types of arches in architecture
how did romans build arches
brick arches construction details
arches in building construction
brick arches construction
arch shape
architecture arches
types of arch
type of arch crossword
types of arch bridges
kind of arch crossword
types of arches in architecture
arch crossword
arch type crossword clue
different types of arches
kind of arch
lintels are the horizontal members...this ppt discuss about the lintels ...functions...types etc
structural steel lintels
precast concrete lintels
precast concrete lintels prices
steel lintel lowes
steel lintel beam details
masonry lintel span tables
steel lintel sizes for masonry openings
steel lintels masonry
masonry lintel span tables
steel lintel size chart
lintel of a house
lintel construction
block wall lintels
what is a window lintel
what is a lintel
steel lintel for concrete block
types of arches in architecture
how did romans build arches
brick arches construction details
arches in building construction
brick arches construction
arch shape
architecture arches
types of arch
type of arch crossword
types of arch bridges
kind of arch crossword
types of arches in architecture
arch crossword
arch type crossword clue
different types of arches
kind of arch
lintels are the horizontal members...this ppt discuss about the lintels ...functions...types etc
structural steel lintels
precast concrete lintels
precast concrete lintels prices
steel lintel lowes
steel lintel beam details
masonry lintel span tables
steel lintel sizes for masonry openings
steel lintels masonry
masonry lintel span tables
steel lintel size chart
lintel of a house
lintel construction
block wall lintels
what is a window lintel
what is a lintel
steel lintel for concrete block
Roof, covering of the top of a building, serving to protect against rain, snow, sunlight, wind, and extremes of temperature. Roofs have been constructed in a wide variety of forms—flat, pitched, vaulted, domed, or in combinations—as dictated by technical, economic, or aesthetic considerations.
different types of roof
types of roofs on houses
roof types and descriptions
About foundation and its Types
1. Foundation, Part of a structural system that supports and anchors the superstructure of a building and transmits its loads directly to the earth.
2. To prevent damage from repeated freeze-thaw cycles, the bottom of the foundation must be below the frost line.
3. The foundations of low-rise residential buildings are nearly all supported on spread footings, wide bases (usually of concrete) that support walls or piers and distribute the load over a greater area.
4. A concrete grade beam supported by isolated footings, piers, or piles may be placed at ground level, especially in a building without a basement, to support the exterior wall.
Rock, that is removed from its natural site and generally, cut or dressed and then finished for building purposes, is called “Stone” and the art of building the structure with stones as constructional units is called “Stone Masonry”.
nry
Types of Rubble Masonry
Random Rubble Masonry
Uncoursed Random Rubble Masonry
BUILT TO COURSES RANDOM RUBBLE MASONRY
SQUARED RUBBLE MASONRY
UNCOURSED SQUARED RUBBLE MASONRY
BUILT TO COURSES SQUARED RUBBLE MASONRY
REGULAR COURSED SQUARED RUBBLE MASONRY
DRY RUBBLE MASONRY
ASHLAR MASONRY
ASHLER FINE / COURSED ASHLAR MASONRY
RANDOM COURSED ASHLAR MASONRY
ROUGH TOOLED ASHLER MASONRY
QUARRY FACED ASHLAR MASONRY
CHAMFERED ASHLAR MASONRY
ASHLAR FACING
rough ashlar stone masonic rough ashlarrough and pe
This presentation includes the types of roofs and roof covering materials. this presentation explained briefly about the pitched roofs, curved roofs and flat roofs.
Roof, covering of the top of a building, serving to protect against rain, snow, sunlight, wind, and extremes of temperature. Roofs have been constructed in a wide variety of forms—flat, pitched, vaulted, domed, or in combinations—as dictated by technical, economic, or aesthetic considerations.
different types of roof
types of roofs on houses
roof types and descriptions
About foundation and its Types
1. Foundation, Part of a structural system that supports and anchors the superstructure of a building and transmits its loads directly to the earth.
2. To prevent damage from repeated freeze-thaw cycles, the bottom of the foundation must be below the frost line.
3. The foundations of low-rise residential buildings are nearly all supported on spread footings, wide bases (usually of concrete) that support walls or piers and distribute the load over a greater area.
