen:
http://www.debiebbende.nl
Grijp deze unieke kans om als "ontdekker" met jouw naam in het boek te verschijnen! Maar let op! Je hebt tot 1 september de tijd.
Samenvatting van het boek:
Wanneer er donkere wolken over Zuidbaai trekken, weten vijf kinderen dat er iets goed mis is. Luca, Sander, Melanie, Roy en Valerie hebben een geheim kasteel op de heuvel in het noordoosten ontdekt. Als hier iets later een bibliotheek wordt gebouwd, richten zij de Bieb Bende op. Ze hopen alle geheimen aan het licht te brengen die zich in de heuvel verscholen houden. Twaalf geesten worden er gevangen gehouden door de gevreesde man met de bijl. De eerste geest geeft de kinderen aanwijzingen om gered te worden. De Bieb Bende heeft tot 23 januari tijd om hem te bevrijden. Intussen komen de gevaren dichterbij. De kinderen weten dat ze te ver zijn gegaan, maar nu moeten ze er alles aan doen om er heelhuids vanaf te komen.
Please contact at anisha13naidu@gmail.com for the ppt and I will send it to you.
Presentation on Timber flooring, faults, methods of repair, products and case study.
If you have ever wanted to partake in primitive camping, this booklet will help you in knowing how to build a shelter.
If you are interested in learning basic survival skills, this booklet can be easily printed off, laminated and kept in your backpack.
Having a root cellar in your backyard is like having your own private supermarket of fresh fruits and vegetables. Any time you need potatoes for dinner or an apple for a snack, just open the door and walk inside. Anything you need is right there on the shelves.
But a root cellar is more than a convenience. In addition to providing the security of having a year’s supply of fruits and vegetables on hand, a root cellar offers sanctuary. In an emergency, it could shelter your family for a few hours, a few days, or even a few weeks, if necessary.
A well-built root cellar can be a good investment. It will save you money for years to come, yet if you build the cellar yourself, the cost of materials is less than you would spend in one winter buying food at supermarket prices.
A good root cellar should provide cool, above-freezing temperatures and good circulation of moderately humid air. The combination root cellar and storm shelter in this bulletin has these features plus several others that make it easy for one person — with no building experience — to build as a spare-time project.
The dirt floor takes advantage of the naturally cool, even temperature of the earth. It also cuts costs and provides needed humidity.
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve ThomasonSteve Thomason
What is the purpose of the Sabbath Law in the Torah. It is interesting to compare how the context of the law shifts from Exodus to Deuteronomy. Who gets to rest, and why?
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
How to Create Map Views in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
The map views are useful for providing a geographical representation of data. They allow users to visualize and analyze the data in a more intuitive manner.
Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
2. The round house design first appeared in Britain towards the end of the Neolithic period (New Stone Age) around 2500BC. The round house was in use along other structures, both square and rectangular, and it possibly became a symbol of status within a class structure. The round house continued to be popular up until around 200AD. During this time most of the Celts were farming under the Roman occupation and had been converted to living in Roman style housing Background
4. Find a flat area where you want to build your house. Put a peg in the ground to mark the centre of the floor. A length of cord with a loop tied in one end (big enough to put over the peg) is marked at 2 meters. Put the loop over the peg and holding the cord at the 2 meters mark, pull the cord tight and walk round and mark the floor with a circle. The next important thing is to decide which direction the doorway is to face. Mark on the circle the position that you want the door posts. Put them at least 1 meter apart to make the doorway wide enough to get in and out of. The rest of the post positions are then marked in on the circle. Make these 1 meter or less apart and spaced evenly. The number of posts is not critical. Marking Out
5. At the marked position for each of the posts, dig a hole the same diameter as the post. The depth of the hole should be approx. 0.25 meters. If you are digging on a slope you must compensate for the slope by digging different depths to make sure the tops of the posts are level once they are placed in the holes. Do not throw away the earth removed from the holes as you will need some of it to infill around the posts. Digging
6. Almost any timber can be used for the frame-work of the house but oak and ash work the best. The posts for the wall should be 7.5 - 10 centimeters in diameter, and 1.25 meters long. This will give an inside wall height of 1 meter with 0.25 meter in the ground for support. It is not important to strip the bark off, but if you wish to do so, it will prolong the life of the wood as there is nowhere for insects to hide. The top of the post can be prepared in one of two ways depending on the practical skills of the builders. The hole should be 2 -3 cms in diameter and 7.5 cms deep. The second method is to cut the top away to leave a 7.5 cms long at the end of the post. Preparation of the Wall Posts
