This document is a teacher guide for constructing a line follower robot, detailing its components, working principles, and potential applications. It outlines the use of IR sensors, microcontrollers, and motor drivers to enable the robot to navigate following a designated path. The guide concludes with potential future advancements in line-following technology, including its application in autonomous vehicles.

1. 1
LINE FOLLOWER ROBOT
Teacher Guide: Submitted By:
Mrs. Meha Agarwal Rohit Dadoriya
0905EC131137

2. Contents
2
INTRODUCTION
BLOCK DIAGRAM
COMPONENTS USED
SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM
PCB LAYOUT
WORKING PRINCIPLE
APPLICATIONS
ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES
CONCLUSION
FUTURE SCOPE
REFERENCE

3. What is a line follower?
Line follower is a machine that can follow a path. The path can
be visible like a black line on a white surface or white line on black
surface or it can be invisible like a magnetic field.
What is the need to build a line follower?
Sensing a line and maneuvering the robot to stay on course,
while constantly correcting wrong moves using feedback mechanism
forms a simple yet effective closed loop system.
Introduction

4. Block Diagram

5. Components Used
• IR SENSOR
• MICROCONTROLLER
• IC7805
• IC L293D
• POTENTIOMETER
• IC LM324

6. IR Sensor
IR TRANSMITTER ( EMITTING DIODE)
• The IR LED emitting infrared light is put on in
the transmitting unit. IR or VISIBLE light is
emitted from the emitter
• This emitted light strikes the surface and gets
reflected back. If the surface is white, more
intensity of light gets reflected and for black
surface very less intensity of light is reflected.
IR RECEIVER (PHOTODETECTOR)
• Used to detect the intensity of light reflected.
• The corresponding analog voltage is induced
based on the intensity of reflected light, which
further compared by comparator and output
send as 0 or 1.

7. Microcontroller

8. IC 7805
• A voltage regulator is an electrical regulator
designed to automatically maintain a constant
voltage level.
• It converts a positive voltage (7-29V) to +5
volts.
• Heat sink provided in the center to release heat
generated due to drop across the IC.
• Input voltage of about 5 to 18 V is given,
Ground is 0 V and regulated output of +5V.

9. IC L293D
• This is a Motor driver IC that can drive two
motors simultaneously. Motors are arranged in a
fashion called H-Bridge.
• H-Bridge-It is an electronic circuit which
enables a voltage to be applied across a load in
either direction.
• It allows a circuit full control over a standard
electric DC motor. That is, with an H-bridge, a
microcontroller, logic chip, or remote control can
electronically command the motor to go forward,
reverse, brake, and coast.

10. Potentiometer
• Potentiometer is a variable resistor which is
used to vary the resistance by rotating the shaft.
• Potentiometers are available from 100 ohm to
470Kohm (or more).
• Potentiometer is a voltage divider. If we connect
lead A to Vcc and lead B to ground then you get
voltages from 0 to Vcc at lead W.
• Mainly Potentiometer are used to generate
reference voltage for LM324.

11. IC LM324
•IC LM324 is a comparator IC. It is a MAIN BRAIN of line tracer.
•The Ports takes two voltage inputs at positive and negative pin respectively,
compares them and gives a digital output in the form of logical HIGH or
logical LOW

12. Schematic diagram

13. PCB LAYOUT

14. Working
•The robot uses IR(infrared) sensors to sense the line.
•Output of the sensors is an analog signal which depends on the amount of
light reflected back.
•This analog signal is given to the comparator to produce 0s and 1s which are
then fed to the microcontroller.
•Then microcontroller decides the position of robot in left or right direction

15. • Deliver the mails within the office building.
• Deliver medications in a hospital.
• Industrial automated equipment carrier.
• Tour guides in museum and other similar applications.
Applications

16. Advantages
• Used for long distance applications.
• Fit and Forget system.
• Insensitive to environmental factors like noise and lightning.
Disadvantages
• Lack of speed control makes the robot unstable at times.
• It requires power supply.
• Choice of line is made in the hardware abstraction and cannot be changed by
software.

17. • In this project we have studied and implemented a Line Following Robot
using a Microcontroller . The programming and interfacing of
microcontroller has been mastered during the implementation.
Conclusion

18. • Smarter versions of line followers are used to deliver mails within office
building and deliver medications in a hospital.
• This technology has been suggested for running buses and other mass transit
systems and may end up as a part of autonomous cars navigating the
freeway.
Future Scope

19. • www.avrfreaks.com,
• www.howstuffworks.com
• www.atmel.com
• www.avrbeginners.net
References

20. THANK YOU..