4. A concrete grade beam supported by isolated footings, piers, or piles may be placed at ground level, especially in a building without a basement, to support the exterior wall.
Rock, that is removed from its natural site and generally, cut or dressed and then finished for building purposes, is called “Stone” and the art of building the structure with stones as constructional units is called “Stone Masonry”.
nry
Types of Rubble Masonry
Random Rubble Masonry
Uncoursed Random Rubble Masonry
BUILT TO COURSES RANDOM RUBBLE MASONRY
SQUARED RUBBLE MASONRY
UNCOURSED SQUARED RUBBLE MASONRY
BUILT TO COURSES SQUARED RUBBLE MASONRY
REGULAR COURSED SQUARED RUBBLE MASONRY
DRY RUBBLE MASONRY
ASHLAR MASONRY
ASHLER FINE / COURSED ASHLAR MASONRY
RANDOM COURSED ASHLAR MASONRY
ROUGH TOOLED ASHLER MASONRY
QUARRY FACED ASHLAR MASONRY
CHAMFERED ASHLAR MASONRY
ASHLAR FACING
rough ashlar stone masonic rough ashlarrough and pe
This presentation includes the types of roofs and roof covering materials. this presentation explained briefly about the pitched roofs, curved roofs and flat roofs.
All Types of Arches Flat Arch. In a flat arch, the intrados is flat and acts like the base of an equilateral triangle... Round Arch. Segmental Arch. This is considered a basic type of arch, and it is used for buildings where... Horseshoe Arch. Like its name suggests, this arch is in the shape of ...
types of arches in architecture
different types of arches
styles of arches
types of gothic arches
types of archways
types of interior arches
types of arches shapes
arches in architecture
different types of arches
types of arches shapes
types of arches in architecture
types of interior arches
types of gothic arches
styles of arches
types of masonry arches
arches in architecture
Introduction to thermodynamics
Heat and Temperature
Three modes of transmission of heat - Conduction, Convection and Radiation
Good and bad conductor of heat with examples
Law of thermal conductivity
Coefficient of thermal conductivity and its S.I. unit - Definition and Application
Heat capacity and Specific heat of materials
Celsius, Fahrenheit and Kelvin temperature scales and their conversion formula with numerical.
Modes of transportation and its importance
Classification of roads
Types of pavements
Cross sections of road and railway
Causes of damage to roads
Traffic signs and signals
Significance of transportation in nation's development
Role of engineers in transportation.
NO1 Uk best vashikaran specialist in delhi vashikaran baba near me online vas...Amil Baba Dawood bangali
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Courier management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
It is now-a-days very important for the people to send or receive articles like imported furniture, electronic items, gifts, business goods and the like. People depend vastly on different transport systems which mostly use the manual way of receiving and delivering the articles. There is no way to track the articles till they are received and there is no way to let the customer know what happened in transit, once he booked some articles. In such a situation, we need a system which completely computerizes the cargo activities including time to time tracking of the articles sent. This need is fulfilled by Courier Management System software which is online software for the cargo management people that enables them to receive the goods from a source and send them to a required destination and track their status from time to time.
Event Management System Vb Net Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
In present era, the scopes of information technology growing with a very fast .We do not see any are untouched from this industry. The scope of information technology has become wider includes: Business and industry. Household Business, Communication, Education, Entertainment, Science, Medicine, Engineering, Distance Learning, Weather Forecasting. Carrier Searching and so on.
My project named “Event Management System” is software that store and maintained all events coordinated in college. It also helpful to print related reports. My project will help to record the events coordinated by faculties with their Name, Event subject, date & details in an efficient & effective ways.
In my system we have to make a system by which a user can record all events coordinated by a particular faculty. In our proposed system some more featured are added which differs it from the existing system such as security.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
TECHNICAL TRAINING MANUAL GENERAL FAMILIARIZATION COURSEDuvanRamosGarzon1
AIRCRAFT GENERAL
The Single Aisle is the most advanced family aircraft in service today, with fly-by-wire flight controls.
The A318, A319, A320 and A321 are twin-engine subsonic medium range aircraft.
