This document discusses the differences between the trading paradigms of low-frequency traders and high-frequency traders. It argues that while speed is an advantage for HFTs, the true divide is that HFTs operate under an "event-based time" paradigm using machine cycles rather than human chronological time. The document also examines predatory trading strategies used by some HFTs and compares two methods (tick rule and bulk volume classification) for classifying order flow imbalances, finding bulk volume classification better explains market impacts.
التقرير النهائي لورش البناء و التشييد بجسر السويسAhmed Gamal
يحتوي هئا الملف علي جميع ورش البناء و التشييد مثل : الحدادة المسلحة - النجارة المسلحة - نجارة العمارة - الكهرباء - الأشغال المعدنية - السباكة - بياض المحارة - أعمال البناء - البلاط - الدهانات.
التقرير النهائي للورش الفنية : ورش البناء و التشييد Ahmed Gamal
يحتوي هئا الملف علي جميع ورش البناء و التشييد مثل : الحدادة المسلحة - النجارة المسلحة - نجارة العمارة - الكهرباء - الأشغال المعدنية - السباكة - بياض المحارة - أعمال البناء - البلاط - الدهانات.
This document discusses the differences between the trading paradigms of low-frequency traders and high-frequency traders. It argues that while speed is an advantage for HFTs, the true divide is that HFTs operate under an "event-based time" paradigm using machine cycles rather than human chronological time. The document also examines predatory trading strategies used by some HFTs and compares two methods (tick rule and bulk volume classification) for classifying order flow imbalances, finding bulk volume classification better explains market impacts.
التقرير النهائي لورش البناء و التشييد بجسر السويسAhmed Gamal
يحتوي هئا الملف علي جميع ورش البناء و التشييد مثل : الحدادة المسلحة - النجارة المسلحة - نجارة العمارة - الكهرباء - الأشغال المعدنية - السباكة - بياض المحارة - أعمال البناء - البلاط - الدهانات.
التقرير النهائي للورش الفنية : ورش البناء و التشييد Ahmed Gamal
يحتوي هئا الملف علي جميع ورش البناء و التشييد مثل : الحدادة المسلحة - النجارة المسلحة - نجارة العمارة - الكهرباء - الأشغال المعدنية - السباكة - بياض المحارة - أعمال البناء - البلاط - الدهانات.
This document provides an introduction and overview of plain and reinforced concrete. It discusses the constituent materials of concrete, their properties, and how hydration occurs. It also covers fresh and hardened concrete properties, curing, and testing methods. Reinforced concrete is introduced as concrete with reinforcement added to improve tensile strength. Design mixes and factors affecting workability and strength are outlined. The document also summarizes mechanics of reinforced concrete, including stress-strain behavior, load transfer, design loads, specifications and codes.
Analysis and Design of Elevated Intez Water Tank based on Normal Frame Stagin...Venkataraju Badanapuri
Water is as important commodity as food and air for the existence of life. All plants and animals must have water to survive. If
there was no water there would be no life on earth. As water is very precious and due to the scarcity of drinking water in day-to-day life one
has to take care of every drop. Anelevated Intez water tank is used to store water for fire protection and potable drinking water within a
designated area or community over the daily requirement. Elevated Intez tanks allow the natural force of gravity to produce consistent water
pressure throughout the system. Elevated Intez water tanks are one of the most important structures in earthquake high regions. In major
cities and also in rural areas elevated or overhead water tanks forms an integral part of water supply scheme.
Ch3 Design Considerations (Steel Bridges تصميم الكباري المعدنية & Prof. Dr. M...Hossam Shafiq II
This chapter discusses design considerations for steel bridges. It outlines two main design philosophies: working stress design and limit states design. The chapter then focuses on the working stress design method, which is based on the Egyptian Code of Practice for Steel Constructions and Bridges. It provides allowable stress values for various steel grades and loading conditions, including stresses due to axial, shear, bending, compression and tension loads. Design of sections is classified based on compact and slender criteria. The chapter also addresses stresses from repeated, erection and secondary loads.
Massed Refresh: An Energy-Efficient Technique to Reduce Refresh Overhead in H...Ishan Thakkar
This paper presents a novel, energy-efficient DRAM re-fresh technique called massed refresh that simultaneously leverages bank-level and subarray-level concurrency to reduce the overhead of distributed refresh operations in the Hybrid Memory Cube (HMC). In massed refresh, a bundle of DRAM rows in a refresh operation is composed of two subgroups mapped to two different banks, with the rows of each subgroup mapped to different subarrays within the corresponding bank. Both subgroups of DRAM rows are refreshed concurrently during a refresh com-mand, which greatly reduces the refresh cycle time and improves bandwidth and energy efficiency of the HMC. Our experimental analysis shows that the proposed massed refresh technique achieves up to 6.3% and 5.8% improvements in throughput and energy-delay product on average over JEDEC standardized distributed per-bank refresh and state-of-the-art scattered refresh tech-niques.