7. Timbers are cut to form the horizontal wall plate. The length of each piece has to match the distance between the upright posts, plus the diameter of both of the posts. The ends of the timber are cut into half-lap joints 7.5 - 10 cms long, and then drilled with a 2 - 3 cms hole to match the pegs (or the tenons) in the top of the upright posts. Preparation of the Wall Plate
9. The posts are placed into the holes. The spaces around the base of the posts are then back-filled to support the posts. Any earth left over can be put to one side and used in the daub for the walls. Posts
10. The timbers of the horizontal wall plate are put into place on the top of the upright posts. The tenons or pegs should project upward through the holes in the end of the timbers. This pulls the top of the posts into position and creates a ring around the top of the wall giving it great strength and able to take the outward thrust of the roof. Wall Plate
11. Start at ground level. Coppiced wood of hazel, oak or ash, or pollarded willow, is woven in and out of the upright posts of the wall. Extra light weight posts can be driven into the ground between the main posts to give a better spacing for weaving. At the door way, try to get the thick ends of the wood against the door posts. Work your way upwards, a layer at a time, with each layer woven in and out the opposite way to the previous layer. Continue upwards until you can get no more into the wall. You should have a wall that looks like a giant basket, with a gap at the position of the doorway. It can help at the top of the wall if you temporarily remove the wall plate to get the last of the weaving in. Put the wall plate back in place. Wall Infill
12. The surface of the wall has to be made weather and wind-proof by coating the inside and outside of the wall with daub. This is a mixture of animal droppings, clay, earth and straw or hair. All the ingredients are mixed together with water until smooth and free from lumps. The best way of applying it to the walls is by hand. Hands full of the mix are thrown at the wall so that it gets well into the woven hazel. The surface is then smoothed over and left to dry. As it dries it will crack so you will need to go over it a second time to fill the cracks. Wall Weather-Proofing
13. Roof Rafters The main timbers of the roof are oak, cherry, ash and hazel. They need to be 3.5 meters long. Approx. 0.5 meter from the bottom, cut a notch into the rafter. This is used to position and steady them where they contact the wall-plate. The construction starts with a tripod erected from the largest rafters. Lay three rafters out side by side on the floor. Tie the selected rafters together at the top with a piece of rope or cord. Lift the top end of the rafters into the air and pull the bottoms apart to erect a tripod inside the ring of the wall. Roof Rafters
14. Adjust the legs equidistant around the wall. Lifting the legs of the tripod one at a time, place the notch of the rafter onto the wall plate. You may have to rotate the rafter to get the notch to the inside. Drill a hole through the rafter and the wall plate. Drive a wooden peg through them both. Repeat the procedure for the other two legs of the tripod. If this operation is successful you should have the three rafters pegged equidistant around the wall at a pitch of between 45/60 degrees with about 0.5 meter hanging over the outside of the wall. A number of rafters are then lifted into place, pegged between the first rafters, and resting in the top of the first tripod. (Put up as many as there is room for without over-crowding.) Roof Rafter Continued
15. Roof Ring-Beam A ring of ash or hazel of about 1 metre diameter, is constructed on the ground, and when completed, lashed into position inside the rafters at approx. 1/3 down the length. This is to eliminate any sagging of the rafters. Roof Thatching Purlins Concentric rings of hazel are lashed onto the outside of the rafters in horizontal layers approximately 25 cm apart. The rings start at the bottom of the overhang of the rafters, and continue up the full length, all the way to the top. They are positioned into notches cut into the outside of the rafters and held with a square lash. The cord used on the house should be a vegetable fibre - sisal is easily obtainable. However, in the original house a number of materials could have been used i.e.; leather thong, bramble, linen cord, bark strip, etc. Roof Ring-Beam
16. To provide a water-proof cover to the house, the roof is thatched with wheat straw. The straw is tied on to the thatching spars in bundles called yealmes. The thatching is started from the bottom of the roof and proceeds in concentric layers up the roof, each layer over-lapping the previous one. If you have a local material to hand such as heather, bracken, or reed, feel free to use that. Roof Thatch
18. Beds are mentioned in several of the Celtic stories and are usually placed to the right of the interior. They can be built as a platform off the ground with a layer of skins covering a hay mattress. Bedding
19. The oven is built from clay and is dome shaped, with a door opening in the front. It is operated by lighting a fire inside the oven to heat up the clay to the working temperature, (this is judged by how hot it is to the touch on the outside). Once up to temperature, a stone slab is placed inside on top of the fire. Bread can then be put in on top of a stone and the doorway of the oven closed up to retain heat. Oven
20. The fire should be sited on a permanent clay base built into the middle of the floor. This stops the ashes being spread about and prevents accidents. Fire Place
21. The storage pits were dug into the floor and possibly lined with a basket. To help to keep a constant temperature, the pit can be covered with a wooden lid. Storage Pits