The family offers a choice of engines
Vaccine management system project report documentation..pdfKamal Acharya
The Division of Vaccine and Immunization is facing increasing difficulty monitoring vaccines and other commodities distribution once they have been distributed from the national stores. With the introduction of new vaccines, more challenges have been anticipated with this additions posing serious threat to the already over strained vaccine supply chain system in Kenya.
5. Classification of lintel
Lintels are classified into the following types,
according to the materials of their
construction:
[1] Timber lintels
[2] Stone lintels
[3] Brick lintels
[4] Reinforced Brick lintels
[5] Steel lintels
[6] Reinforced cement concrete lintels
5
6. Timber lintels
Easily available in hilly area.
Relatively costly, structurally weak and
valnerable to fire.
Easily decay, if not properly taken care.
TIMBER LINTEL
6
7. Stone lintels
Used , where stones are
easily available.
Consists of a simple stone
slab of greater thickness.
Due to high cost and its
inability to with stand the
transverse stress load.
STONE LINTEL
7
9. Brick lintels
The brick are
hard, well burnt ,
first class bricks .
Suitable for small
span.
The bricks having
frogs are more
suitable.
9
BRICK LINTEL
10. Reinforced Brick lintels
For large spans and heavy
loads .
They are reinforced with
mild steel bars.
Very common due to
durability, strength and
fire resisting properties.
Joints are filled with
cement concrete.
10
11. Steel lintels
Provided at large opening
and where the super-
imposed loads are heavy.
It consists of rolled steel
joists .
Either used singly or in
combination of two or
three units.
Joint with bolts.
11
ROLLED STEEL JOIST
12. REINFORCED CEMENT CONCRETE LINTEL
Common in used.
They may be pre-
cast .
For smaller span,
the pre-cast
concrete lintels are
used.
Depth of lintel
depend on span.
12
R.C.C. LINTEL
14. ARCHES
The structure
constructed of wedge
shaped block of stones or
bricks ,jointed together
with mortar and provided
across the opening to
carry the weight of the
structure above the
opening.
14
17. TECHNICAL TERMS
The various technical terms used in arches are as
follows:-
1)Abutment:-This is the end support of an arches.
2)Pier:-This is support an intermediate of an arch.
17
18. 3)Intrados :-This is the inner curve or surface of an
arch.
4)Extrados :-This is the outer curve or surface of the
arches.
5)Voussoirs :-The voussoirs or arch stones are the
wedge shaped units forming the arch.
18
19. 6)Springing stone:-The springing stone or springer is
the first voussoir at springing level on either side of
the arches.
7)Springing line:-This is an imaginary line joining
the two springing points.
8)Crown:-This is the highest point of extrados or it is
the highest part of an arches.
19
20. 9)Keystone:-This is the highest central wedge shaped
block of an arch.
10)Skew back:-This the surface of the abutment on
which the arch rests.
20
21. 11)Span:-This is the clear horizontal distance
between the two supports.
12)Rise:-this is the vertical distance between the
two supports.
21
22. 13) Depth of arch:-This is the perpendicular distance
between the intrados and extrados.
14) Haunch of an arch:-This is the portion of arch
situated centrally between the key and skew backs.
15) Spandril:-This is the triangular walling enclosed
by the extrados of the arch, a horizontal line from
the crown of the arch and perpendicular line from
the springing of the outer curves.
22
23. EVERY ELEMENT OF ARCH REMAINS IN
COMPRESSION.
An arches fail due to:-
1)Crushing of the masonry.
2)Sliding of voussoirs.
3)Rotation of some joints about an edge.
4)Uneven settlement of an abutment or pier.
23
24. CRUSHING OF THE MASONARY
If the compressive stress exceeds the
safe crushing strength of the masonry unit and
mortar , the arch will fail in crushing.
The material should be of adequate
strength and size of voussoirs and should be
properly designed to bear the thrust transmitted
through them.
24
25. SLIDING OF VOUSSOIRS
To safeguard against sliding of voussoirs past
each other due to transverse shear ,the voussoirs
of greater height should be provided.
ROTATION OF SOME JOINT ABOUT AN EDGE
Rotation can be prevented ,if the line of
resistance is kept within intrados and extrados.
Also, the line of thrust should be made to cross the
joint away from the edge to prevent the crushing of
that edge.