The document summarizes the design of a beam and slab. For the beam, key details include a width of 200 mm, depth of 600 mm, concrete grade of 20 MPa, steel grade of 415 MPa, and design as a singly reinforced beam. Reinforcement is provided to resist both tension and shear forces. For the slab, the thickness is 125 mm, concrete grade is 20 MPa, steel grade is 415 MPa, and reinforcement is provided based on one-way or two-way loading conditions and span ratios. Design calculations are shown to check that provided reinforcement meets code requirements.
M.Tech Structural Engineering Project on Voided and Cellular Bridge introductionvaignan
This document discusses the analysis of voided and cellular bridge deck structures using the Midas-Civil software. It provides background on voided slab and cellular slab bridges, including their advantages and disadvantages. The literature review found that no previous studies have analyzed these deck types specifically using Midas-Civil. Therefore, the project aims to perform this analysis and compare the manual and Midas-Civil results. The schedule outlines initial manual analysis followed by modeling in Midas-Civil to validate the hand calculations.
This document discusses reinforcement detailing of common reinforced concrete structural members. It provides guidelines on proper detailing practices and common mistakes to avoid. Key points covered include reinforcement requirements for slabs, beams, columns, and foundations. Specific details are given for elements like continuous beams, cantilever beams, beam-column joints, and seismic detailing. The document emphasizes the importance of reinforcement detailing for structural safety and highlights detailing aspects that are essential for execution and safety of reinforced concrete structures.
The document compares the design of an Intze tank using membrane design and continuity analysis methods. Membrane design involves analyzing structural elements independently and designing for direct stresses only. Continuity analysis considers restraint at joints, resulting in secondary stresses from edge moments and varying hoop stresses. For a 9 lakh liter and 6 lakh liter tank, continuity analysis yields higher hoop forces, bending moments, and reinforcement areas compared to membrane design.
This document provides information on various mechanical rebar splicing systems produced by Moment, including:
- Barbreak couplers which use tapered threads for easy alignment and achieve full strength with 4-5 turns.
- Jointec couplers which ensure full strength splicing through parallel threads and behave as continuous reinforcement.
- Reverse lock couplers which are designed for heavily congested areas and connect bent bars.
- Positioning couplers which are used when bars cannot rotate and comprise three components to connect non-rotating bars.
Technical specifications and installation procedures are provided for each coupler type. The couplers are designed to exceed requirements of international codes and provide alternatives to traditional lap splicing.
This document provides an introduction and overview of plain and reinforced concrete. It discusses the constituent materials of concrete, their properties, and how hydration occurs. It also covers fresh and hardened concrete properties, curing, and testing methods. Reinforced concrete is introduced as concrete with reinforcement added to improve tensile strength. Design mixes and factors affecting workability and strength are outlined. The document also summarizes mechanics of reinforced concrete, including stress-strain behavior, load transfer, design loads, specifications and codes.
Analysis and Design of Elevated Intez Water Tank based on Normal Frame Stagin...Venkataraju Badanapuri
Water is as important commodity as food and air for the existence of life. All plants and animals must have water to survive. If
there was no water there would be no life on earth. As water is very precious and due to the scarcity of drinking water in day-to-day life one
has to take care of every drop. Anelevated Intez water tank is used to store water for fire protection and potable drinking water within a
designated area or community over the daily requirement. Elevated Intez tanks allow the natural force of gravity to produce consistent water
pressure throughout the system. Elevated Intez water tanks are one of the most important structures in earthquake high regions. In major
cities and also in rural areas elevated or overhead water tanks forms an integral part of water supply scheme.
Ch3 Design Considerations (Steel Bridges تصميم الكباري المعدنية & Prof. Dr. M...Hossam Shafiq II
This chapter discusses design considerations for steel bridges. It outlines two main design philosophies: working stress design and limit states design. The chapter then focuses on the working stress design method, which is based on the Egyptian Code of Practice for Steel Constructions and Bridges. It provides allowable stress values for various steel grades and loading conditions, including stresses due to axial, shear, bending, compression and tension loads. Design of sections is classified based on compact and slender criteria. The chapter also addresses stresses from repeated, erection and secondary loads.
Massed Refresh: An Energy-Efficient Technique to Reduce Refresh Overhead in H...Ishan Thakkar
This paper presents a novel, energy-efficient DRAM re-fresh technique called massed refresh that simultaneously leverages bank-level and subarray-level concurrency to reduce the overhead of distributed refresh operations in the Hybrid Memory Cube (HMC). In massed refresh, a bundle of DRAM rows in a refresh operation is composed of two subgroups mapped to two different banks, with the rows of each subgroup mapped to different subarrays within the corresponding bank. Both subgroups of DRAM rows are refreshed concurrently during a refresh com-mand, which greatly reduces the refresh cycle time and improves bandwidth and energy efficiency of the HMC. Our experimental analysis shows that the proposed massed refresh technique achieves up to 6.3% and 5.8% improvements in throughput and energy-delay product on average over JEDEC standardized distributed per-bank refresh and state-of-the-art scattered refresh tech-niques.
The document summarizes the design of a beam and slab. For the beam, key details include a width of 200 mm, depth of 600 mm, concrete grade of 20 MPa, steel grade of 415 MPa, and design as a singly reinforced beam. Reinforcement is provided to resist both tension and shear forces. For the slab, the thickness is 125 mm, concrete grade is 20 MPa, steel grade is 415 MPa, and reinforcement is provided based on one-way or two-way loading conditions and span ratios. Design calculations are shown to check that provided reinforcement meets code requirements.
M.Tech Structural Engineering Project on Voided and Cellular Bridge introductionvaignan
This document discusses the analysis of voided and cellular bridge deck structures using the Midas-Civil software. It provides background on voided slab and cellular slab bridges, including their advantages and disadvantages. The literature review found that no previous studies have analyzed these deck types specifically using Midas-Civil. Therefore, the project aims to perform this analysis and compare the manual and Midas-Civil results. The schedule outlines initial manual analysis followed by modeling in Midas-Civil to validate the hand calculations.
This document discusses reinforcement detailing of common reinforced concrete structural members. It provides guidelines on proper detailing practices and common mistakes to avoid. Key points covered include reinforcement requirements for slabs, beams, columns, and foundations. Specific details are given for elements like continuous beams, cantilever beams, beam-column joints, and seismic detailing. The document emphasizes the importance of reinforcement detailing for structural safety and highlights detailing aspects that are essential for execution and safety of reinforced concrete structures.
The document compares the design of an Intze tank using membrane design and continuity analysis methods. Membrane design involves analyzing structural elements independently and designing for direct stresses only. Continuity analysis considers restraint at joints, resulting in secondary stresses from edge moments and varying hoop stresses. For a 9 lakh liter and 6 lakh liter tank, continuity analysis yields higher hoop forces, bending moments, and reinforcement areas compared to membrane design.
This document provides information on various mechanical rebar splicing systems produced by Moment, including:
- Barbreak couplers which use tapered threads for easy alignment and achieve full strength with 4-5 turns.
- Jointec couplers which ensure full strength splicing through parallel threads and behave as continuous reinforcement.
- Reverse lock couplers which are designed for heavily congested areas and connect bent bars.
- Positioning couplers which are used when bars cannot rotate and comprise three components to connect non-rotating bars.
Technical specifications and installation procedures are provided for each coupler type. The couplers are designed to exceed requirements of international codes and provide alternatives to traditional lap splicing.
This document is about Nelson Mandela and contains an outline for a lecture on his life and leadership. The outline includes sections on his general information and family background, education history, personality and interests, major achievements including winning the Nobel Peace Prize, career path, and lessons on leadership taken from his example. The lecture will be given by Mr. Norng Sokha to students of the Fundamentals of Leadership course at Cambodian Mekong University.
Stair design requires consideration of several criteria for comfort, including width, headroom, number of steps per flight, and inclusion of handrails. Stairs are composed of steps, with each step having a tread, riser, and nosing. Common types of stairs include straight runs and quarter turn stairs, and special step types include bullnose, splayed, and winder steps. Proper dimensioning of steps is important for ease of use.
1) This document discusses two cases for determining the failure mode of reinforced concrete columns: a dividing point between transition and tension failure, and when the nominal load exceeds the nominal bending capacity.
2) For the first case, equations are provided to calculate the unknown steel stress given other known values in order to then determine the nominal load and moment capacities.
3) For the second case, when the nominal load exceeds the nominal bending capacity, the document notes that the steel stress is not equal to the yield stress but the method to determine if the steel reaches its yield stress must be calculated.