25
26. UNEVEN SETTLEMENT OF AN ABUTMENT OR PIER
Uneven settlement of abutment ,which causes
secondary stresses in arch.
Hence, the abutment which has ultimately to
bear all the load transferred to the arch , should
be strong enough.
Also, the arch should be symmetrical , so that
unequal settlements of the two abutment is
minimised.
26
27. Classification of arches
An arch may be classified according to
their:
1)Material of construction and workmanship
2)Shape of curve formed by their soffit or
intrados
3)Number of centers.
27
28. CLASSIFICATION BASED ON MATERIAL AND
WORKMANSHIP
BRICK ARCHES
*Rough brick arches
*Axed brick arches
*Gauged brick arches
STONE ARCHES
*Rubble arches
*Ashlar arches
GAUGED ARCHES
*Precast concrete block arches
*Monolithic concrete arches
28
29. ROUGH BRICK ARCHES
These arches are built
with ordinary bricks, which
are not in wedge shape .
Also known as
“RELIEVING ARCHES”.
Made up of rectangular brick
that are not cut into wedge
shape. Curvature are
obtained by mortar.
29
30. AXED BRICK ARCHES
Bricks are cut to wedge-
shape.
Joints of arches are of
uniform thickness.
Not dress finely so it does
not give much attractive
appearance.
30
31. GAUGED BRICK ARCHES
Accurately prepared to wedge shape.
Specially shaped bricks known as “RUBBER BRICKS”
are used .
The lime putty is used for binding the blocks.
31
32. RUBBLE ARCHES
Made of rubble stones, which are hammer dressed,
roughly to the shape and size of voussoirs of the
arch and fixed in cement mortar.
These arches are used for small span upto 1 m.
32
33. ASHLAR ARCHES
Stones are cut to proper
shape of voussoirs and are
fully dressed, properly
joint with cement or lime.
The voussoirs made of full
thickness of the arch.
33
34. PRECAST CONCRETE BLOCK ARCHES
Used for small
openings in building.
The voussoirs, in the
form of cement
concrete blocks are
prepared in special
moulds .
Generally , the
concrete blocks are
used without
reinforcement.
34
35. MONOLITHIC CONCRETE ARCHES
Constructed from cast-
in-situ concrete ,either
plain or reinforced ,
depending upon the
span and magnitude of
loading.
Quit suitable for larger
span (3.0 m).
The curing is done 2 to
4 weeks.
35
36. Classification according to shape
Flat arch
Segmental arch
Semi-circular arch
Relieving arch
Dutch or French arch
36
37. FLAT ARCH
Acts like a lintel,
when it provided over
the opening .
Joints radiated to
center.
Used only for light
loads only.
Span up to 1.50 m.
37
38. SEGMENTAL ARCH
Segmental in shape and
provided over the
openings .
Joints radiate from a
center of arch, which
lies below the springing
line.
Provided over lintel.
38
39. SEMI-CIRCULAR ARCH
The shape of the curve given to the arch soffit
is semi-circular.
The center of the arch lies on the springing
line.
39
41. RELIEVING ARCH
When wooden lintel is
provided over the
wider opening, a brick
relieving arch is
constructed above the
lintel.
Relieving the load of
masonry over lintel.
41
42. DUTCH OR FRENCH ARCH
Similar to the flat arch in design, but differs in
shape and method of construction.
Suitable for small opening.
42
43. CLASSIFICATION BASED ON NUMBER OF
CENTRES
One centred arch.
Two centred arch.
Three centred arch.
Four centred arch.
Five centred arch.
43
44. ONE CENTRED ARCH
Segmental, semi circular, flat arches come under
this category.
Sometime , a perfectly circular arch known as
bull’s eye arch ,provided for circular window.
44
45. TWO CENTRED ARCH
Pointed, semi-elliptical arches come under this
category.
45
46. THREE CENTRED ARCH
Elliptical arches
come under this
category.
O1,O2 and O3
are the center.
O1
O2
O3
46
47. FOUR CENTRED ARCH
It has four center.
Venetian arch is typical
example of this type.
47
48. FIVE CENTRED ARCH
This type of arch ,having five centre's ,gives
good semi-elliptical shape.
48