The document discusses the design of reinforced concrete columns. It provides formulas to calculate the nominal capacity of concentrically loaded columns based on steel ratio and material strengths. Minimum and maximum steel ratios of 1-8% are recommended, with a reasonable range of 1-3%. Clear cover requirements of 40-75mm are outlined depending on soil contact. Tie design considerations include bar diameter, shape, and longitudinal spacing. Spiral reinforcement provides increased ductility and the document discusses formulas for calculating confined concrete strength based on spiral ratio and properties. Minimum spiral ratios and pitch requirements are also provided.
1. This document discusses trial sizing, design, and analysis of short columns under concentric axial loads.
2. The criteria for determining if a column is considered short is based on the slenderness ratio being less than a specified value depending on the column cross section shape.
3. A design example is provided for a 4m long square tied column and circular spiral column both carrying an axial load of 2000 kN. The design includes calculating reinforcement, checking reinforcement ratio, and detailing requirements.
Gray Ordinary Portland Cement is the most commonly used type and is a high-quality, cost-effective building material composed mainly of clinker. White Portland Cement is produced with limestone, low iron kaolin clay, and gypsum for architectural works requiring brightness and artistic finishes. Masonry or mortar cement is mixed with finely ground limestone for uses like concrete blocks and brick work. Oil-well cement is a specially designed variety of hydraulic cement produced with gray Portland clinker for use in oil wells at high temperatures and pressures. Blended cements are produced by mixing Portland cement with materials like slag, fly ash, and lime to reduce CO2 emissions and offer more sustainable products.
This document summarizes the key activities undertaken by the Ministry of Land Management, Urban Planning and Construction to establish land use plans and improve land management in Cambodia between 1993 and 1997. It outlines the ministry's efforts to demarcate land boundaries, register land titles, clarify land disputes, and strengthen legal frameworks. The summary emphasizes how these initiatives helped promote sustainable social and economic development through more secure land tenure.
The document discusses columns, which are structural members that primarily carry axial compressive loads. It defines short columns that do not require consideration of lateral buckling and slender columns that do. It describes uniaxially loaded columns that experience either axial load alone or combined axial and bending load about one axis. It provides examples of column cross-sections and outlines the process for designing uniaxial reinforced concrete columns according to ACI code provisions. This includes calculating load and moment capacities, determining reinforcement ratios from design charts, and checking capacities against demands with safety factors.
The document discusses the analysis of reinforced concrete columns under various loading conditions. It presents 10 cases for analyzing columns, including when axial load is given and eccentricity is less than balanced, when moment is given and steel is yielding, and when depth of neutral axis is given. The key steps shown are setting up the load and moment equations, checking assumptions of steel stress, and iterating to find values of neutral axis depth and steel stresses that satisfy equilibrium. Design procedures are also outlined for short columns under uniaxial bending, with steps to calculate load capacity and check steel strain assumptions.
CE 72.52 - Lecture 7 - Strut and Tie ModelsFawad Najam
The document discusses the strut-and-tie approach for analyzing concrete structures. It begins with background concepts such as Bernoulli's hypothesis, St. Venant's principle, and the lower bound theorem of plasticity. It then discusses how axial stresses, shear stresses, and the interaction of stresses affect concrete sections. The document outlines the ACI approach to shear-torsion design and provides equations from ACI 318 for calculating the concrete shear capacity. It introduces the concept of modeling concrete as a truss system and compares this to flexural behavior in beams. The strut-and-tie method is presented as a unified approach for considering all load effects. Guidelines are provided for developing an appropriate strut-and-tie model and
This document discusses the design of biaxially loaded columns. It defines a biaxially loaded column as one where axial load acts with eccentricities about both principal axes, causing bending in two directions. Several methods for analyzing and designing biaxially loaded columns are presented, including the load contour method, reciprocal load method, strain compatibility method, and equivalent eccentricity method. An example problem demonstrates using the reciprocal load method to check the adequacy of a trial reinforced concrete column design subjected to biaxial bending.
Shallow foundation(by indrajit mitra)01Indrajit Ind
Shallow foundations transmit structural loads to near-surface soils and are used when the upper soil layer is sufficiently strong. They include spread, combined, strap, and raft foundations. Design considers factors like bearing capacity, settlement, and water table effects. Plate load tests determine ultimate capacity and settlement by measuring pressure-displacement curves. Terzaghi's theory and IS codes provide design guidance.
The document discusses column behavior under different loading conditions. It presents the load and moment equations for columns under eccentric loading, and describes three failure cases: 1) pure axial load/crushing failure, 2) balanced failure, and 3) pure flexural failure. Equations are derived for the load-carrying capacity and moment capacity based on the stress-strain relationships of concrete and steel.